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{{Upanishads}}

{{Upanishads}}

The '''Taittirīya Upanishad''' ([[Devanagari]]: तैत्तिरीय उपनिषद्) is a [[Vedic]] era [[Sanskrit]] text, and is one of the major Ten Principal Upanishads. It is a part of a whole branch of the Vedas called the Black Yajus School - Krsna Yajurveda<ref name=":0">Insights Into the Taittiriya Upanishad, Dr. K. S. Narayanacharya, Published by Kautilya Institute of National Studies, Mysore</ref>. This Upanishad is classified as part of the "black" Yajurveda, with the term "black" implying "the un-arranged, motley collection" of verses in Yajurveda, in contrast to the "white" (well arranged) Yajurveda (called Sukla Yajurveda) where ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'' and ''[[Isha Upanishad]]'' are embedded.<ref name="pauldeussen">[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 217-219</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n61/mode/2up Taittiriya Upanishad] SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, pages 57-192</ref> It is likely to be composed in about 6th century BCE.<ref>Angot, Michel. (2007) ''Taittiriya-Upanisad avec le commentaire de Samkara'', p.7. College de France, Paris. ISBN 2-86803-074-2</ref>

The '''Taittirīya Upanishad''' ([[Devanagari]]: तैत्तिरीय उपनिषद्) is a [[Vedic]] era [[Sanskrit]] text, and is one of the major Ten Principal Upanishads. It is a part of a whole branch of the Vedas called the Black Yajus School - Krsna Yajurveda<ref name=":0">Insights Into the Taittiriya Upanishad, Dr. K. S. Narayanacharya, Published by Kautilya Institute of National Studies, Mysore</ref>. In contrast under another branch called Sukla Yajurveda, ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'' and ''[[Isha Upanishad]]'' are embedded.

 

The Taittirīya Upanishad is the seventh, eighth and ninth chapters of ''Taittirīya [[Āraṇyaka]]'', which are also called, respectively, the ''Śikṣāvallī'', the ''Ānandavallī'' and the ''Bhṛguvallī''.<ref name="pauldeussen">[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 217-219</ref>

The Taittirīya Upanishad is is extensively used by South Indian Vaidikas in all auspicious ceremonies such as daily household worship, daily temple worship and other similar occasions that command Vedic recitals.<ref name=":0" /> There are some often used recitations of this Upanishad such as "The Parting Instruction of the Vedic Tutor to His Disciples", "The Description of Five Fold Factorization of of the Human Personality", The Upward Journey of the Departed Soul After Release From Fleshly Bondage".  

The Taittirīya Upanishad is is extensively used by South Indian Vaidikas in all auspicious ceremonies such as daily household worship, daily temple worship and other similar occasions that command Vedic recitals.<ref name=":0" /> There are some often used recitations of this Upanishad such as "The Parting Instruction of the Vedic Tutor to His Disciples", "The Description of Five Fold Factorization of of the Human Personality", The Upward Journey of the Departed Soul After Release From Fleshly Bondage".  

=== One of the Earliest Texts to have Index ===

=== One of the Earliest Texts to have Index ===

The Upanishad is one of the earliest known texts where index was included at the end of each section, along with main text, as a structural layout of the book. At the end of each Vallĩ in Taittiriya Upanishad manuscripts, there is an index of the Anuvakas which it contains. The index includes the initial words and final words of each ''Anuvaka'', as well as the number of sections in that ''Anuvaka''.<ref name="maxmullerbv"/> For example, the first and second Anuvakas of ''Shiksha Valli'' state in their indices that there are five sections each in them, the fourth Anuvaka asserts there are three sections and one paragraph in it, while the twelfth Anuvaka states it has one section and five paragraphs.<ref name="maxmullerbv"/> The ''Ananda Valli'', according to the embedded index, state each chapter to be much larger than currently surviving texts. For example, the 1st Anuvaka lists ''pratika'' words in its index as ''brahmavid'', ''idam'', ''ayam'', and states the number of sections to be twenty one. The 2nd Anuvaka asserts it has twenty six sections, the 3rd claims twenty two, the 4th has eighteen, the 5th has twenty two, the 6th Anuvaka asserts in its index that it has twenty eight sections, 7th claims sixteen, 8th states it includes fifty one sections, while the 9th asserts it has eleven. Similarly, the third Valli lists the ''pratika'' and ''anukramani'' in the index for each of the ten ''Anuvakas''.<ref name="maxmullerbv"/>

The Upanishad is one of the earliest known texts where index was included at the end of each section, along with main text, as a structural layout of the book. At the end of each Vallĩ in Taittiriya Upanishad manuscripts, there is an index of the Anuvakas which it contains. The index includes the initial words and final words of each ''Anuvaka'', as well as the number of sections in that ''Anuvaka''.<ref name="maxmullerbv"/> For example, the first and second Anuvakas of ''Shiksha Valli'' state in their indices that there are five sections each in them, the fourth Anuvaka asserts there are three sections and one paragraph in it, while the twelfth Anuvaka states it has one section and five paragraphs.<ref name="maxmullerbv"/> The ''Ananda Valli'', according to the embedded index, state each chapter to be much larger than currently surviving texts. For example, the 1st Anuvaka lists ''pratika'' words in its index as ''brahmavid'', ''idam'', ''ayam'', and states the number of sections to be twenty one. The 2nd Anuvaka asserts it has twenty six sections, the 3rd claims twenty two, the 4th has eighteen, the 5th has twenty two, the 6th Anuvaka asserts in its index that it has twenty eight sections, 7th claims sixteen, 8th states it includes fifty one sections, while the 9th asserts it has eleven. Similarly, the third Valli lists the ''pratika'' and ''anukramani'' in the index for each of the ten ''Anuvakas''.<ref name="maxmullerbv"/>

