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→Ayurveda's Classification of Padarthas
|Samanya
|Samanya
|Generality
|Generality
|
|Samanya indicates Jati or race. Gotva or cowness in all cows is identical, it is nitya and indestructible.
|
|Samanya indicates the increase in Dosha, Dhatu, Mala and its utility in the maintenance of normal health. Samanya is of three types - Dravya, Guna and Karma Samanya.
|-
|-
|Vishesha
|Vishesha
|Particularity
|Particularity
|
|Particularity resides in the atoms of Prthvi, Jala, Teja and Vayu, Akasha, Kala, Dik, Atma, Manas.
|
|Atulya visesha is one that distinguishes a thing from the other. Visesha is the cause for diminution or decrease. The objects which do not act similarly are distinguished from each other.
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|-
|Dravya
|Dravya
|Property, Quality or trait
|Property, Quality or trait
|Gunas are characteristic of the dravya/substance in a peripheral view.
|Gunas are characteristic of the dravya/substance in a peripheral view.
|Gunas are described based on their efficiency or influence on the human body. Sushruta states that gunas of various dravyas are inferred through their actions after consuming them, i.e., Dravyas - hence an integral view.
|Gunas are described based on their efficiency or influence on the human body. Sushruta states that gunas of various dravyas are inferred through their actions after consuming them, i.e., Dravyas - hence an internal view.
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|-
|Karma
|Karma
|Action
|Action
|
|Action is of the nature of motion or movement. Five types of action - Utkshepana, Apakshepana, Akunchana, Prasarana, and Gamana.
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|Karma here is three-fold: 1. Causative factor for samyoga-vibhaga action or movement 2. Karma related to pravrtti 3. Karma related to treatment
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|-
|Samavaya
|Samavaya
|Inherence
|Inherence
|
|Samavaya is the inseparable relation between dravyas and their attributes.
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|Ayurveda accepts the same view as Vaiseshika. The concomitance between the part and whole, guna and karma with dravya is eternal and cannot be separated under any circumstance.
|}
|}
# It is not related to Samyoga (conjunction) and Vibhaga (disjunction)
# It is not related to Samyoga (conjunction) and Vibhaga (disjunction)
# A padartha which possesses the gunatva jati is called Guna
# A padartha which possesses the gunatva jati is called Guna
'''Action''': [[Karma (कर्म)|Karma]] (action) resides in the substratum dravya, with samavaya relationship. [Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/52] It is devoid of gunas and is the independent cause for conjunction and disjunction at a time. It does not require any other factor.
'''Action''': [[Karma (कर्म)|Karma]] (action) resides in the substratum dravya, with samavaya relationship. [Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/52] It is devoid of gunas and is the independent cause for conjunction and disjunction at a time. It does not require any other factor.<ref name=":1" />
Karma is broadly classified in two types:
Karma is broadly classified in two types:
Karma in Ayurveda is three fold.<ref name=":1" />
Karma in Ayurveda is three fold.<ref name=":1" />
# Causative factor for samyoga-vibhaga action or movement
# '''Causative factor for samyoga-vibhaga action or movement''': Here karma is further of two types- Effort which is cause of action (eg: When Atman combines with Raja and Tamas the process of evolution begins) and Action as the cause for conjunction and disjunction (conjunction of Atman, Manas, Indriya and Object is required for the process of cognition to take place else it does not occur)
# Pravrtti related to karma
# '''Karma related to Pravrtti''': Beginning of treatment is Pravrtti. The four limbs of treatment include the assemblage of Vaidya, Dravya, Upasthata, and Rogi which gives rise to Pravrtti.
# Karma related to treatment
# '''Karma related to treatment:''' Treatment is otherwise called Karma or Kriya. Based on this the living body is called Karma Purusha, as he is the seat of all actions.
'''सामान्यम् ॥ Samanya''': The padartha which causes growth or increase of every thing at all times in bhavapadarthas such as Dravya, Guna and Karma is called Samanya. It brings about oneness or ekatva. Samanya is tulyarthatha or equivalence.<blockquote>सर्वदा सर्व भवानां सामान्यं वृद्धि कारणम् ॥ सामान्यं एकत्वकरम् । तुलयार्थताहि सामान्यम् ॥ sarvadā sarva bhavānāṁ sāmānyaṁ vr̥ddhi kāraṇam || sāmānyaṁ ēkatvakaram | tulayārthatāhi sāmānyam || (Char. Sutr. Sthan. 1.44-45)</blockquote>Samanya is three-fold.
# '''Dravya samanyata''' - If both substances are identical (similar) in nature is causes for the increase (sajatiya dravya). Mamsa dhatu of an individual is identical to that of animal meat. Hence the intake of meat increases Mamsa dhatu. Generic concomitance causes for growth in the Bhavapadarthas like Dravya, Guna and Karma always.
# '''Guna samanyata''' - Because of oneness in nature Samanya causes increase. Even though the dravyas are not identical, due to oneness of the their attributes, Doshas, Dhatus and Malas increase.
# '''Karma samanyata''' - If the increase is due to any action it is called karma samanya. Sitting for long hours increases Sthira guna or Kapha, hence kapha in the body increases. Swimming and jumping increases Chala guna or Vata, as a result bodily vata increases.
'''विशेष ॥ Visesha''': Samanya and visesha are fundamental principles in Ayurveda. Manifestation, alleviation of the diseases and for maintenance of health, the distinctness of dravya, guna and karma are all based on visesha padartha only. Viseshatva means atulyartharva (unequivalence) in Ayurveda. Ex - Body becomes plump because of Mamsa and thin because of Vata. So mamsa is distinct from Vata.<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>ह्रास हेतुर्विशेषश्च। विशेषस्तु पृथक्त्वकृत्। विशेषस्तु विपर्ययः॥ hrāsa hēturviśēṣaśca| viśēṣastu pr̥thaktvakr̥t| viśēṣastu viparyayaḥ|| (Char. Sutr. Stana. 1.44-45)</blockquote>Features of Visesha
* Visesha causes dimunition.
* It distinguishes one from the other (thus contrary to Samanya)
* Exists in every object in inherent manner (samavayi relation)
* It is devoid of race
* Cause for dimunition in all the bhavapadarthas - dravya, guna and karma.
Like samanya, visesha is also three-fold. Dravya, guna and karma visesha.
'''समवायः ॥ Samavaya''': According to Tarkasangraha, inseparable concomitance or samavaya is an eternal relationship. The relation between a part and the whole (Avayava and Avayavi), quantity and qualified (guna and guni), motion and the moving object (kriya and kriyavanta), race/jati and individual (jati and vyakti) is called samavaya sambandha.<ref name=":1" />
== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:Darshanas]]
[[Category:Darshanas]]