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Line 606: − + + − Urvi, kurchashira, vitapa, kakshadhara, parshva and stana moola each measure 1 angula.+ − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − − − − Line 594:
Line 626: − + + + − Such as when sadhya pranahara marmas are injured, there occurs inability to perceive objects, alterations in intellect and various kind of pain in and around the marma sthana.+ + + + + + + + + − When kalantara pranahara marma is afflicted, dhatu kshaya (depletion of sapta dhatus) occurs along with severe pain which further leads to death of the individual.+ + − + − There are few general indicators of marma abhighata or infliction to marmas which are bhrama(dizziness), pralapa(delirium), pramoha(insensibility), vicheshtana (irregular movements), murcha(giddiness), muscular laxity(looseness), severe pain, bleeding from the sthana etc. Also, Numbness of body, heaviness, cold flushes, excessive sweat, vomiting, breathlessness are few symptoms which indicate there has been a n injury to marma. (Asht.sang. Sharirs 7.47) http://vedotpatti.in/samhita/Vag/esangraha/?mod=read+ − == Importance| ''mahatva'' ==+ − The trauma or injury occurred to any part of body is comparatively less than that experienced on marma sthana, this is due to presence of Chetana (consciousness/soul) at that sthana or site. (Cha sidd 9.3) − Marma sthana or the vital points are to be kept intact while performing surgeries meaning they should not be injured. (sushrut Samhita 6.31)+ − + − There is a concept of disease pathways Ayurveda called as rogamarga which are three in number namely, shakha (periphery), marma-asthi-sandhi (vital spots and bones and joints) and koshta (internl organs). Here the middle pathway is Marma sthana. This makes marma important in disease manifestation, diagnosis and in treatment aspects.+ − + Line 620:
Line 662: − + − − − − There is usage of certain kind of rhythm and pressure for stimulating the points, using not only the fingers, but also the hands, arms, legs and even feet. Acupressure Points have a high electrical conductivity at the surface of the skin, and thus conduct and channel healing energy most effectively. Therefore, the most potent healing energy work uses acupressure points. − − Though these kinds of therapy look like Marma therapy, but marma therapy Is far more accurate, ancient and the sthanas (points) have much more importance than being just pressure points. Marma therapy is performed by skilled Vaidya and under standard protocols. − <nowiki>https://mrityunjaymission.org/marma-and-acupressure/</nowiki>+ − <nowiki>https://www.boloji.com/articles/49656/marma-and-acupressure</nowiki>+ − Cha.si.9.7+ − − − − When marma present in the murdha (head region) or shiras as a marma according to Acharya charaka is afflicted, abhyanga (oil massage), swedana (fomentation therapy), upanaha (poultice therapy), snehapana(internal fats like ghee,oil etc administration), nasya (nasal administration of oil) especially avapidana (nasya with churna) and dhumapana (nasya with medicated smoke) are administered as therapy. − − When vasti or basti is afflicted which is one of the sadhya prana hara marma (present in trunk region) kumbhisweda which is precisely an under bed sudation, described in [Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 14/56-58] is given. Varti prayoga is done (urethral suppository), niruha and Anuvasana basti therapy (decoction enema and medicated oil enema) and Uttara basti (urethral route enema) therapy. − Abhyanga therapy in marma chikitsa aspect is one mildly similar therapy which resembles acupressure. Abhyanga (oil massage), udvartana (massage technique with medicated powders), massage with herbal paste, kizhi (massage done with palm, wrist, heel) or along with herbal pottali (poultice) are done skilfully with accurate pressure for required results and are few prime therapies for treatment in marma sthana injury.+ − Agni karma is done in marmas which are predominant in Agni Mahabhuta for example sadhya pranahara marma. Precisely a method wherein a heated shalaka(long instrument) is used as a medium of agni, and applied on the skin surface level skilfully by a Vaidya in a standard procedure. For example, Agni karma in Katiktaruna marma for treatment of sciatica. Jaanu mama for knee pain, manibandha marma for wrist pain etc.+ − Shirodhara which in short means pouring medicated oil from a certain height over sthapani marma (marma of the head region). Also, a broad spectrum panchakarma procedure which has various advantages in different diseases. + − These techniques are to be done in a standard procedure by a skilled Vaidya only.+ − There are few research studies as well carried out which proves the efficacy of various marma therapy. Hrudbasti(oil retention and oil pouring) over the marma sthana, greevabasti(retention of oil over cervical region), kati basti(retention of oil over low back area) and many more like abhyanga (oil massage) as well, with certain skill which applies pressure over marma sthana.+