The chronology of Taittiriya Upanishad, along with other Vedic era literature, is unclear.<ref name="stephenphillips">Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231144858, Chapter 1</ref> All opinions rest on scanty evidence, assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<ref name="stephenphillips" /><ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195124354, Introduction Chapter</ref>

 

The chronology of Taittiriya Upanishad, along with other Vedic era literature, is unclear.<ref name=stephenphillips>Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231144858, Chapter 1</ref> All opinions rest on scanty evidence, assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<ref name=stephenphillips/><ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195124354, Introduction Chapter</ref>

Stephen Phillips<ref name="stephenphillips"/> suggests that Taittiriya Upanishad was likely one of the early Upanishads, composed in the 1st half of 1st millennium BCE, after Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, and Isha, but before Aitareya, Kaushitaki, Kena, Katha, Manduka, Prasna, Svetasvatara and Maitri Upanishads, as well as before the earliest Buddhist Pali and Jaina canons.<ref name=stephenphillips/>

Stephen Phillips<ref name="stephenphillips"/> suggests that Taittiriya Upanishad was likely one of the early Upanishads, composed in the 1st half of 1st millennium BCE, after Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, and Isha, but before Aitareya, Kaushitaki, Kena, Katha, Manduka, Prasna, Svetasvatara and Maitri Upanishads, as well as before the earliest Buddhist Pali and Jaina canons.<ref name=stephenphillips/>

The special feature of the Shiksha Valli is that it gives a most beautiful, pithy address to young Brahmcharis, (anologous to the convocation address of modern universities), where the teacher tells the students about the virtues they should try to possess and cultivate, the ideals of life they should foster, and such other rules of conduct for the up-building of a noble character.<ref name=":3" />     

The special feature of the Shiksha Valli is that it gives a most beautiful, pithy address to young Brahmcharis, (anologous to the convocation address of modern universities), where the teacher tells the students about the virtues they should try to possess and cultivate, the ideals of life they should foster, and such other rules of conduct for the up-building of a noble character.<ref name=":3" />     

The various lessons of this first chapter are related to education of students in ancient Vedic era of India, their initiation into a school and their responsibilities after graduation.<ref>CP Bhatta (2009), Holistic Personality Development through Education: Ancient Indian Cultural Experiences, Journal of Human Values, vol. 15, no. 1, pages 49-59</ref> It mentions lifelong "pursuit of knowledge", includes hints of "Self-knowledge", but is largely independent of the second and third chapter of the Upanishad which discuss [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] and Self-knowledge. Paul Deussen states that the ''Shiksha Valli'' was likely the earliest chapter composed of this Upanishad, and the text grew over time with additional chapters.<ref name="pauldeussensv">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 220-231</ref>

The various lessons of this first chapter are related to education of students in ancient Vedic era of India, their initiation into a school and their responsibilities after graduation.<ref>CP Bhatta (2009), Holistic Personality Development through Education: Ancient Indian Cultural Experiences, Journal of Human Values, vol. 15, no. 1, pages 49-59</ref> It mentions lifelong "pursuit of knowledge", includes hints of "Self-knowledge", but is largely independent of the second and third chapter of the Upanishad which discuss [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] and Self-knowledge.  

The Siksha Valli (or the Samhiti Upanishad) views the entire cosmology as one grand flow of Five unbroken chains - अधिलोक, अधिज्योतिष,अधिविद्य, अधिप्रज, and अध्यात्म.<ref name=":2" />     

The Siksha Valli (or the Samhiti Upanishad) views the entire cosmology as one grand flow of Five unbroken chains - अधिलोक, अधिज्योतिष,अधिविद्य, अधिप्रज, and अध्यात्म.<ref name=":2" />     

The Siksha Valli includes promises by students entering the Vedic school, an outline of basic course content, the nature of advanced courses and creative work from human relationships, ethical and social responsibilities of the teacher and the students, the role of breathing and proper pronunciation of Vedic literature, the duties and ethical precepts that the graduate must live up to post-graduation.<ref name=pauldeussensv/><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n61/mode/2up Aitareya and Taittiriya Upanishads with Shankara Bhashya] SA Sastri (Translator), pages 56-192</ref>

The Siksha Valli includes promises by students entering the Vedic school, an outline of basic course content, the nature of advanced courses and creative work from human relationships, ethical and social responsibilities of the teacher and the students, the role of breathing and proper pronunciation of Vedic literature, the duties and ethical precepts that the graduate must live up to post-graduation.<ref name="pauldeussensv">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 220-231</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n61/mode/2up Aitareya and Taittiriya Upanishads with Shankara Bhashya] SA Sastri (Translator), pages 56-192</ref>

====First Anuvāka (प्रथमोऽनुवाकः)====

====First Anuvāka (प्रथमोऽनुवाकः)====