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→श्राद्धभोजनम् ॥ Shraddha Bhojana: Formatting
== श्राद्धभोजनम् ॥ Shraddha Bhojana ==
== श्राद्धभोजनम् ॥ Shraddha Bhojana ==
Manusmrti talks in detail about who and how many brahmanas must be fed on the occasion of the monthly Shraddha called Pindanvaharya, who must be avoided, and what kind of food should be served, etc. (Manu Smrt. 3.124).<ref name=":1" /> Some of the rules pertaining to Shraddha Bhojana are enumerated below.
Manusmrti talks in detail about who and how many brahmanas must be fed on the occasion of the monthly Shraddha called Pindanvaharya (पिण्डान्वहार्यम्), who must be avoided, and what kind of food should be served, etc. (Manu Smrt. 3.124).<ref name=":1" /> Some of the rules pertaining to Shraddha Bhojana are enumerated below.
* It is said that one must feed two brahmanas at the offering to the gods, and three at the offering to the forefathers, or one each on either occasion; even a wealthy man must not entertain a large gathering of brahmanas. Because expanding the scale of sacrifice destroys five things - appropriate treatment of the invited, place, time, purity and presence of the most virtuous brahmana as guests; one should not, therefore, seek to entertain a large company (Manu 3.125 and 126).<ref name=":1" />
* It is said that one must feed two brahmanas at the offering to the gods, and three at the offering to the forefathers, or one each on either occasion; even a wealthy man must not entertain a large gathering of brahmanas. Because expanding the scale of sacrifice destroys five things - appropriate treatment of the invited, place, time, purity and presence of the most virtuous brahmana as guests; one should not, therefore, seek to entertain a large company (Manu 3.125 and 126).<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>द्वौ दैवे पितृकार्ये त्रीनेकैकमुभयत्र वा । भोजयेत्सुसमृद्धोऽपि न प्रसज्जेत विस्तरे ॥ ३.१२५ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>सत्क्रियां देशकालौ च शौचं ब्राह्मणसंपदः । पञ्चैतान्विस्तरो हन्ति तस्मान्नेहेत विस्तरम् ॥ ३.१२६ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>dvau daive pitr̥kārye trīnekaikamubhayatra vā । bhojayetsusamr̥ddho'pi na prasajjeta vistare ॥ 3.125 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>satkriyāṁ deśakālau ca śaucaṁ brāhmaṇasaṁpadaḥ । pañcaitānvistaro hanti tasmānneheta vistaram ॥ 3.126 ॥</blockquote>
<blockquote>द्वौ दैवे पितृकार्ये त्रीनेकैकमुभयत्र वा । भोजयेत्सुसमृद्धोऽपि न प्रसज्जेत विस्तरे ॥ ३.१२५ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>सत्क्रियां देशकालौ च शौचं ब्राह्मणसंपदः । पञ्चैतान्विस्तरो हन्ति तस्मान्नेहेत विस्तरम् ॥ ३.१२६ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>dvau daive pitr̥kārye trīnekaikamubhayatra vā । bhojayetsusamr̥ddho'pi na prasajjeta vistare ॥ 3.125 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>satkriyāṁ deśakālau ca śaucaṁ brāhmaṇasaṁpadaḥ । pañcaitānvistaro hanti tasmānneheta vistaram ॥ 3.126 ॥</blockquote>
* Therefore, one must feed atleast one Brahmana in honour of the forefathers at the Shraddha, which is a part of the five great sacrifices (Manu Smrt. 3.83).<ref name=":1" />
