Changes

* One experimental study of suvarna bhasma conducted on immature rats showed that there is a significant stimulatory effect of gold chloride on female reproductive activity. The traces of gold have been found in endometrium and decidua of uterus in females and highest percentage of gold has been found in the semen fluid of males.<ref name=":0" />  

* One experimental study of suvarna bhasma conducted on immature rats showed that there is a significant stimulatory effect of gold chloride on female reproductive activity. The traces of gold have been found in endometrium and decidua of uterus in females and highest percentage of gold has been found in the semen fluid of males.<ref name=":0" />  

* One more study reports state that, colloidal gold colloidal is found to improve cognitive functioning, which was measured in that study by IQ scores. <ref name=":0" />  

* One more study reports state that, colloidal gold colloidal is found to improve cognitive functioning, which was measured in that study by IQ scores. <ref name=":0" />  

=== Forms of Suvarna used in Ayurveda medicine ===

=== Forms of Suvarna used in Ayurveda medicine ===

* Eliminates grahas which indicates protection from disease causing microorganisms and evil energies affecting mind. Which means Suvarnaprashana can strengthen and protect physical as well as mental components of health

* Eliminates grahas which indicates protection from disease causing microorganisms and evil energies affecting mind. Which means Suvarnaprashana can strengthen and protect physical as well as mental components of health

* The one special benefit of suvarnavacha type of Suvarmaprashana is improvement of speech. Practitioners advise administration of suvarnavacha in infants after 3 months of age till 5-6 years or 12 years. There is one clinical study which reports immunomodulatory effects of suvarna vacha in neonates without any toxicity.<ref name=":2" />

* The one special benefit of suvarnavacha type of Suvarmaprashana is improvement of speech. Practitioners advise administration of suvarnavacha in infants after 3 months of age till 5-6 years or 12 years. There is one clinical study which reports immunomodulatory effects of suvarna vacha in neonates without any toxicity.<ref name=":2" />

Along with this, Ayurveda scholars have also studied the effects of Suvarnaprashana given for a specific duration. Based on that, what results its shows when taken for a specific duration of time have been stated as below,<blockquote>

Along with this, Ayurveda scholars have also studied the effects of Suvarnaprashana given for a specific duration. Based on that, what results its shows when taken for a specific duration of time have been stated as below,<blockquote>

All the above said benefits are indicating the enhancement of all favorable factors required for proper growth and development of a child, which is considered to be rapid during Shaishavavastha (infancy).

All the above said benefits are indicating the enhancement of all favorable factors required for proper growth and development of a child, which is considered to be rapid during Shaishavavastha (infancy).

=== Role of Suvarnaprashana validated by research studies ===

=== Role of Suvarnaprashana validated by scientific studies ===

Various scientific research studies have been conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Suvarna (Gold) bhasma and and Suvarnabindu (Medicinal formulation used for Suvarnaprashana) used in  in Ayurveda. The reports of the studies show that,<ref>Nelaturi P, Nagarajan P, Sabapathy SK, Sambandam R. Swarna Bindu Prashana-an Ancient Approach to Improve the Infant's Immunity. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021 Jun;199(6):2145-2148. doi: 10.1007/s12011-020-02353-y. Epub 2020 Aug 27. PMID: 32856248; PMCID: PMC7451701.</ref>

Various scientific research studies have been conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Suvarna (Gold) bhasma and and Suvarnabindu (Medicinal formulation used for Suvarnaprashana) used in  in Ayurveda. The reports of the studies show that,<ref name=":4">Nelaturi P, Nagarajan P, Sabapathy SK, Sambandam R. Swarna Bindu Prashana-an Ancient Approach to Improve the Infant's Immunity. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021 Jun;199(6):2145-2148. doi: 10.1007/s12011-020-02353-y. Epub 2020 Aug 27. PMID: 32856248; PMCID: PMC7451701.</ref>

* Suvarna bhasma possesses antioxidant, antidepressant, anti-cancerous, antibacterial, and anti-rheumatoid property and acts as a nerve stimulant.

