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→पदार्थज्ञानाप्रयोजनम् ॥ Padartha Jnana Prayojana: adding content
== पदार्थज्ञानाप्रयोजनम् ॥ Padartha Jnana Prayojana ==
== पदार्थज्ञानाप्रयोजनम् ॥ Padartha Jnana Prayojana ==
The Nyaya shastra explicitly dealing with the process of Reasoning, Means of right cognition and other Padarthas (categories) is the lamp for all tattva shastras; the Means (of Knowledge) of all things is the very basis of all activities of the universe and hence expounded at the very outset of investigative procedures. The very first Nyaya sutra expounds that the attainment of [[Nihshreyasa (निःश्रेयसम्)|Nihshreyasa]] is the goal of the knowledge of Padarthas. Now does Nihshreyasa or the Highest Good appear immediately after gaining "true knowledge" or padartha jnana? to which the following sutra answers, that after gaining padartha jnana<blockquote>दुःखजन्मप्रवृत्तिदोषमिथ्याज्ञानानां उत्तरोत्तरापाये तदनन्तरा पायातपवर्गः।।२।। {पदार्थोद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyaya. Sutr. 1.1.2)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>There is cessation of each of the following series, the cessation of that which follows bringing about the annihilation of that which precedes it and ultimately leads to Nihshreyasa or the Ultimate Good of any being (PDF Page number 31 of Reference <ref name=":6" />)
The Nyaya shastra explicitly dealing with the process of Reasoning, Means of right cognition and other Padarthas (categories) is the lamp for all tattva shastras; the Means (of Knowledge) of all things and is the very basis of all activities of the universe and hence expounded at the very outset of investigative procedures. The very first Nyaya sutra states that the attainment of [[Nihshreyasa (निःश्रेयसम्)|Nihshreyasa]] is the goal of the knowledge of Padarthas. Now does Nihshreyasa or the Ultimate Good appear immediately after gaining "true knowledge" or padartha jnana? to which the following sutra answers, that after gaining padartha jnana<blockquote>दुःखजन्मप्रवृत्तिदोषमिथ्याज्ञानानां उत्तरोत्तरापाये तदनन्तरापायातपवर्गः।।२।। {पदार्थोद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyaya. Sutr. 1.1.2)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>There is cessation of each of the following series, the cessation of that which follows brings about the annihilation of that which precedes it and ultimately leads to Nihshreyasa or the Ultimate Good of any being (PDF Page number 31 of Reference <ref name=":6" />)
* मिथ्याज्ञानम् ॥ Wrong Notion
* मिथ्याज्ञानम् ॥ Wrong Notion
* दोषः ॥ Defects (such as Envy, Jealousy, Deceit, Avarice and others)
* दोषः ॥ Defects (such as Envy, Jealousy, Deceit, Avarice and others)
!Reference
!Reference
!मिथ्याज्ञानाम् ॥ Wrong Notion
!मिथ्याज्ञानाम् ॥ Wrong Notion
!सत्यज्ञानम् ॥ Truth
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |आत्मन् (Atman or Self)
| rowspan="2" |आत्मन् (Atman or Self)
|There is no such thing as Atma
|There is no such thing as Atma
|Atma exists
|-
|-
|अनात्मा Non-Self with respect to body is regarded as Self
|अनात्मा Non-Self (such as body etc) is regarded as Self
|What is Non-Self is non-self
|-
|-
|दुःख (Pain)
|दुःख (Pain)
|Pain is regarded as pleasure
|Pain is regarded as pleasure
| rowspan="6" |Pain is distinct from pleasure, so also real characteristics of others Eternal, Safety, Fearful, disgusting, and unworthy are known.
|-
|-
|
|
| rowspan="2" |प्रवृत्तिः (Activity)
| rowspan="2" |प्रवृत्तिः (Activity)
|There is no such thing as Karma
|There is no such thing as Karma
| rowspan="2" |Karma exists and is effective in bring about results
|-
|-
|There is no result of Karma
|There is no result of Karma
|-
|-
|दोषः (Defects)
|दोषः (Defects)
|Metempsychosis is not due to 'defects'
|Punarjanma (transmigration) is not due to 'defects'
|Punarjanma (transmigration) is due to Doshas
|-
|-
| rowspan="5" |जन्म (Birth)
| rowspan="5" |जन्म (Birth)
|No living being or Atma could die or having died could be reborn again
|No living being, an animal, Atma having died could be reborn again
|An animal, a living being, an Atma after death (physical) is reborn
|-
|-
|The birth of living beings is without a cause
|The birth of living beings is without a cause
|Birth has a definite cause
|-
|-
|The cessation of birth is without cause
|The cessation of birth is without cause
|Cessation of birth has a definite cause namely Death
|-
|-
|Punarjanma (Transmigration) has beginning, but no end
|Punarjanma (Transmigration) has beginning, but no end
|Punarjanma is without beginning but ends in Jivanmukti or Moksha
|-
|-
|Even though it has a cause, Punarjanma cannot be due to Karma
|Even though it has a cause, Punarjanma cannot be due to Karma
|Death and Punarjanma having a cause, is caused by Activity (meritorious or with demerit)
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |Nihshreyasa (Ultimate Good) Moksha
| rowspan="3" |Nihshreyasa (Ultimate Good) Moksha
|It is something terrible, involving cessation of all activity
|It is something terrible, involving cessation of all activity
|
|-
|-
|Involves dissociation from all things, including that which is desirable
|Involves dissociation from all things, including that which is desirable
|
|-
|-
|A longing for such Ultimate Good in which there is neither pleasure nor pain, nor any consciousness is undesirable
|A longing for such Ultimate Good in which there is neither pleasure nor pain, nor any consciousness is undesirable
|
|}
|}