* Therefore, one must feed atleast one Brahmana in honour of the forefathers at the Shraddha, which is a part of the five great sacrifices (Manu Smrt. 3.83).<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>एकं अप्याशयेद्विप्रं पित्रर्थे पाञ्चयज्ञिके ॥ ३.८३ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ekaṁ apyāśayedvipraṁ pitrarthe pāñcayajñike ॥ 3.83 ॥</blockquote>
<blockquote>एकमप्याशयेद्विप्रं पित्रर्थे पाञ्चयज्ञिके ॥ ३.८३ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>ekamapyāśayedvipraṁ pitrarthe pāñcayajñike ॥ 3.83 ॥</blockquote>
* All the food must be kept hot, and the guests shall eat in silence; even if the yajamana asks about the qualities of the food, the Brahmanas must refrain from saying anything; meaning, one must avoid unnecessary banter during the feast. Because, as long as the food remains warm, the brahmanas eat in silence and the qualities of the food are not proclaimed, only until then the forefathers partake of the food. While, the fruit of what a brahmana eats by tying a cloth around the head, facing the south and wearing his sandals goes to the Rakshasas (Manu Smrt. 3.236, 237 and 238).<ref name=":1" />
* All the food must be kept hot, and the guests shall eat in silence; even if the yajamana (यजमानः) asks about the qualities of the food, the brahmanas must refrain from saying anything; meaning, one must avoid unnecessary banter during the feast. Because, as long as the food remains warm, the brahmanas eat in silence and the qualities of the food are not proclaimed, only until then the forefathers partake of the food. While, the fruit of what a brahmana eats by tying a cloth around the head, facing the south and wearing his sandals goes to the Rakshasas (Manu Smrt. 3.236, 237 and 238).<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>अत्युष्णं सर्वं अन्नं स्याद्भुञ्जीरंस्ते च वाग्यताः । न च द्विजातयो ब्रूयुर्दात्रा पृष्टा हविर्गुणान् || ३.२३६ ||</blockquote><blockquote>यावदुष्मा भवत्यन्नं यावदश्नन्ति वाग्यताः । पितरस्तावदश्नन्ति यावन्नोक्ता हविर्गुणाः || ३.२३७ ||</blockquote><blockquote>यद्वेष्टितशिरा भुङ्क्ते यद्भुङ्क्ते दक्षिणामुखः ।<br>
<blockquote>अत्युष्णं सर्वमन्नं स्याद्भुञ्जीरंस्ते च वाग्यताः । न च द्विजातयो ब्रूयुर्दात्रा पृष्टा हविर्गुणान् || ३.२३६ ||</blockquote><blockquote>यावदुष्मा भवत्यन्नं यावदश्नन्ति वाग्यताः । पितरस्तावदश्नन्ति यावन्नोक्ता हविर्गुणाः || ३.२३७ ||</blockquote><blockquote>यद्वेष्टितशिरा भुङ्क्ते यद्भुङ्क्ते दक्षिणामुखः । सोपानत्कश्च यद्भुङ्क्ते तद्वै रक्षांसि भुञ्जते । । ३.२३८ । ।<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>atyuṣṇaṁ sarvaṁ annaṁ syādbhuñjīraṁste ca vāgyatāḥ । na ca dvijātayo brūyurdātrā pr̥ṣṭā havirguṇān || 3.236 ||</blockquote><blockquote>yāvaduṣmā bhavatyannaṁ yāvadaśnanti vāgyatāḥ । pitarastāvadaśnanti yāvannoktā havirguṇāḥ || 3.237 ||</blockquote><blockquote>yadveṣṭitaśirā bhuṅkte yadbhuṅkte dakṣiṇāmukhaḥ ।sopānatkaśca yadbhuṅkte tadvai rakṣāṁsi bhuñjate । । 3.238 । ।</blockquote>
सोपानत्कश्च यद्भुङ्क्ते तद्वै रक्षांसि भुञ्जते । । ३.२३८ । ।<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>atyuṣṇaṁ sarvaṁ annaṁ syādbhuñjīraṁste ca vāgyatāḥ । na ca dvijātayo brūyurdātrā pr̥ṣṭā havirguṇān || 3.236 ||</blockquote><blockquote>yāvaduṣmā bhavatyannaṁ yāvadaśnanti vāgyatāḥ । pitarastāvadaśnanti yāvannoktā havirguṇāḥ || 3.237 ||</blockquote><blockquote>yadveṣṭitaśirā bhuṅkte yadbhuṅkte dakṣiṇāmukhaḥ ।sopānatkaśca yadbhuṅkte tadvai rakṣāṁsi bhuñjate । । 3.238 । ।</blockquote>