* Suvarna bhasma possesses antioxidant, antidepressant, anti-cancerous, antibacterial, and anti-rheumatoid property and acts as a nerve stimulant.

* Immunomodulatory activity of Gold has been proved in some studies because of gold's antibacterial action against different organisms. But when the gold is mixed with honey and clarified butter or ghee as in Suvarnaprashana is is found to widen the spectrum of its action to stimulate body immune cells.  

* Immunomodulatory activity of Gold has been proved in some studies because of gold's antibacterial action against different organisms. But when the gold is mixed with honey and clarified butter or ghee as in Suvarnaprashana, it is found to widen the spectrum of its action to stimulate body immune cells.

* Suvarna prashana is believed to activate non-specific immunity by activating both ellular and humoral immunity. This activity of SP is supposed to be as a result of the actual chemical stucture of gold in SP where it is combined with ghee and honey making it encapsulated and develop into particles of various size, shape, charges, and composition. This activity helps to train immune system to identify and defend human system from many different types of antigens and develop immunity against wide range of pathogens and their mutations as well. It is evident that gold nanoparticles are efficiently interacting with the target cells in terms of immunological responses and cytotoxicity  

* Suvarna prashana is believed to activate non-specific immunity by activating both cellular and humoral immunity. This activity of SP is supposed to be as a result of the chemical structure of gold in SP. Due to the combination of purified calcinated gold, ghee and honey, The gold nanoparticles become encapsulated and develop into particles of various size, shape, charges, and composition. This activity helps to train immune system to identify and defend human system from many different types of antigens having different forms and develop immunity against wide range of pathogens along with their mutated forms. It is evident that gold nanoparticles are efficiently interacting with the target cells in terms of immunological responses and cytotoxicity

=== Effect of Suvarnaprashana seen in clinical research studies ===

=== Efficacy and safety of Suvarnaprashana seen in clinical research studies ===

Multiple studies have been conducted on Suvarnaprashana done using suvarna bhasma. Most of the studies have assessed the effects of Suvarnaprashana on growth, development, disease characteristics, intelligence quotient, quality of life, hematological, biochemical or immunological parameters in children upto 12 to 15 years of age.<ref name=":1">Antony C. et.al. : A Scoping Review on the Health outcomes of Suvarnaprashana in apparently healthy children. Annals of Ayurvedic Medicine Vol-10 Issue-1 Jan.-Mar., 2021</ref> Newborns including preterm infants have also been included in some studies.  

Multiple studies have been conducted on Suvarnaprashana done using suvarna bhasma. Most of the studies have assessed the effects of Suvarnaprashana on growth, development, disease characteristics, intelligence quotient, quality of life, hematological, biochemical or immunological parameters in children upto 12 to 15 years of age.<ref name=":1">Antony C. et.al. : A Scoping Review on the Health outcomes of Suvarnaprashana in apparently healthy children. Annals of Ayurvedic Medicine Vol-10 Issue-1 Jan.-Mar., 2021</ref> Newborns including preterm infants have also been included in some studies.  

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

|+

|+

!

!

!Parameter

!Parameter

== Plausible Mechanisms of Swarna Prashana ==

== Plausible Mechanisms of Swarna Prashana ==

Ancient scripts have suggested that the colloidal preparation of swarna (gold particles) with honey and ghee would significantly induce robust immunity like vaccines [4, 8, 10]. Gold particles are the most promising ones which do not affect living cells and do not produce adverse effects [20].

