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* On the basis of potential to cause death- The points in body which when injured can lead to death are called as Marmas. The commentator Arundatta on acharya Vagbhata;s Ashtnaga Hrudayam says that, even if injury to marma points does not cause death, it causes severe pain giving a person the experience of death.
* On the basis of potential to cause death- The points in body which when injured can lead to death are called as Marmas. The commentator Arundatta on acharya Vagbhata;s Ashtnaga Hrudayam says that, even if injury to marma points does not cause death, it causes severe pain giving a person the experience of death.
<blockquote>मारयन्तीति मर्माण्युच्यन्ते – Sush Shar 6/3 (dalhan teeka)</blockquote>Even though the definition states that injury to a marma leads to death, there are certain types of marma like vaiklyakara marma and rujakar marma (Discussed in next part of the article) that do not lead to death but cause some morbodity or pain on injury. With right treatment by a skilled Vaidya these issues can be resolved.
<blockquote>मारयन्तीति मर्माण्युच्यन्ते । <ref>Nibandhasangraha commentary by Dalhana on Sushruta Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 3)</ref></blockquote>Even though the definition states that injury to a marma leads to death, there are certain types of marma like vaiklyakara marma and rujakar marma (Discussed in next part of the article) that do not lead to death but cause some morbodity or pain on injury. With right treatment by a skilled Vaidya these issues can be resolved.
* On the basis of composition and nature- A confluence of mamsa (muscles), sira (blood vessels), snayu (ligaments), asthi- sandhi (bones-joints) is known as marma sthana. These marma sthana is where prana(?) resides, thus any kind of injury or infliction will lead to death.
* On the basis of composition and nature- A confluence of mamsa (muscles), sira (blood vessels), snayu (ligaments), asthi- sandhi (bones-joints) is known as marma sthana. These marma sthana is where prana(?) resides, thus any kind of injury or infliction will lead to death.
<blockquote>मर्माणि मांससिरास्नाय्वस्थिसन्धिसन्निपाताः; तेषु स्वभावत एव विशेषेण प्राणास्तिष्ठन्ति; तस्मान्मर्मस्वभिहतास्तांस्तान् भावानापद्यन्ते || (sush. sha .6.15)</blockquote>
<blockquote>मर्माणि मांससिरास्नाय्वस्थिसन्धिसन्निपाताः; तेषु स्वभावत एव विशेषेण प्राणास्तिष्ठन्ति; तस्मान्मर्मस्वभिहतास्तांस्तान् भावानापद्यन्ते || (Sush. Samh .6.15)<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 15)</ref></blockquote>
* At the elemental level marma is composed of Soma (kapha-water element), maruta(vata- or air element), tej(pitta -or fire element) as tridosha and raja, satva , tamas as triguna resides along with bhuta(panchamahabhuta) and atma (soul precisely). This is precisely the reason why marma points should be protected from any injury. (Sush sha 6.35-36)
* At the elemental level marma is composed of [[Jala (जलम्)|Soma or jala]] (kapha-water element), maruta(vata- or air element), [[Agni (अग्निः)|tejas]] (agni/pitta -or fire element) as [[Doshas (दोषाः)|tridosha]] and [[Rajas (रजः)|rajas]], [[Sattva (सत्त्वम्)|satva]], [[Tamas (तमः)|tamas]] as [[Trigunas (त्रिगुणाः)|triguna]] resides along with bhuta ([[Panchamahabhutas (पञ्चमहाभूतानि)|panchamahabhuta]]) and [[Atman (आत्मन्)|atma]] (soul precisely). This is precisely the reason why marma points should be protected from any injury. <ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 35-36)</ref>
== Marmas as vital points or energy points ==
== Marmas as vital points or energy points ==
According to acharya Charaka, there are 10 seats of prana (life energy) in body viz. murdha (head), kantha (throat), hrdaya (heart), nabhi (umbilicus), guda (anus), basti (urinary bladder), [[Ojas (ओजः)|ojas]], [[Shukra Dhatu (शुक्र धातुः)|shukra]] (semen), shonita or [[Rakta Dhatu (रक्त धातु)|rakta]] (blood), [[Mansa Dhatu (मांस धातु)|mamsa]] (muscles) and among them the first six are the marma points. <blockquote>दश प्राणायतनानि; तद्यथा- मूर्धा, कण्ठः, हृदयं, नाभिः, गुदं, बस्तिः, ओजः, शुक्रं, शोणितं, मांसमिति|
According to acharya Charaka, there are 10 seats of prana (life energy) in body viz. murdha (head), kantha (throat), hrdaya (heart), nabhi (umbilicus), guda (anus), basti (urinary bladder), [[Ojas (ओजः)|ojas]], [[Shukra Dhatu (शुक्र धातुः)|shukra]] (semen), shonita or [[Rakta Dhatu (रक्त धातु)|rakta]] (blood), [[Mansa Dhatu (मांस धातु)|mamsa]] (muscles) and among them the first six are the marma points. <blockquote>दश प्राणायतनानि; तद्यथा- मूर्धा, कण्ठः, हृदयं, नाभिः, गुदं, बस्तिः, ओजः, शुक्रं, शोणितं, मांसमिति| तेषु षट् पूर्वाणि मर्मसङ्ख्यातानि||९|| <ref>Charaka Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 7 Sutra 9)</ref></blockquote>
तेषु षट् पूर्वाणि मर्मसङ्ख्यातानि||९|| cha sha 7.9</blockquote>
== प्रविभागाः॥ Classification ==
== प्रविभागाः॥ Classification ==
There are 107 marmas described in Ayurveda. Acharya Sushruta has categorised 107 marma sthana systemically in three ways, Every marma has its own predominant mahabhuta, which later is essential in the treatment aspect. Acharya Charaka gives importance to only three of them, named Murdha(head), hridaya (heart), Vasti/Basti (urinary bladder).
