Changes

<blockquote>लौकिकपरीक्षकाणां यस्मिनर्थे बुद्धिसाम्यं सः दृष्टान्तः ॥२५॥ {दृष्टान्तलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.25)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

<blockquote>लौकिकपरीक्षकाणां यस्मिनर्थे बुद्धिसाम्यं सः दृष्टान्तः ॥२५॥ {दृष्टान्तलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.25)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

; 6. '''सिद्धान्तम् ॥ Siddhanta (Theory or Accepted Conclusions)''': A proposition or statement of fact asserted in the form "this is so" is called Theory. This also can be an object of cognition but yet is enunciated separately by itself because it is only when there are a number of different theories, and never otherwise, that the three forms of discussion - Discussion, Disagreement and Arguments.  

; 6. '''सिद्धान्तम् ॥ Siddhanta (Theory or Accepted Conclusions)''': A proposition or statement of fact asserted in the form "this is so" is called Theory. This also can be an object of cognition but yet is enunciated separately by itself because it is only when there are a number of different theories, and never otherwise, that the three forms of discussion - Discussion, Disagreement and Arguments.  

<blockquote>तन्त्राधिकरणाभ्युपगमसंस्थितिः सिद्धान्तः ॥२६॥{अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}  सः चतुर्विधः सर्वतन्त्रप्रतितन्त्राधिकरणाभ्युपगमसंस्थित्यर्थान्तरभावात्॥२७॥ {तन्त्रभेदौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.27)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

<blockquote>तन्त्राधिकरणाभ्युपगमसंस्थितिः सिद्धान्तः ॥२६॥{अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}  सः चतुर्विधः सर्वतन्त्रप्रतितन्त्राधिकरणाभ्युपगमसंस्थित्यर्थान्तरभावात्॥२७॥ {तन्त्रभेदौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.27)<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote>

:; There are four kinds of Siddhantas namely

<blockquote>There are four kinds of Siddhantas namely</blockquote>

;# Sarvatantra (सर्वतन्त्रसिद्धान्तः)

;# Sarvatantra (सर्वतन्त्रसिद्धान्तः)

;# Pratitantra (प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तः)

;# Pratitantra (प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तः)

<blockquote>यत्सिद्धौ अन्यप्रकरणसिद्धिः सः अधिकरणसिद्धान्तः॥३०॥ {अधिकरणसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

<blockquote>यत्सिद्धौ अन्यप्रकरणसिद्धिः सः अधिकरणसिद्धान्तः॥३०॥ {अधिकरणसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

<blockquote>अपरीक्षिताभ्युपगमात्तद्विशेषपरीक्षणं अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तः॥३१॥ {अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

<blockquote>अपरीक्षिताभ्युपगमात्तद्विशेषपरीक्षणं अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तः॥३१॥ {अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

; 7. '''अवयवः ॥ Avayavas (Factors of Inference or Premises)''' : When a conclusion has to be made, a number of words or sentences (Statements) have to be used. The Pancha Avayavas (5 types of Statements or Premises) that are necessary for the proving of the conclusion are Pratijna and the others which when taken collectively are what have been called as Factors of Inference.  

; 7. '''अवयवः ॥ Avayavas (Factors of Inference or Premises)''' : When a conclusion has to be made, a number of words or sentences (Statements) have to be used. The Pancha Avayavas (5 types of Statements or Premises) that are necessary for the proving of the conclusion are Pratijna and the others which when taken collectively are called as Factors of Inference.  

