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→परिचयः॥ Introduction: added table for Wrong Notions
; 16. '''निग्रहस्थानम् ॥ Nigrahasthana (Points of opponent's defeat)''' : Nigrahastana is when there is Misapprehension and Incomprehension. Misapprehension is that comprehension which is either wrong or reprehensible. Incomprehension is when a person does not say anything in the instance where it is required of him to say so. Both these leads a man to defeat.
; 16. '''निग्रहस्थानम् ॥ Nigrahasthana (Points of opponent's defeat)''' : Nigrahastana is when there is Misapprehension and Incomprehension. Misapprehension is that comprehension which is either wrong or reprehensible. Incomprehension is when a person does not say anything in the instance where it is required of him to say so. Both these leads a man to defeat.
<blockquote>विप्रतिपत्तिः अप्रतिपत्तिः च निग्रहस्थानम् ॥१९॥ {निग्रहस्थानलक्षणम्} तद्विकल्पात्जातिनिग्रहस्थानबहुत्वम् ॥२०॥ {निग्रहस्थानबहुत्वसूत्रम्}</blockquote>
<blockquote>विप्रतिपत्तिः अप्रतिपत्तिः च निग्रहस्थानम् ॥१९॥ {निग्रहस्थानलक्षणम्} तद्विकल्पात्जातिनिग्रहस्थानबहुत्वम् ॥२०॥ {निग्रहस्थानबहुत्वसूत्रम्}</blockquote>
== पदार्थज्ञानाप्रयोजनम् ॥ Padartha Jnana Prayojana ==
The Nyaya shastra explicitly dealing with the process of Reasoning, Means of right cognition and other Padarthas (categories) is the lamp for all tattva shastras; the Means (of Knowledge) of all things is the very basis of all activities of the universe and hence expounded at the very outset of investigative procedures. The very first Nyaya sutra expounds that the attainment of [[Nihshreyasa (निःश्रेयसम्)|Nihshreyasa]] is the goal of the knowledge of Padarthas. Now does Nihshreyasa or the Highest Good appear immediately after gaining "true knowledge" or padartha jnana? to which the following sutra answers, that after gaining padartha jnana<blockquote>दुःखजन्मप्रवृत्तिदोषमिथ्याज्ञानानां उत्तरोत्तरापाये तदनन्तरा पायातपवर्गः।।२।। {पदार्थोद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyaya. Sutr. 1.1.2)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>There is cessation of each of the following series, the cessation of that which follows bringing about the annihilation of that which precedes it and ultimately leads to Nihshreyasa or the Ultimate Good of the being (PDF Page number 31 of Reference <ref name=":6" />)
* दुःख ॥ Pain
* जन्म ॥ Birth
* प्रवृत्तिः ॥ Activity
* दोषः ॥ Defects
* मिथ्याज्ञानम् ॥ Wrong Notion
Of the मिथ्याज्ञानानि (Wrong Notions) that cease after the attainment of true knowledge, there are various kinds as follows
{| class="wikitable"
|+Different forms of मिथ्याज्ञानाम् ॥ Wrong Notion
!Reference
!मिथ्याज्ञानाम् ॥ Wrong Notion
|-
| rowspan="2" |आत्मन् (Atman or Self)
|There is no such thing as Atma
|-
|अनात्मा Non-Self with respect to body is regarded as Self
|-
|दुःख (Pain)
|Pain is regarded as pleasure
|-
|
|Non-eternal is regarded as Eternal
|-
|
|Non-safety is regarded as Safety
|-
|
|Fearful is regarded as free from fear
|-
|
|Disgusting is regarded as agreeable
|-
|
|Unworthy is regarded as worthy
|-
| rowspan="2" |प्रवृत्तिः (Activity)
|There is no such thing as Karma
|-
|There is no result of Karma
|-
|दोषः (Defects)
|Metempsychosis is not due to 'defects'
|-
| rowspan="5" |जन्म (Birth)
|No living being or Atma could die or having died could be reborn again
|-
|The birth of living beings is without a cause
|-
|The cessation of birth is without cause
|-
|Punarjanma (Transmigration) has beginning, but no end
|-
|Even though it has a cause, Punarjanma cannot be due to Karma
|-
| rowspan="3" |Nihshreyasa
|It is something terrible, involving cessation of all activity
|-
|Involves dissociation from all things, including that is desirable
|-
|A longing for such Ultimate Good in which there is neither pleasure nor pain, nor any consciousness is undesirable
|}
The process of Reasoning proceeds by three processes, Enunciation, Definition and Examination.
== Vaiseshika Padarthas ==
== Vaiseshika Padarthas ==