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A total of 41 gunas are explained in Ayurveda. They are classified under the following headings [Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/49]<ref>Y.S. Deole, E.G. Aneesh, "Guna" in Charak Samhita New Edition, ed.by G. Basisht, page 152, (Jamnagar:CSRTSDC,2020), <nowiki>https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.32.1/index.php?title=Guna&oldid=44627</nowiki> (accessed November 9, 2024).</ref>
A total of 41 gunas are explained in Ayurveda. They are classified under the following headings [Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/49]<ref>Y.S. Deole, E.G. Aneesh, "Guna" in Charak Samhita New Edition, ed.by G. Basisht, page 152, (Jamnagar:CSRTSDC,2020), <nowiki>https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.32.1/index.php?title=Guna&oldid=44627</nowiki> (accessed November 9, 2024).</ref>
* Physical properties (sharira guna): These are 20 in number. All these are useful in the treatment as well as for protection of health.
* Physical properties (sharira guna): These are 20 in number. They are termed as Śārīrika Guṇas or Gurvādi Guṇas (Biological Qualities) and they form the main group of qualities in the action of drugs. All these are useful in the treatment as well as for protection of health.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|S. No
|Quality
|Biological Action
|-
|1.
|Guru (Heavy)
|Bṛṃhaṇa (Nourishing)
|-
|2.
|Laghu (Light)
|Laghu (Light)
|Gurutva (Heaviness)
|Laṅghana (Reducing)
|Manda (Dull)
|-
|Tīkṣṇa (Sharp)
|3.
|Manda (Dull)
|Śamana (Pacifying)
|-
|4.
|Tīkṣṇa (Sharp)
|Śodhana (Purifying)
|-
|5.
|Śīta (Cold)
|Śīta (Cold)
|Stambhana (Coagulating)
|-
|6.
|Uṣṇa (Hot)
|Uṣṇa (Hot)
|
|Svedana (Sweat causing)
|-
|7.
|Snigdha (Unctuous)
|Kledana (Soaking)
|-
|8.
|Rūksa (Dry)
|Śoṣaṇa (Dehydrating)
|-
|-
|9.
|Ślakṣṇa (Smooth)
|Ślakṣṇa (Smooth)
|Ropana (Healing)
|-
|10.
|Khara (Rough)
|Khara (Rough)
|Lekhana (Scarifying)
|-
|11.
|Sāndra (Viscid)
|Sāndra (Viscid)
|Mṛdu (Soft)
|Prasādana (Supplementing)
|Kaṭhina (Hard)
|-
|12.
|Drava (Liquid)
|Viloḍana (Stirring)
|-
|13.
|Mṛdu (Soft)
|Ślathana (Loosening)
|-
|14.
|Kaṭhina (Hard)
|Dṛḍhī-karaṇa (Hardening)
|-
|15.
|Sthira (Stable)
|Sthira (Stable)
|Dravatva (Fluidity)
|Dhāraṇa (Stabilizing)
|-
|-
|Sara (Unstable)
|16.
|Sūkṣma (Subtle)
|Sara (Flowing)
|Sthūla (Gross)
|Preraṇa (Mobilizing)
|-
|17.
|Sūkṣma (Subtle)
|VIvaraṇa (Penetrating)
|-
|18.
|Sthūla (Gross)
|Saṃvaraṇa (Obstructing)
|-
|19.
|Viśada (Clear)
|Viśada (Clear)
|Ślathana (Clarifying)
|-
|20.
|Picchila (Sticky)
|Picchila (Sticky)
|Rūksa (Dry)
|Lepana (Smearing)
|Snigdha (Unctuous)
|}
* General properties (samanya gunas): These are 10 in number. They are also called Parādi-Guṇas (Para-pharmacological qualities). They modify the action of Gurvādi Guṇas.