no edit summary
=== Based on Location of Marma ===
=== Based on Location of Marma ===
All 107 marmas are located at different sites all over the body. Based on the location of the marma over body parts, the marmas are categorized into 3 different types as below, <ref name=":1" />
All 107 marmas are located at different sites all over the body. Based on the location of the marma over body parts, the marmas are categorized into 3 different types as below, <ref name=":1" />
# Shakha gata - marmas present in Both upper and lower limbs - 44
# Shakha gata - The word Shakha suggest upper and lower limbs viz both hands and legs. Thus marmas present in Both upper and lower limbs are known as Shakhagata marmas. - 44
# Madhya shareera – Marmas present in thorax and abdomen (trunk region) - 26
# Madhya shareera – Marmas present in thorax and abdomen (trunk region) - 26
# Urdhva jatrugata – marmas present in Head and neck region – 37
# Urdhva jatrugata – Jatru is a part of body at the base of neck. Hence marmas present in Head and neck region are known as Urdhwa jatrugata marmas – 37
=== Based on effect of injury on marma ===
=== Based on effect of injury on marma ===
The marmas are known as vital points or even mortal spots. Injury to marmas causes various different effects and even death. The effect of marma injury will depend upon what type of marma is damaged. Thus based on the effect on injury, the marmas are categorized into 5 types as follows,
The marmas are known as vital points or even mortal spots. Injury to marmas causes various different effects and even death. The effect of marma injury will depend upon what type of marma is damaged. Thus based on the effect on injury, the marmas are categorized into 5 types as follows,
== Marmas in legs ==
== Marmas in legs ==
Various marmas located in lower limbs or legs (from pelvis to feet) are listed below. The table provides the exact location of the marma, its area, its composition, effect on its injury and the predominance of mahabhuta in that marma.
Various marmas located in lower limbs or legs (from pelvis to feet) are listed below. The table provides the exact location of the marma, its area, its composition, effect on its injury and the predominance of mahabhuta in that marma.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Name'''
|'''Name'''
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Snayu
|Snayu
|kalantara
|kalantara pranahara
|Soma,agni
|Soma,agni
|-
|-
== Marma sthana of head and neck ==
== Marma sthana of head and neck ==
Multiple marmas are located in head and neck region. These are known as Urdhwa-jatrugata marmas. The table provides the exact location of the marma, its area, its composition, effect on its injury and the predominance of mahabhuta in that marma.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Name'''
|'''Name'''
|'''Pramana'''
|'''Pramana'''
|'''Composition'''
|'''Composition'''
|'''Effect on Injury'''
|'''Mahabhuta predominance'''
|'''Mahabhuta predominance'''
|-
|-
|4 angula
|4 angula
|Sira and vaikalyakara
|Sira and vaikalyakara
|Vaikalyakara
|soma
|soma
|-
|-
|4 angula
|4 angula
|Sira and sadhya pranahara
|Sira and sadhya pranahara
|Sadya pranahara
|Agni
|Agni
|-
|-
|Junction of head and neck
|Junction of head and neck
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sandhi and vaikalyakara
|Sandhi
|Vaikalyakara
|soma
|soma
|-
|-
|Below and behind the ear
|Below and behind the ear
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Snayu,sira, vaikalyakara
|Snayu,sira
|Vaikalyakara
|somas
|somas
|-
|-
|Both nasal passage near the roof of nose
|Both nasal passage near the roof of nose
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sira, vaikalyakara
|Sira
|Vaikalyakara
|soma
|soma
|-
|-
|Lateral end of eyebrows
|Lateral end of eyebrows
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sira, vaukalyakara
|Sira
|Vaikalyakara
|soma
|soma
|-
|-
|Above and below eyebrows
|Above and below eyebrows
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sandhi, vaikalyakara
|Sandhi
|Vaikalyakara
|soma
|soma
|-
|-
|Above temple
|Above temple
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Snayu vishalyaghna
|Snayu
|Vishalyaghna
|vayu
|vayu
|-
|-
|In between ear and forehead
|In between ear and forehead
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sandhi, sadhya pranahara
|Sandhi
|Sadya Pranahara
|agni
|agni
|-
|-
|In between eyebrows
|In between eyebrows
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sira, vishalyaghna
|Sira
|Vishalyaghna
|vayu
|vayu
|-
|-
|5 joints in skull vault
|5 joints in skull vault