There are 107 marmas described in Ayurveda. Acharya Sushruta has categorized 107 marma sthana systemically in three ways, Every marma has its own predominant [[Panchamahabhutas (पञ्चमहाभूतानि)|mahabhuta]]. Understanding the composition of marma from mahabhuta perspective is considered highly important in order to give treatment on marma injury or to practice marma therapy. Acharya Charaka gives importance to only three of the 107 marmas namely, Murdha (head), hridaya (heart), Basti (urinary bladder). The marmas are categorized into various types based on various criteria as below,
=== Based on Composition of the marma ===
Marmas are basically certain spots in the body which can have dominance of one or the other body elements like mamsa (muscule) or sira (vessel) or asthi (bone) etc. Based on the dominance of one or the other body element, marmas are categorized in 5 types as follows.<ref name=":1">Sushruta Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 3-7)</ref> A type of marma and total number of marmas of that type are given below.
# Mamsa Marma (Muscle predominant) - 11
# Mamsa Marma (Muscle predominant) - 11
# Sira Marma (Vascular predominant) - 41
# Sira Marma (Vascular predominant) - 41
# Sandhi Marma (Joint area predominant) – 20
# Sandhi Marma (Joint area predominant) – 20
=== Based on Location of Marma (sush. shar.6.7) ===
=== Based on Location of Marma ===
All 107 marmas are located at different sites all over the body. Based on the location of the marma over body parts, the marmas are categorized into 3 different types as below, <ref name=":1" />
# Shakha gata - marmas present in Both upper and lower limbs - 44
# Shakha gata - marmas present in Both upper and lower limbs - 44
# Madhya shareera – Marmas present in thorax and abdomen (trunk region) - 26
# Madhya shareera – Marmas present in thorax and abdomen (trunk region) - 26
# Urdhva jatrugata – marmas present in Head and neck region – 37
# Urdhva jatrugata – marmas present in Head and neck region – 37
=== Based on effect of injury on marma ===
=== Based on effect of injury on marma ===
The marmas are known as vital points or even mortal spots. Injury to marmas causes various different effects and even death. The effect of marma injury will depend upon what type of marma is damaged. Thus based on the effect on injury, the marmas are categorized into 5 types as follows,
# Sadhya pranahara marma – leads to immediate death on injury to these marma sthana, where “sadhya” meaning instant, “prana” meaning life force or energy, and “hara” meaning lost or taken away. – 19 in number
# Sadhya pranahara marma – leads to immediate death if injury to these marma sthana happens. Where “sadhya” meaning instant, “prana” meaning life force or energy, and “hara” meaning lost or taken away the name itself suggest immediate death causing marmas. – 19 in number
# Kalantara pranahara marma – leads to delayed death on getting injured. Here kalantara” means delay. – 33 in number
# Kalantara pranahara marma – leads to delayed death on getting injured. Here kalantara” means delay or after some time. – 33 in number
# Vishalyaghna marma- marma injured with foreign body, when removed from the area leads to death. Here “vishalya” means foreign body – 03 in number
# Vishalyaghna marma- If these type of marmas are injured with a weapon they can casue death if teh weapon or part of weapon hitting the marma is removed. If that part is kept unmoved or as it is person can survive. Here, 'Shalya' means foreign body which is a part of weapon used for injury – 03 in number
# Vaikalyakara Marma – leads to permanent deformity on injury. Where Vaikalya” means disability - 44 in number
# Vaikalyakara Marma – leads to permanent deformity or morbidity on injury. Where 'Vaikalya' means disability - 44 in number
# Rujakara marma – leads to severe pain when injured. here “ruja” means pain. – 08 in number
# Rujakara marma – leads to severe pain when injured. here “ruja” means pain. – 08 in number
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of marmas of different types based on the effect on their injury
|'''Sadhya pranahara marma'''
|'''Sadhya pranahara marma'''
|'''Kalantara pranahara marma'''
|'''Kalantara pranahara marma'''
|}
|}
== Marmas of upper extremity ==
== Marmas in hand ==
Various marmas located in upper limbs or hands (from shoulders to fingertips) are listed below. The table provides the exact location of the marma, its area, its composition, effect on its injury and the predominance of mahabhuta in that marma.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Name'''