{| class="wikitable"
|S.No
|Quality
|Description
|-
|1.
|Paratva (Priority)
|Conducive to success of treatment compared to another drug/patient in terms of Deśa (geographical area), Kāla (season), Pāka (processing), Vīrya (Potency), Māna (quantity), Vayas (period), Rasa (taste), etc.
|-
|2.
|Aparatva (Posteriority)
|inferior for treatment compared to another drug/patient in above parameters.
|-
|3.
|Yukti (Application)
|proper and planned application of drug; processing, combination of drugs
|-
|4.
|Saṅkhyā (Number)
|all aspects involving number such as dose, frequency, quantity, etc.
|-
|5.
|Saṃyoga (Conjunction)
|combination of medicines may modify their action compared to individual
|-
|6.
|Vibhāga (Disjunction/Division)
|medicines in divided dose or divided ingredients can alter its action
|-
|7.
|Pṛthakatva (Distinctiveness)
|medicines sometimes need separate administration for optimum results
|-
|8.
|Parimāṇa (Measurement)
|dose of medicine, quantity of different materials like enema liquid, size of surgical incision, etc.
|-
|9.
|Saṃskāra (Pharmaceutical modification)
|modifying qualities of a drug through various processes
|-
|10.
|Abhyāsa (Practice)
|inducing a habit through continuous use of a food/drug - this can alter the action of medicine in the body. E.g. drug resistance by continuous intake of a particular medicine
|}
* Spiritual properties (atma gunas): These are 06 in number. They are qualities specific to Atman only.
{| class="wikitable"
|S.No
|Quality
|Description
|-
|1.
|Buddhi (Cognitive knowledge)
|Any feature is validated when recognized by the Ātman through the Mind. Though cognition (e.g. this is a bird) happens with the help of the mind, it is completed only when Ātman recognizes it. Hence cognition is ultimately attributed to Ātman.
|-
|2.
|Sukha (Pleasure)
|A feeling of agreeability and happiness when a desire is achieved. The association of the sense organs with the desired object, internally recognized by the mind and ultimately by Atman, qualified by Dharma, brings about a happy state.
|-
|3.
|Dukha (Pain)
|Universally recognized by all, Dukha is the opposite of Sukha, a feeling of disagreeability and unhappiness characterized by the association of sense organs with an undesirable object, qualified by Adharma.
|-
|4.
|Icchā (Desire)
|Synonym of Kama, it is the intense longing for a particular object, leads to Sukha when achieved and Dukha when not achieved. It is eight fold - Kama, Abhilasha, Raga, Sankalpa, Karunya, Vairagyam, Upadha, Bhavam.
|-
|5.
|Dveṣa (Aversion)
|It is typically a particular displeasure towards an object, characterized by negative feeling most notably a burning sensation, and happens subsequent to pain.
|-
|6.
|Prayatna (Effort)
|It involves the initiation of action.
|}
|}
* Properties of objects of senses (indriyartha/vishishta guna): These are 05 in number. They are the innate qualities of the Panchabhutas.
** Śabda (Sound)
** Sparśa (Touch)
* Properties of objects of senses (indriyartha/vishishta guna): These are 05 in number.
** Rūpa (Colour)
** Rasa (Taste)
** Gandha (Smell)
Features of gunas can be summarized as
Features of gunas can be summarized as
# It is not related to Samyoga (conjunction) and Vibhaga (disjunction)
# It is not related to Samyoga (conjunction) and Vibhaga (disjunction)
# A padartha which possesses the gunatva jati is called Guna
# A padartha which possesses the gunatva jati is called Guna
'''Action''': [[Karma (कर्म)|Karma]] (action) resides in the substratum dravya, with samavaya relationship. [Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/52] It is devoid of gunas and is the independent cause for conjunction and disjunction at a time. It does not require any other factor.
Karma is broadly classified in two types:
# Adhyatmika or Paralaukika karma denoting those deeds having metaphysical or invisible effect. They include dharmik activities such as yajna, homa, bali, dana etc.
# Laukika karma denoting the deeds having a physical or visible effect. Ut-kṣepaṇa (Upward movement), Ava-kṣepaṇa (Downward movement), Ākuñcana (Contraction or flexion), Prasāraṇa (Expansion or extension), Gamana (Other movements like bhramana, rechana etc)
Karma in Ayurveda is three fold.<ref name=":1" />
# Causative factor for samyoga-vibhaga action or movement
# Pravrtti related to karma
# Karma related to treatment
== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:Darshanas]]
[[Category:Darshanas]]