=== श्राद्धभोजनाधिकारी ॥ Shraddha Bhojana Adhikari ===
=== श्राद्धभोजनाधिकारी ॥ Shraddha Bhojana Adhikari ===
* Food in honour of the Gods (havya) and the forefathers (kavya) must be given to a brahmana high in knowledge alone and not to a fool. Infact, it is said that, the fruit of ten lakh brahmanas, unacquainted with the vedas, dining at a funeral sacrifice is obtained when a single brahmama learned in the Veda is fed. Therefore, one is advised to feed well at a Shraddha, a Rigvedi brahmana (an adherent of the Rig-veda), Yajurvedi brahmana (a follower of the Yajur-veda) or a Samavedi brahmana (a singer of Samans). Because, even if one of these three brahmanas obtains food and honour at a shraddha, the seven generations of ancestors of that sacrificer are satisfied (Manu Smrt. 3.132, 131, 145, 146).<ref name=":1" />
* Food in honour of the Gods (havya । हव्यः) and the forefathers (kavya । कव्यः) must be given to a brahmana high in knowledge alone and not to a fool. Infact, it is said that, the fruit of ten lakh brahmanas, unacquainted with the vedas, dining at a funeral sacrifice is obtained when a single brahmana learned in the veda is fed. Therefore, one is advised to feed well at a Shraddha, a Rigvedi brahmana (an adherent of the Rig-veda), Yajurvedi brahmana (a follower of the Yajur-veda) or a Samavedi brahmana (a singer of Samans). Because, even if one of these three brahmanas obtains food and honour at a shraddha, the seven generations of ancestors of that sacrificer are satisfied (Manu Smrt. 3.132, 131, 145, 146).<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>ज्ञानोत्कृष्टाय देयानि कव्यानि च हवींषि च ॥ ३.१३२ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>सहस्रं हि सहस्राणां अनृचां यत्र भुञ्जते । एकस्तान्मन्त्रवित्प्रीतः सर्वानर्हति धर्मतः ॥ ३.१३१ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>यत्नेन भोजयेच्छ्राद्धे बह्वृचं वेदपारगम् । शाखान्तगं अथाध्वर्युं छन्दोगं तु समाप्तिकम् ॥ ३.१४५ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>एषां अन्यतमो यस्य भुञ्जीत श्राद्धं अर्चितः । पितॄणां तस्य तृप्तिः स्याच्छाश्वती साप्तपौरुषी ॥ ३.१४६ ॥<ref name=":0" /> </blockquote><blockquote>jñānotkr̥ṣṭāya deyāni kavyāni ca havīṁṣi ca ॥ 3.132 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>sahasraṁ hi sahasrāṇāṁ anr̥cāṁ yatra bhuñjate । ekastānmantravitprītaḥ sarvānarhati dharmataḥ ॥ 3.131 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yatnena bhojayecchrāddhe bahvr̥caṁ vedapāragam । śākhāntagaṁ athādhvaryuṁ chandogaṁ tu samāptikam ॥ 3.145 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>eṣāṁ anyatamo yasya bhuñjīta śrāddhaṁ arcitaḥ । pitr̥̄ṇāṁ tasya tr̥ptiḥ syācchāśvatī sāptapauruṣī ॥ 3.146 ॥</blockquote>This is the chief rule for the performance of havya and kavya. While, the subsidiary rule expected to be followed by virtuous men are as follows.(Manu Smrt. 3.147). <ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>ज्ञानोत्कृष्टाय देयानि कव्यानि च हवींषि च ॥ ३.