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== कालप्रमाणम् ॥ Kalapramanam ==

== कालप्रमाणम् ॥ Kalapramanam ==

Kalapramana or the duration of time and measurements, are variously described in different texts. The calculations are based on nakshatras, suryodaya, chandra (moon), planetary transits for earthly time measurements. Thus we have nakshatramana, sauramana, chandramana etc ways to measure time. Astronomy and Astrology texts such as Surya Siddhanta, deal extensively with the topic of time and its calculations ranging from less than a second to trillions of years. Kala is classified into two according to Surya Siddhanta as follows  <blockquote>लोकानामन्तकृत्कालः कालोन्यः कलनात्मकः । स द्विधा स्थूल सूक्ष्मत्वान्मू्र्त्तश्चामूर्त उच्यते॥ (Sury. Sidd. 1.10) (Page 5 of Book in Reference<ref name=":4">Mahaviraprasad, Shrivastav. (1982 2nd Edition) ''Surya Siddhanta with Vijnana Bhashya, Khanda One.'' Allahabad: Dr. Ratnakumari Svadhyaya Sansthan</ref></blockquote>Summary : Kala is (1) Anadi and Ananta (is continuous and endless) which destroys all animate and inanimate things (2) Kalanatmaka (that which can be known). The later kind of time which is measurable time is again of two kinds. (1) Sthula (2) Sukshma. Sthula time is that which can be measured hence called Murta, while Sukshma is (a small time scale) which cannot be measured (immeasurable due to its smallness) hence called Amurta.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Pt. Bapu Deva Sastri (1861) ''Translation of the Surya Siddhanta from the Sanskrit.'' Calcutta : Asiatic Society of Bengal</ref>

Kalapramana or the duration of time and measurements, are variously described in different texts. The calculations are based on nakshatras, suryodaya, chandra (moon), planetary transits for earthly time measurements. Thus we have nakshatramana, sauramana, chandramana etc ways to measure time. Astronomy and Astrology texts such as Surya Siddhanta, deal extensively with the topic of time and its calculations ranging from less than a second to trillions of years. Kala is classified into two according to Surya Siddhanta as follows  <blockquote>लोकानामन्तकृत्कालः कालोन्यः कलनात्मकः । स द्विधा स्थूल सूक्ष्मत्वान्मू्र्त्तश्चामूर्त उच्यते॥ (Sury. Sidd. 1.10) (Page 5 of Book in Reference<ref name=":4">Mahaviraprasad, Shrivastav. (1982 2nd Edition) ''Surya Siddhanta with Vijnana Bhashya, Khanda One.'' Allahabad: Dr. Ratnakumari Svadhyaya Sansthan</ref></blockquote>Summary : Kala is (1) Anadi and Ananta (is continuous and endless) which destroys all animate and inanimate things (2) Kalanatmaka (that which can be known). The later kind of time which is measurable time is again of two kinds. (1) Sthula (2) Sukshma. Sthula time is that which can be measured hence called Murta, while Sukshma is (a small time scale) which cannot be measured (immeasurable due to its smallness) hence called Amurta.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">Pt. Bapu Deva Sastri (1861) ''Translation of the Surya Siddhanta from the Sanskrit.'' Calcutta : Asiatic Society of Bengal</ref>

First kind of Kala cannot be imagined as one cannot know its origin and end, it is indivisible and exists as is even though Brahmas and Indras pass, creation and destruction take place, hence Mrtyu is called also called Kala.<ref name=":4" />

First kind of Kala cannot be imagined as one cannot know its origin and end, it is indivisible and exists as is even though Brahmas and Indras pass, creation and destruction take place, hence Mrtyu is called also called Kala.<ref name=":4" />

=== कल्पम् ॥ Kalpa ===

=== कल्पम् ॥ Kalpa ===

Kalpa is the period of one thousand Chaturyugas or Mahayugas, forming a day of Brahma. A Kalpa is divided into 14 [[Manvantaras (मन्वन्तराणि)]], and there is a Manu, the patriarch, of each of the 14 Manvantaras. The list of Manus who were the rulers in different Manvantaras is given variously in different Puranas. Bhagavata Purana mentions as follows  <blockquote>त्रिलोक्या युगसाहस्रं बहिराब्रह्मणो दिनम् । तावत्येव निशा तात यन्निमीलति विश्वसृक् ॥ २२ ॥ (Bhag. Pura. 3.11.22)</blockquote><blockquote>निशावसान आरब्धो लोककल्पोऽनुवर्तते । यावद्दिनं भगवतो मनून् भुञ्जंश्चतुर्दश ॥ २३ ॥(Bhag. Pura. 3.11.23)<ref name=":3" /> </blockquote>Summary : A day of Brahma consists of one thousand cycles of four yugas (when creation proceeds). The night is also of the same duration when Brahma withdraws from creation (and is said to be in sleep). At the end of the night (cyclic time) the creation of the world (Kalpa) and proceeds so long as it is Brahma's day which covers the time period of fourteen Manus.  