|'''Name'''
|'''Pramana'''
|'''Pramana'''
|'''Composition'''
|'''Composition'''
|'''Effect on injury'''
|'''Mahabhuta predominance'''
|'''Mahabhuta predominance'''
|-
|-
|In between thumb and index finger
|In between thumb and index finger
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Snayu and kalantara pranahara
|Snayu
|Soma,agni
|kalantara pranahara
|*Soma,**agni
|-
|-
|''Talahriday''
|''Talahriday''
|Mid palm
|Mid palm
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Mamsa and kalantara pranahara
|Mamsa
|kalantara pranahara
|Soma,agni
|Soma,agni
|-
|-
|Above on both sides of kshipra
|Above on both sides of kshipra
|4 angula
|4 angula
|Snayu and vaikalyakara
|Snayu
|vaikalyakara
|Soma
|Soma
|-
|-
|Below on one side of wrist joint
|Below on one side of wrist joint
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Snayu and vaikalyakara
|Snayu
|vaikalyakara
|Soma
|Soma
|-
|-
|Wrist joint
|Wrist joint
|2 angula
|2 angula
|Sandhi and vaikalyakara
|Sandhi
|vaikalyakara
|Soma
|Soma
|-
|-
|Mid of forearm
|Mid of forearm
|2 angula
|2 angula
|Mamsa and kalantara pranahara
|Mamsa
|kalantara pranahara
|Soma,agni
|Soma,agni
|-
|-
|Elbow joint
|Elbow joint
|3 angula
|3 angula
|Sandhi and vaikalyakara
|Sandhi
|vaikalyakara
|Soma
|Soma
|-
|-
|3 angula above elbow joint both sides.
|3 angula above elbow joint both sides.
|3 angula
|3 angula
|Snayu and vaikalyakara
|Snayu
|vaikalyakara
|Soma
|Soma
|-
|-
|Mid arm
|Mid arm
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sira and vaikalyakara
|Sira
|vaikalyakara
|soma
|soma
|-
|-
|Above bahvi marma, adjacent to auxillary fold.
|Above bahvi marma, adjacent to auxillary fold.
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sira and vaikalyakara
|Sira
|vaikalyakara
|Soma
|Soma
|-
|-
|In between chest and arm pit
|In between chest and arm pit
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Snayu and vaikalyakara
|Snayu
|vaikalyakara
|soma
|soma
|-
| colspan="6" |*Soma=Jala mahabhuta or water element, **Agni=Tejas mahabhuta or fire element
|}
|}
== Marmas of lower extremity ==
== Marmas in legs ==
Various marmas located in lower limbs or legs (from pelvis to feet) are listed below. The table provides the exact location of the marma, its area, its composition, effect on its injury and the predominance of mahabhuta in that marma.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Name'''
|'''Name'''
|'''Pramana'''
|'''Pramana'''
|'''Composition'''
|'''Composition'''
|'''Effect on Injury'''
|'''Mahabhuta'''
|'''Mahabhuta'''
|-
|-
|Between great toe and second toe
|Between great toe and second toe
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Snayu and kalantara
|Snayu
|kalantara
|Soma,agni
|Soma,agni
|-
|-
|Mid of the foot sole
|Mid of the foot sole
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Mamsa and kalantara pranahara
|Mamsa
|kalantara pranahara
|Soma,agni
|Soma,agni
|-
|-
|Above both sides of kshipra
|Above both sides of kshipra
|4 angula
|4 angula
|Snayu and vaikalyakara
|Snayu
|vaikalyakara
|Soma
|Soma
|-
|-
|''Kurcha sshira''
|''Kurcha shira''
|Both sides of ankle joint
|Both sides of ankle joint
|1 angula
|1 angula
|Snayu and vaikalyakara
|Snayu
|vaikalyakara
|Soma
|Soma
|-
|-
|Ankle joint
|Ankle joint
|4 angula
|4 angula
|Sandhi and rujakara
|Sandhi
|rujakara
|Agni,vaayu
|Agni,vaayu
|-
|-
|Mid of thigh in the line of heel
|Mid of thigh in the line of heel
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Mamsa and kalantara pranahara
|Mamsa
|kalantara pranahara
|Soma,agni
|Soma,agni
|-
|-
|Knee joint
|Knee joint
|3 angula
|3 angula
|Sandhi and vaikalyakara
|Sandhi
|vaikalyakara
|soma
|soma
|-
|-
|3 fingers above knee joint both sides
|3 fingers above knee joint both sides
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Snayu and vaikalyakara
|Snayu
|vaikalyakara
|soma
|soma
|-
|-
|Mid of thigh
|Mid of thigh
|1 angula
|1 angula
|Sira and vaikalya kara
|Sira
|vaikalya kara
|soma
|soma
|-
|-
|Root of thigh above urvi marma, below hip joint
|Root of thigh above urvi marma, below hip joint
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sira and vaikalyakara
|Sira
|vaikalyakara
|soma
|soma
|-
|-
|In between groin and testes
|In between groin and testes
|1 angula
|1 angula
|Snayu and vaikalyakara
|Snayu
|vaikalyakara
|somas
|somas
|}
|}