१३२ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>सहस्रं हि सहस्राणामनृचां यत्र भुञ्जते । एकस्तान्मन्त्रवित्प्रीतः सर्वानर्हति धर्मतः ॥ ३.१३१ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>यत्नेन भोजयेच्छ्राद्धे बह्वृचं वेदपारगम् । शाखान्तगमथाध्वर्युं छन्दोगं तु समाप्तिकम् ॥ ३.१४५ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>एषामन्यतमो यस्य भुञ्जीत श्राद्धमर्चितः । पितॄणां तस्य तृप्तिः स्याच्छाश्वती साप्तपौरुषी ॥ ३.१४६ ॥<ref name=":0" /> </blockquote><blockquote>jñānotkr̥ṣṭāya deyāni kavyāni ca havīṁṣi ca ॥ 3.132 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>sahasraṁ hi sahasrāṇāmanr̥cāṁ yatra bhuñjate । ekastānmantravitprītaḥ sarvānarhati dharmataḥ ॥ 3.131 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yatnena bhojayecchrāddhe bahvr̥caṁ vedapāragam । śākhāntagamathādhvaryuṁ chandogaṁ tu samāptikam ॥ 3.145 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>eṣāmanyatamo yasya bhuñjīta śrāddhamarcitaḥ । pitr̥̄ṇāṁ tasya tr̥ptiḥ syācchāśvatī sāptapauruṣī ॥ 3.146 ॥</blockquote>This is the chief rule for the performance of havya and kavya. While, the subsidiary rule expected to be followed by virtuous men are as follows.(Manu Smrt. 3.147). <ref name=":1" />
* If none of the brahmanas mentioned above are available, then one may feed one's maternal grandfather, a maternal uncle, a sister's son, a father-in-law, one's teacher, a son-in-law, an aunt's son, Rtvik and the performer of the sacrifice (Manu Smrt 3.148).<ref name=":1" />
* If none of the brahmanas mentioned above are available, then one may feed one's maternal grandfather, a maternal uncle, a sister's son, a father-in-law, one's teacher, a son-in-law, an aunt's son, Rtvik and the performer of the sacrifice (Manu Smrt 3.148).<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>मातामहं मातुलं च स्वस्रीयं श्वशुरं गुरुम् । दौहित्रं विट्पतिं बन्धुं ऋत्विग्याज्यौ च भोजयेत् ॥ ३.१४८ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>mātāmahaṁ mātulaṁ ca svasrīyaṁ śvaśuraṁ gurum । dauhitraṁ viṭpatiṁ bandhuṁ r̥tvigyājyau ca bhojayet ॥ 3.148 ॥</blockquote>
<blockquote>मातामहं मातुलं च स्वस्रीयं श्वशुरं गुरुम् । दौहित्रं विट्पतिं बन्धुं ऋत्विग्याज्यौ च भोजयेत् ॥ ३.१४८ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>mātāmahaṁ mātulaṁ ca svasrīyaṁ śvaśuraṁ gurum । dauhitraṁ viṭpatiṁ bandhuṁ r̥tvigyājyau ca bhojayet ॥ 3.148 ॥</blockquote>
* Some Brahmanas are devoted to Atmajnana (self-realisation), some are eager in the performance of tapa (austerities); some devoted to tapa and svadhyaya (rigorous study of the Vedas) while some are bound to karma. In oblations to the forefathers, the one focused on atmajnana is ought to be fed. While all four of them must dine in the offerings to the gods. Therefore, one is advised to have a brahmana from a lineage of knowers of the vedas. For, he is the medium of food offered to the gods or to the forefathers (Manu 3.134, 135 and 130).<ref name=":1" />