|4 angula
|4 angula
|Sandhi, kalantara pranahara
|Sandhi
|Kalantara pranahara
|
|
|-
|-
|Venous junction of nose, ear, eyes, tongue
|Venous junction of nose, ear, eyes, tongue
|4 angula
|4 angula
|Sira, sadhya pranahara
|Sira
|Sadya pranahara
|agni
|agni
|-
|-
|Inside cranium
|Inside cranium
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sandhi and sadhya prana hara
|Sandhi
|Sadya pranahara
|agni
|agni
|}
|}
== Marmas of the abdomen region ==
== Marmas of the abdomen region ==
Marmas located in abdomen or between chest and hips/lower limbs are listed below. The table provides the exact location of the marma, its area, its composition, effect on its injury and the predominance of mahabhuta in that marma.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Name'''
|'''Name'''
|'''Pramana'''
|'''Pramana'''
|'''Composition'''
|'''Composition'''
|'''Effect on Injury'''
|'''Mahabhuta predominance'''
|'''Mahabhuta predominance'''
|-
|-
|Anal region
|Anal region
|4 angula
|4 angula
|Mamsa and sadhya pranahara
|Mamsa
|Sadya pranahara
|agni
|agni
|-
|-
|Bladder
|Bladder
|4 angula
|4 angula
|Snayu, sadhya pranahara
|Snayu
|Sadya pranahara
|Agni
|Agni
|-
|-
|umbilicus
|umbilicus
|4 angula
|4 angula
|Sira and sadhya pranahara
|Sira
|Sadya pranahara
|Agni
|Agni
|}
|}
== Marmas of the thorax region ==
== Marmas of the thorax region ==
Thorax means chest region. The marmas locate din this region are listed below. The table provides the exact location of the marma, its area, its composition, effect on its injury and the predominance of mahabhuta in that marma.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Name'''
|'''Name'''
|'''Pramana'''
|'''Pramana'''
|'''Composition'''
|'''Composition'''
|'''Effect on Injury'''
|'''Mahabhuta predominance'''
|'''Mahabhuta predominance'''
|-
|-
|heart
|heart
|4 angula
|4 angula
|Sira, sadhya pranahara
|Sira
|Sadya pranahara
|Agni
|Agni
|-
|-
Stana (breast)
Stana (breast)
|2 angula
|2 angula
|Sira, kalantara pranahara
|Sira
|kalantara pranahara
|Soma, agni
|Soma, agni
|-
|-
Nipples of both the Stana Granthi
Nipples of both the Stana Granthi
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sira, kalantara pranahara
|Sira
|kalantara pranahara
|Soma,agni
|Soma,agni
|-
|-
|Both sides of chest
|Both sides of chest
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sira, kalantara pranahara
|Sira
|kalantara pranahara
|Soma, agni
|Soma, agni
|-
|-
|Both axillary region
|Both axillary region
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sira, kalantara pranahara
|Sira
|kalantara pranahara
|Soma,agni
|Soma,agni
|}
|}
== Marmas of back region ==
== Marmas of back region ==
Various marmas located on back and lower back regiuon are listed below. The table provides the exact location of the marma, its area, its composition, effect on its injury and the predominance of mahabhuta in that marma.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Name'''
|'''Name'''
|'''Pramana'''
|'''Pramana'''
|'''Composition'''
|'''Composition'''
|'''Effect on Injury'''
|'''Mahabhuta predominance'''
|'''Mahabhuta predominance'''
|-
|-
|Both side of vertebral column to each hip bone
|Both side of vertebral column to each hip bone
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Asthi, kalantara prana hara
|Asthi
|kalantara pranahara
|Soma,agni
|Soma,agni
|-
|-
|Lateral side of each femur
|Lateral side of each femur
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sandhi, vaikalyakara
|Sandhi
|Vaikalyakara
|soma
|soma
|-
|-
|Above hip bone each side
|Above hip bone each side
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Asthi, kalantara pranahara
|Asthi
|kalantara pranahara
|Soma,agni
|Soma,agni
|-
|-
|Gluteal region joining lower part of two flanks
|Gluteal region joining lower part of two flanks
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sira, kalantara pranahara
|Sira
|kalantara pranahara
|Soma,agni
|Soma,agni
|-
|-
|Base of each breast
|Base of each breast
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Sira, kalantara pranahara
|Sira
|kalantara pranahara
|Soma,agni
|Soma,agni
|-
|-
|Near scapular region each side of vertebral column
|Near scapular region each side of vertebral column
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Asthi, vaikalyakara
|Asthi
|Vaikalyakara
|soma
|soma
|-
|-
|In between scapular region and shoulder
|In between scapular region and shoulder
|½ angula
|½ angula
|Snayu, vaikalyakara
|Snayu
|Vaikalyakara
|soma
|soma
|}
|}
== Measurement of marmas|''Pramana'' ==
== Measurement of marmas|''Pramana'' ==
Ayurveda acharyas have clearly stated the measurement of marmas in terms of anguli pramana (system of measurement with the use of finger). Knowledge of this is important in order to decide the effect of injury if hit on that part and also to protect the points.
