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Line 1: − + − + + + + − Manusmrti talks in detail about personal as well as social hygiene. Some of the guidelines enlisted in this regard as as follows:
Acharana Dharma (आचरणधर्मः) (view source)
Revision as of 17:46, 16 November 2018
, 17:46, 16 November 2018Editing
Acharana Dharma (Samskrit: आचरणधर्मः) refers to the general code of conduct prescribed for the mankind for a healthy personal and societal life.
Acharana Dharma (Samskrit: आचरणधर्मः) refers to the general code of conduct prescribed for mankind in view of a healthy personal and societal life.
== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
The concept of Dharma in the Indian conscious is far-reaching and deep. It addresses duties and responsibilities both at the micro (personal) as well as macro (societal) level. Shabdakalpadruma says, <blockquote>धरति लोकान् ध्रियते पुण्यात्मभिरिति वा (धर्मः)। ''dharati lokān dhriyate puṇyātmabhiriti vā (dharmaḥ)।''<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A7 Shabdakalpadruma]</ref></blockquote>Meaning: That which holds the world (binds people together) or that which is upheld by meritorious people is Dharma.
The concept of Dharma in the Indian conscious is far-reaching and deep. It addresses duties and responsibilities both at the micro (personal) as well as macro (societal) level. Shabdakalpadruma says, <blockquote>धरति लोकान् ध्रियते पुण्यात्मभिरिति वा (धर्मः)। ''dharati lokān dhriyate puṇyātmabhiriti vā (dharmaḥ)।''<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A7 Shabdakalpadruma]</ref></blockquote>Meaning: That which holds the world (binds people together) or that which is upheld by meritorious people is Dharma.
Therefore, Dharma is not just that which is upheld as a virtue in life, it is also the principle on the foundation of which a society stands. It could thus, also refer to principles of justice (न्यायः), character (स्वभावः), behaviour (आचारः), etc. And has multiple facets viz. Svadharma (स्वधर्मः । individual), Kautumbika dharma (कौटुम्बिकधर्मः । towards family), Samajika dharma (सामाजिकधर्मः । towards society), [[Varna Dharma (वर्णधर्मः)|Varna dharma]] (वर्णधर्मः), [[Ashrama Dharma (आश्रमधर्मः)|Ashrama dharma]] (आश्रमधर्मः), Rashtra dharma (राष्ट्रधर्मः । towards the nation), Manava dharma (मानवधर्मः । towards mankind), etc.
Therefore, Dharma is not just that which is upheld as a virtue in life, it is also the principle on the foundation of which a society stands. Thus it could also refer to principles of justice (न्यायः), character (स्वभावः), behaviour (आचारः), etc. And has multiple facets viz. Svadharma (स्वधर्मः । individual), Kautumbika dharma (कौटुम्बिकधर्मः । towards family), Samajika dharma (सामाजिकधर्मः । towards society), [[Varna Dharma (वर्णधर्मः)|Varna dharma]] (वर्णधर्मः), [[Ashrama Dharma (आश्रमधर्मः)|Ashrama dharma]] (आश्रमधर्मः), Rashtra dharma (राष्ट्रधर्मः । towards the nation), Manava dharma (मानवधर्मः । towards mankind), etc.
== विधिताचरणम् ॥ Prescribed Code of Conduct ==
The [[Smrti (स्मृतिः)|Smrti]] texts elaborate on the concept of Dharma keeping in view its wide scope as mentioned above. Therefore, Acharana Dharma incorporates the code of conduct prescribed for mankind in all respects like personal and social hygiene, mutual respect, food and sleep habits for good health and others. Some such guidelines enlisted in the Manusmrti are as follows:
===शौचम् ॥ Cleanliness===
===शौचम् ॥ Cleanliness===
*Defecation, brushing of teeth, bathing, applying collyrium to the eyes, anointment and worship the gods must be done early in the morning. (Manu Smrt. 4.152).<ref name=":1">Pt. Girija Prasad Dvivedi (1917), [https://archive.org/details/ManusmrtiHindiTranslationGirijaPrasadDvivediNavalKishore The Manusmriti], Lucknow: Naval Kishore Press.</ref><blockquote>मैत्रं प्रसाधनं स्नानं दन्तधावनं अञ्जनम् । पूर्वाह्ण एव कुर्वीत देवतानां च पूजनम् || ४.१५२ ||<ref name=":0">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 4].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>maitraṁ prasādhanaṁ snānaṁ dantadhāvanaṁ añjanam । pūrvāhṇa eva kurvīta devatānāṁ ca pūjanam || 4.152 ||</blockquote>
*Defecation, brushing of teeth, bathing, applying collyrium to the eyes, anointment and worship the gods must be done early in the morning. (Manu Smrt. 4.152).<ref name=":1">Pt. Girija Prasad Dvivedi (1917), [https://archive.org/details/ManusmrtiHindiTranslationGirijaPrasadDvivediNavalKishore The Manusmriti], Lucknow: Naval Kishore Press.</ref><blockquote>मैत्रं प्रसाधनं स्नानं दन्तधावनं अञ्जनम् । पूर्वाह्ण एव कुर्वीत देवतानां च पूजनम् || ४.१५२ ||<ref name=":0">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 4].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>maitraṁ prasādhanaṁ snānaṁ dantadhāvanaṁ añjanam । pūrvāhṇa eva kurvīta devatānāṁ ca pūjanam || 4.152 ||</blockquote>
*One should always defecate and urinate, wash feet, dispose remnants of food and the liquids from one's body far from the place of sacrifice. One should not intentionally touch things used for cleansing the body, water used for a bath, urine or excreta, blood, mucus or anything spit out or vomited. (Manu Smrt 4.151 and 4.132).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>दूरादावसथान्मूत्रं दूरात्पादावसेचनम् । उच्छिष्टान्ननिषेकं च दूरादेव समाचरेत् || ४.१५१ ||</blockquote><blockquote>उद्वर्तनं अपस्नानं विण्मूत्रे रक्तं एव च । श्लेश्मनिष्ठ्यूतवान्तानि नाधितिष्ठेत्तु कामतः || ४.१३२ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>dūrādāvasathānmūtraṁ dūrātpādāvasecanam । ucchiṣṭānnaniṣekaṁ ca dūrādeva samācaret || 4.151 ||</blockquote><blockquote>udvartanaṁ apasnānaṁ viṇmūtre raktaṁ eva ca । śleśmaniṣṭhyūtavāntāni nādhitiṣṭhettu kāmataḥ || 4.132 ||</blockquote>
*One should always defecate and urinate, wash feet, dispose remnants of food and the liquids from one's body far from the place of sacrifice. One should not intentionally touch things used for cleansing the body, water used for a bath, urine or excreta, blood, mucus or anything spit out or vomited. (Manu Smrt 4.151 and 4.132).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>दूरादावसथान्मूत्रं दूरात्पादावसेचनम् । उच्छिष्टान्ननिषेकं च दूरादेव समाचरेत् || ४.१५१ ||</blockquote><blockquote>उद्वर्तनं अपस्नानं विण्मूत्रे रक्तं एव च । श्लेश्मनिष्ठ्यूतवान्तानि नाधितिष्ठेत्तु कामतः || ४.१३२ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>dūrādāvasathānmūtraṁ dūrātpādāvasecanam । ucchiṣṭānnaniṣekaṁ ca dūrādeva samācaret || 4.151 ||</blockquote><blockquote>udvartanaṁ apasnānaṁ viṇmūtre raktaṁ eva ca । śleśmaniṣṭhyūtavāntāni nādhitiṣṭhettu kāmataḥ || 4.132 ||</blockquote>