<blockquote> प्रतिज्ञाहेतूदाहरणोपनयनिगमनानि अवयवाः ॥३२॥ {अवयवौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.32)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

<blockquote> प्रतिज्ञाहेतूदाहरणोपनयनिगमनानि अवयवाः ॥३२॥ {अवयवौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.32)<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote>

<blockquote> The Pancha Avayavas are </blockquote>

:; 1. Pratijna (प्रतिज्ञा)

:; 1. Pratijna (प्रतिज्ञा)

:: Statement of first enunciation to be proved is called Pratijna and is based on Shabda pramana. साध्यनिर्देशः प्रतिज्ञा॥३३॥ {प्रतिज्ञालक्षणम्}

:: Statement of first enunciation to be proved is called Pratijna and is based on Shabda pramana. साध्यनिर्देशः प्रतिज्ञा॥३३॥ {प्रतिज्ञालक्षणम्}

:: Statement of Minor premise (a minor summary) made with support of the Udaharana is thus based on Upamana pramana. उदाहरणापेक्षः तथा इति उपसंहारः न तथा इति वा साध्यस्य उपनयः ॥३८॥ {उपनयलक्षणम्}

:: Statement of Minor premise (a minor summary) made with support of the Udaharana is thus based on Upamana pramana. उदाहरणापेक्षः तथा इति उपसंहारः न तथा इति वा साध्यस्य उपनयः ॥३८॥ {उपनयलक्षणम्}

:; 5. Nigamana (निगमनम्)  

:; 5. Nigamana (निगमनम्)  

:: Statement of the Final Conclusion consists in the indication of the capability of the aforesaid statements to bear upon the same object or purpose. हेत्वपदेशात्प्रतिज्ञायाः पुनर्वचनं निगमनम्॥३९॥{निगमनलक्षणम्} It is this five-fold declaration that constitutes the highest form of reasoning because only when thus stated that the Reasoning succeeds in convincing the nonbeliever.  

:: Statement of the Final Conclusion consists in the indication of the capability of the aforesaid statements to bear upon the same object or purpose. हेत्वपदेशात्प्रतिज्ञायाः पुनर्वचनं निगमनम्॥३९॥{निगमनलक्षणम्}

:: It is this five-fold declaration that constitutes the highest form of reasoning because only when thus stated that the Reasoning succeeds in convincing the nonbeliever.  

; 8. '''तर्कः ॥ Tarka (Argumentation)''': It leads to the ascertainment of their validity or invalidity and thus helps in the attaining of true knowledge.

; 8. '''तर्कः ॥ Tarka (Argumentation)''': It leads to the ascertainment of their validity or invalidity and thus helps in the attaining of true knowledge. Though a category of the Prameya it is enunciated separately because along with the Pramana it is of use in Discussion, both in establishing one's own position and in demolishing the position of the opponent.

<blockquote>अविज्ञाततत्वे अर्थे कारणोपपत्तितः तत्त्वज्ञानार्थं उहः तर्कः॥४०॥{तर्कलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

<blockquote>अविज्ञाततत्वे अर्थे कारणोपपत्तितः तत्त्वज्ञानार्थं उहः तर्कः॥४०॥{तर्कलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.40)<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote>

; 9. '''निर्णयः ॥ Nirnaya (Ascertainment)''':  

; 9. '''निर्णयः ॥ Nirnaya (Ascertainment, Validated Truth)''': It is the conclusion which consists of true knowledge obtained as the result of the Pramana. It is the final aim of all Discussion or Vada.

विमृश्य पक्षप्रतिपक्षाभ्यां अर्थावधारणं निर्णयः ॥ ४१ ॥ {निर्णयलक्षणम्}  

<blockquote>विमृश्य पक्षप्रतिपक्षाभ्यां अर्थावधारणं निर्णयः॥४१॥ {निर्णयलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.41)<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote>

; 10. '''वादः ॥ Vada (Debate)''':  

; 10. '''वादः ॥ Vada (Debate)''':  

प्रमाणतर्कसाधनोपालम्भः सिद्धान्ताविरुद्धः पञ्चावयवोपपन्नः पक्षप्रतिपक्षपरिग्रहः वादः ॥ १ ॥ {वादलक्षणम्}  

प्रमाणतर्कसाधनोपालम्भः सिद्धान्ताविरुद्धः पञ्चावयवोपपन्नः पक्षप्रतिपक्षपरिग्रहः वादः ॥ १ ॥ {वादलक्षणम्}