Manibandha and gilfa marma are 2 angula each.
* Urvi, kurchashira, vitapa, kakshadhara, parshva and stana moola each measure 1 angula.
* Manibandha and gilfa marma are 2 angula each.
Kurpara and jaanu marma are 3 angula each.
* Kurpara and jaanu marma are 3 angula each.
* Hriday, basti,kurcha, guda , naabhi, shira are 4 angula.
Hriday, basti,kurcha, guda , naabhi, shira are 4 angula.
* Shrungataka measures 5 angula.
* Seemant and 12 marmas of head and neck region are mushti pramana.
Shrungataka measures 5 angula.
* Other remaining marmas measure ½ angula.
Seemant and 12 marmas of head and neck region are mushti pramana.
Other remaining marmas measure ½ angula.
'''(Here Anguli pramana is “swa anguli pramana” meaning length equal to the transverse length of one’s own middle phalanx (middle segment of bone) of middle finger.)'''
'''(Here Anguli pramana is “swa anguli pramana” meaning length equal to the transverse length of one’s own middle phalanx (middle segment of bone) of middle finger.)'''
== Indicators of marma sthana injury| ''marma abhighata lakshanas'' ==
== Indicators of marma sthana injury| ''marma abhighata lakshanas'' ==
There are certain symptoms which indicate injury to marma sthana. These symptoms occur when any of the marma is inflicted and are essential for a Vaidya to plan further treatment.
There are certain symptoms which indicate injury to marma sthanas. These symptoms occur when any of the marma is inflicted. Such as when sadhya pranahara marmas are injured, there occurs inability to perceive objects, alterations in intellect and various kind of pain in and around the marma sthana. When kalantara pranahara marma is afflicted, dhatu kshaya (depletion of sapta dhatus) occurs along with severe pain which further leads to death of the individual.<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanama Adhyaya 25 Sutra 34-35)</ref> Knowledge of these symptoms is essential for a Vaidya to plan further treatment.
There are few general indicators of marma abhighata or infliction to marmas which are as follows,
* Bhrama(dizziness)
* Pralapa(delirium)
* Pramoha(insensibility)
* Vicheshtana (irregular movements)
* murcha(giddiness)
* muscular laxity(looseness)
* sSevere pain
* bleeding from the sthana etc.
* Also, Numbness of body, heaviness, cold flushes, excessive sweat, vomiting, breathlessness are few symptoms which indicate there has been an injury to marma.<ref>Ashtanga Samgraha (Sharirasthana Adhyaya 7 Sutra 47)</ref>
== Importance| ''mahatva'' ==
'''Pain intensity'''
(sush.su.25.34-35)
The trauma or injury occurred to any part of body is comparatively less than that experienced on marma sthana, this is due to presence of Chetana (consciousness/life energy) concentrated at that site. <ref>Charaka Samhita ([https://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/ecaraka/?mod=read Siddhisthanam Adhyaya 9 Sutra 3])</ref>
'''Surgical procedures'''
Marma sthana or the vital points are advised to be kept intact while performing surgeries meaning they should not be injured.<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 31)</ref>
The knowledge of marma is an also important aspect in the study of ayurvedic anatomy or Shareera Rachana. Anatomy of marma sthana helps give a broader scope and understanding while giving treatment for injuries and especially in surgical procedures.
The whole and excellent knowledge of marma is as good as half knowledge of Shalya Tantra (surgery). Vaidya who tries to treat the patient with marma sthana injury can only be saved with a disability. Sush.shar. 6.34
The whole and excellent knowledge of marma is considered as good as half knowledge of entire Shalya Tantra (surgery) branch of Ayurveda. Vaidya who tries to treat the patient with marma sthana injury can only be successful upto the level . <ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 33-34)</ref>
'''Disease prognosis and management'''
The knowledge of marma is an important aspect in the study of ayurvedic anatomy or Shareera Rachana. Anatomy of marma sthana helps give a broader scope and understanding while treatment of injuries and especially surgical procedures.
The ease of getting cured from any disease, the level of damage or possibility of turning into chronic disease and the need of long term treatment for any disease depends upon which rogamarga (pathway of diseases) it is situated in. If any disease originates, manifests or even spreads into marma spots then the disease is said to become difficult to treat and might even turn fatal. Thus knowledge of marmas is essential to understand the disease prognosis and have idea of its probable response to the treatment.