Kalpa is the period of one thousand Chaturyugas or Mahayugas, forming a day of Brahma. Surya Siddhanta describes as follows  <blockquote>युगानां सप्ततिस्सैका मन्वन्तरमिहोच्यते । कृताब्दसङ्ख्या तस्यान्ते प्रोक्तो जलप्लवः ॥ (Sury. Sidd. 1.18)</blockquote><blockquote>ससन्धयस्ते मनवः कल्पे ज्ञेयाश्चतुर्दश  । कृतप्रमाणः कल्पादौ संधिः पञ्चदश स्मृताः ॥ (Sury. Sidd. 1.19)</blockquote>Summary : 71 Mahayugas (containing 306,720,000 solar years) constitute a Manvantara (ruled by a Manu). At the end of it, in the number of solar years (17,28,000 solar years) equal to that of the Krtayuga (called as Sandhi period) a Jalaplava or a universal deluge is said to happen. Fourteen such Manu periods along with the Sandhi periods and the fifteenth sandhi at the beginning, having the same number of years as the Krtayuga constitute a Kalpa.<ref name=":5" />

Similar explanation is also given in Surya Siddhanta as follows<blockquote>युगानां सप्ततिस्सैका मन्वन्तरमिहोच्यते । कृताब्दसङ्ख्या तस्यान्ते प्रोक्तो जलप्लवः ॥ (Sury. Sidd. 1.18)</blockquote><blockquote>ससन्धयस्ते मनवः कल्पे ज्ञेयाश्चतुर्दश  । कृतप्रमाणः कल्पादौ संधिः पञ्चदश स्मृताः ॥ (Sury. Sidd. 1.19)</blockquote>

A Kalpa is thus divided into 14 [[Manvantaras (मन्वन्तराणि)]], and there is a Manu, the patriarch, of each of the 14 Manvantaras. The list of Manus who were the rulers in different Manvantaras is given variously in different Puranas. Bhagavata Purana mentions as follows   <blockquote>त्रिलोक्या युगसाहस्रं बहिराब्रह्मणो दिनम् । तावत्येव निशा तात यन्निमीलति विश्वसृक् ॥ २२ ॥ (Bhag. Pura. 3.11.22)</blockquote><blockquote>निशावसान आरब्धो लोककल्पोऽनुवर्तते । यावद्दिनं भगवतो मनून् भुञ्जंश्चतुर्दश ॥ २३ ॥(Bhag. Pura. 3.11.23)<ref name=":3" /> </blockquote>Summary : A day of Brahma consists of one thousand cycles of four yugas (when creation proceeds). The night is also of the same duration when Brahma withdraws from creation (and is said to be in sleep). At the end of the night (cyclic time) the creation of the world (Kalpa) starts and proceeds so long as it is Brahma's day which covers the time period of fourteen Manus.

  1 Kalpa = 1 Day of Brahma

  1 Kalpa = 1 Day of Brahma

Present Chaturyuga = Kaliyuga (4th of the Chaturyugas)   

Present Chaturyuga = Kaliyuga (4th of the Chaturyugas)   

As mentioned above the 100 years of life of Brahma is discussed in this section.   

The later time points in Kali yuga are calculated in our calendars and Panchangas.   

== शकाः ॥ Sakas or Eras ==

== शकाः ॥ Sakas or Eras ==

== Kala in Surya Siddhanta ==

== Kala in Surya Siddhanta ==

प्राणादिः कथितो मूर्तः त्रुट्याद्योऽमूर्तसंज्ञकः

<blockquote>प्राणादिः कथितो मूर्तः त्रुट्याद्योऽमूर्तसंज्ञकः । षड्भिःप्राणैः विनाडी स्यात्तत्षष्ट्या नाडिका स्मृता ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>नाडी षष्ट्या तु नाक्षत्रमहोरात्रं प्रकीर्तितम् । तत्त्रिंशता भवेन्मासः सावनोऽर्कोदयैःस्मृतः ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ऐन्दवस्तिथिभिः तद्वत्सङ्क्रान्त्या सौर उच्यते । मासैर्द्वादशभिर्वर्ष दिव्यं तदह उच्यते ॥ (Sury. Sidd. 11 - 13)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>10 gurvakshara uccharana kala = 1 prana

 

10 gurvakshara uccharana kala = 1 prana

1 prana = 1 vinadi

1 prana = 1 vinadi