Ancient literature of Ayurveda suggests that the colloidal preparation of swarna (gold particles) with honey and ghee would significantly induce robust immunity similar to the vaccines. Various studies have already shown that, Gold particles are the most promising ones which do not affect living cells and do not produce adverse effects. Suvarnaprashana comprises of administration of colloidal formulation of gold wherein the gold particles are of various different size, shape, charge and bio-molecular compositions. Owing to the molecular ingredients found in ghee and honey, these particles retain high stability, low toxicity and and immunogenicity. The molecular ingredients also contain sugars, amino acids, proteins, lipids, vitamins and other components. All these components help in capping the gold particles in Suvarnaprashana medicine which therefore '''exhibits multivalent interactions between the particle and membrane receptor of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells.''' Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells (also known as accessory cells) of the human immune system. These cells are responsible for initiating all antigen-specific immune responses. These cells are especially sensitive to signals derived from microbes, allergens, and the airway tissue microenvironment. Moreover these cells also effectively link the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Therefore '''targeting these dendritic cells is considered to be one of the efficient strategies in promoting immunotherapies and vaccine development. Thus, Suvanraprashana modulates the immunity by acting on cells like dendritic cells.'''

 

 

Immature dendritic cells uptake and internalize particles of Suvarnaprashana in their cytosol by various methods.  

(TBE)Swarna prashana is related to the smaller gold particles perhaps containing wide variation in shapes, sizes, charges, and bio-molecular compositions [4]. These particles retain high stability, low toxicity, and immunogenicity conjugation due to the molecular ingredients found in ghee and honey [21]. The molecular ingredients contain sugars, amino acids, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and other components [10]. Moreover, these components help in capping the gold particles in swarna prashan which exhibits multivalent interactions between the particle and membrane receptor of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells [1, 4, 8]. '''Targeting these dendritic cells is considered to be one of the efficient strategies in promoting immunotherapies and vaccine development [8].'''

Then the immature cells differentiate into mature dendritic cells evident by morphological changes in dendritic cells as well as expression of immune markers like CD 83 & CD 86.  

Therefore, the plausible mechanism of swarna prashana in interacting with dendritic cells is as follows: dendritic cells opt several mechanisms in the internalization of swarna prashana particles including receptor-mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis [1, 4, 5, 20]. Immature dendritic cells will uptake and internalize the swarna prashana particles in the cytosol. As a result, immature dendritic cells differentiate into mature dendritic that causes '''expression of CD83 and CD86 and also morphological changes in the maturation of the dendritic cells''' [8] (Fig. 1). The internalized particles, namely, antigens, are processed in the cytoplasm and '''initiate T cell response based on antigen presented through MHC complex''' [4, 7, 19]. Interestingly, swarna prashana particles comprise of mosaic features in terms of size, shape, charge, and composition of the particles which results in intercellular trafficking in dendritic cells [1, 4]. Therefore, dendritic cells present multiple antigens effectively to the T cells [20]. It is believed that the activated dendritic cells and T cells require soluble cytokines including IL-7, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-23, TNF, and IFN to exhibit immunogenic response [4, 8]. The potential application of swarna prashana in immunomodulation is the development of both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine [4, 8, 19].  

since the gold particles in this SP formulation comprise of mosaic features in terms of size, shape, charge, and composition, after internalization they cause intercellular trafficking in dendritic cells Therefore, dendritic cells present multiple antigens effectively to the T cells.  

'''It is believed that gold is used in ayurvedic, herbal, and herbo-mineral preparations for the treatment of chronic and degenerative disease without any side effect [12, 13, 17]. The advantages of biodegradable gold particles are utilization in the vaccinated organism, high loading efficiency for the target substance, enhanced ability to cross various physiological barriers, and low systemic side effects.''' In all likelihood, the immune actions of biodegradable nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles as corpuscular carriers are similar. T'''he recent data indicating low toxicity of gold nanoparticles makes it being used in the development of next-generation vaccines [1, 8, 16].''' However, no extensive studies on animals or cell lines model are available, and further clinical trials are required on interaction of swarna prashana particles and human functions.

The potential application of swarna prashana in immunomodulation is the development of both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine.

== Hypothesis ==

== Hypothesis ==

== References ==

== References ==