'''Kalaripayattu'''
'''Kalaripayattu'''
== Marma and Acupressure ==
== Marma and Acupressure ==
Acupressure is an ancient and traditional Asian healing therapy technique developed 5000 appx years ago. In this therapy specific points are applied gentle pressure to release the tension in muscles which increases circulation and relieves pain. This paves way for appropriate flow of energy in the bodily channels.
Acupressure is an ancient and traditional Chinese healing therapy technique developed 5000 appx years ago. In this therapy specific points are applied upon gentle pressure to release the tension in muscles which increases circulation and relieves pain. This paves way for appropriate flow of energy in the bodily channels. Acupressure is based on meridians (routes of psychic energy), 12 in number which are assessed differently, and the cumulative result was developed as acupressure and other Oriental medical practices like Shiatsu, Moxibustion, tsubo etc.<ref name=":2">https://mrityunjaymission.org/marma-and-acupressure/</ref><ref name=":3">https://www.boloji.com/articles/49656/marma-and-acupressure</ref>
Acupressure is based on meridians (routes of psychic energy), 12 in number which are assessed differently, and the cumulative result was developed as acupressure and other Oriental medical practices like Shiatsu, Moxibustion, tsubo etc.
There is usage of certain kind of rhythm and pressure for stimulating the points, using not only the fingers, but also the hands, arms, legs and even feet. Acupressure Points have a high electrical conductivity at the surface of the skin, and thus conduct and channel healing energy most effectively. Therefore, the most potent healing energy work uses acupressure points..<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
Though Acupressure is much more popular, a similar therapy based on Marma points is developed in ancient India. It is called as Marma therapy. Marma therapy is performed by a skilled Vaidya and under standard protocols. In Marma therapy the points are not just energy points but a lot of peculiar details about those are known and based on that the marma points are stimulated in a particular way to get pain relief or other desired outcomes. It is gaining more popularity in west chiefly due to its efficacy, safety and also because of simplicity of procedures.
== Therapeutic Applications ==
== Therapeutic Applications ==
Marmas can be affected by any external injury or even as a result of spread of a certain chronic internal disease. Ayurveda acharyas have described different type of treatment methods to manage problems arising due to affliction of different marmas. Various panchakarma procedures like [[Abhyanga (अभ्यङ्गम् )|abhyanga]], [[Nasya (नस्यम्)|nasya]], [[Basti (बस्तिः )|basti]] etc. are known to have wonderful results in marma related disorders. The type of panchakarma is decided by a vaidya depending on the type of marma affected.
Marmas are to be protected from various injuries because that aggravates vata dosha in the body and that aggravates pitta and kapha dosha as well. Thus, basti karma (enema therapy) the prime treatment for vata dosha imbalance is given as marma therapy.
Marmas are to be protected from various injuries because marma injury affects prana which aggravates vata dosha in the body and that in turn can disturb the complete dosha balance in body. Therefore [[Basti (बस्तिः )|Basti karma]] is believed to be one of the best treatment methods for marma related diseases.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Siddhisthanam Adhyaya 9 Sutra 7)</ref>
[[Abhyanga (अभ्यङ्गम् )|Abhyanga]] therapy in marma chikitsa aspect is one quite similar therapy resembling acupressure. [[Abhyanga (अभ्यङ्गम् )|Abhyanga]] (oil massage), [[Ayurvedic method of body scrub (उद्वर्तनम्)|udvartana]] (massage technique with medicated powders), massage with herbal paste, kizhi (massage done with palm, wrist, heel) or along with herbal pottali (poultice) are done skillfully with accurate pressure for required results and are few prime therapies for treatment in marma sthana injury.
Agni karma is done in marmas which are predominant in Agni Mahabhuta for example sadhya pranahara marma. Precisely a method wherein a heated shalaka(long instrument) is used as a medium of agni, and applied on the skin surface level skillfully by a [[Vaidya (वैद्यः)|Vaidya]] in a standard procedure. For example, Agni karma in Katiktaruna marma for treatment of sciatica. Jaanu mama for knee pain, manibandha marma for wrist pain etc.
Shirodhara which in short means, pouring medicated oil from a certain height over sthapani marma (marma of the head region). Also, a broad spectrum panchakarma procedure which has various advantages in different diseases.
These techniques are to be done in a standard procedure by a skilled [[Vaidya (वैद्यः)|Vaidya]] only.
== References ==
== References ==