* Some brahmanas are devoted to Atmajnana (आत्मज्ञानम् । self-realisation), some are eager in the performance of tapa (तपस् । austerities); some devoted to tapa and svadhyaya (स्वाध्यायः । rigorous study of the vedas) while some are bound to karma. In oblations to the forefathers, the one focused on atmajnana is ought to be fed. While all four of them must dine in the offerings to the gods. Therefore, one is advised to have a brahmana from a lineage of knowers of the vedas. For, he is the medium of food offered to the gods or to the forefathers (Manu 3.134, 135 and 130).<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>ज्ञाननिष्ठा द्विजाः के चित्तपोनिष्ठास्तथापरे । तपःस्वाध्यायनिष्ठाश्च कर्मनिष्ठास्तथापरे ॥ ३.१३४ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ज्ञाननिष्ठेषु कव्यानि प्रतिष्ठाप्यानि यत्नतः । हव्यानि तु यथान्यायं सर्वेष्वेव चतुर्ष्वपि ॥ ३.१३५ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>दूरादेव परीक्षेत ब्राह्मणं वेदपारगम् । तीर्थं तद्धव्यकव्यानां प्रदाने सोऽतिथिः स्मृतः ॥ ३.१३० ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>jñānaniṣṭhā dvijāḥ ke cittaponiṣṭhāstathāpare । tapaḥsvādhyāyaniṣṭhāśca karmaniṣṭhāstathāpare ॥ 3.134 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>jñānaniṣṭheṣu kavyāni pratiṣṭhāpyāni yatnataḥ । havyāni tu yathānyāyaṁ sarveṣveva caturṣvapi ॥ 3.135 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>dūrādeva parīkṣeta brāhmaṇaṁ vedapāragam । tīrthaṁ taddhavyakavyānāṁ pradāne so'tithiḥ smr̥taḥ ॥ 3.130 ॥</blockquote>
<blockquote>ज्ञाननिष्ठा द्विजाः के चित्तपोनिष्ठास्तथापरे । तपःस्वाध्यायनिष्ठाश्च कर्मनिष्ठास्तथापरे ॥ ३.१३४ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ज्ञाननिष्ठेषु कव्यानि प्रतिष्ठाप्यानि यत्नतः । हव्यानि तु यथान्यायं सर्वेष्वेव चतुर्ष्वपि ॥ ३.१३५ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>दूरादेव परीक्षेत ब्राह्मणं वेदपारगम् । तीर्थं तद्धव्यकव्यानां प्रदाने सोऽतिथिः स्मृतः ॥ ३.१३० ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>jñānaniṣṭhā dvijāḥ ke cittaponiṣṭhāstathāpare । tapaḥsvādhyāyaniṣṭhāśca karmaniṣṭhāstathāpare ॥ 3.134 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>jñānaniṣṭheṣu kavyāni pratiṣṭhāpyāni yatnataḥ । havyāni tu yathānyāyaṁ sarveṣveva caturṣvapi ॥ 3.135 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>dūrādeva parīkṣeta brāhmaṇaṁ vedapāragam । tīrthaṁ taddhavyakavyānāṁ pradāne so'tithiḥ smr̥taḥ ॥ 3.130 ॥</blockquote>
* It is said that, for a rite sacred to the gods, one need not make detailed inquiries regarding an invited Brahmana; however, in a ceremony in honour of the forefathers, one must carefully examine the invited guest. Incase, the father is ignorant of the sacred texts but son has learnt Vedas and similarly, when a son is ignorant of the vedas but the father is well versed in the same, know that, he whose father knows the Veda, is venerable while the other is worthy of honour too (Manu 3.149, 136 and 137).<ref name=":1" />
* It is said that, for a rite sacred to the gods, one need not make detailed inquiries regarding an invited brahmana; however, in a ceremony in honour of the forefathers, one must carefully examine the invited guest. Incase, the father is ignorant of the sacred texts but son has learnt vedas and similarly, when a son is ignorant of the vedas but the father is well versed in the same, know that, he whose father knows the veda, is venerable while the other is worthy of honour too (Manu 3.149, 136 and 137).<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>न ब्राह्मणं परीक्षेत दैवे कर्मणि धर्मवित् । पित्र्ये कर्मणि तु प्राप्ते परीक्षेत प्रयत्नतः ॥ ३.१४९ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>अश्रोत्रियः पिता यस्य पुत्रः स्याद्वेदपारगः । अश्रोत्रियो वा पुत्रः स्यात्पिता स्याद्वेदपारगः ॥ ३.१३६ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>ज्यायांसं अनयोर्विद्याद्यस्य स्याच्छ्रोत्रियः पिता । मन्त्रसंपूजनार्थं तु सत्कारं इतरोऽर्हति ॥ ३.१३७ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>na brāhmaṇaṁ parīkṣeta daive karmaṇi dharmavit । pitrye karmaṇi tu prāpte parīkṣeta prayatnataḥ ॥ 3.149 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>aśrotriyaḥ pitā yasya putraḥ syādvedapāragaḥ । aśrotriyo vā putraḥ syātpitā syādvedapāragaḥ ॥ 3.136 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>jyāyāṁsaṁ anayorvidyādyasya syācchrotriyaḥ pitā । mantrasaṁpūjanārthaṁ tu satkāraṁ itaro'rhati ॥ 3.137 ॥</blockquote>
<blockquote>न ब्राह्मणं परीक्षेत दैवे कर्मणि धर्मवित् । पित्र्ये कर्मणि तु प्राप्ते परीक्षेत प्रयत्नतः ॥ ३.१४९ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>अश्रोत्रियः पिता यस्य पुत्रः स्याद्वेदपारगः । अश्रोत्रियो वा पुत्रः स्यात्पिता स्याद्वेदपारगः ॥ ३.१३६ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>ज्यायांसमनयोर्विद्याद्यस्य स्याच्छ्रोत्रियः पिता । मन्त्रसंपूजनार्थं तु सत्कारम् इतरोऽर्हति ॥ ३.१३७ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>na brāhmaṇaṁ parīkṣeta daive karmaṇi dharmavit । pitrye karmaṇi tu prāpte parīkṣeta prayatnataḥ ॥ 3.149 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>aśrotriyaḥ pitā yasya putraḥ syādvedapāragaḥ । aśrotriyo vā putraḥ syātpitā syādvedapāragaḥ ॥ 3.136 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>jyāyāṁsamanayorvidyādyasya syācchrotriyaḥ pitā । mantrasaṁpūjanārthaṁ tu satkāram itaro'rhati ॥ 3.137 ॥</blockquote>
* One should not feed a friend at a funeral sacrifice; one should feed a Brahmana who is neither a foe nor a friend. For, the fruits of feeding only friends in funeral sacrifices and Yajnas, is not rewarded in the other world. In fact, the ignorant one who builds friendships through a funeral sacrifice, doesn't obtain heaven. And the shraddha food offered to friends is called as 'Paishachi Dakshina' which like a alone blind cow staying in the same stable, remains in this world (Manu Smrt. 3.138, 139, 140 and 141).<ref name=":1" />
* One should not feed a friend at a funeral sacrifice; one should feed a brahmana who is neither a foe nor a friend. For, the fruits of feeding only friends in funeral sacrifices and Yajnas (यज्ञ-s), is not rewarded in the other world. In fact, the ignorant one who builds friendships through a funeral sacrifice, doesn't obtain heaven. And the shraddha food offered to friends is called as 'Paishachi Dakshina' (पैशाची-दक्षिणा) which like a alone blind cow staying in the same stable, remains in this world (Manu Smrt. 3.138, 139, 140 and 141).<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>न श्राद्धे भोजयेन्मित्रं धनैः कार्योऽस्य संग्रहः । नारिं न मित्रं यं विद्यात्तं श्राद्धे भोजयेद्द्विजम् ॥ ३.१३८ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>यस्य मित्रप्रधानानि श्राद्धानि च हवींषि च । तस्य प्रेत्य फलं नास्ति श्राद्धेषु च हविःषु च ॥ ३.१३९ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>यः संगतानि कुरुते मोहाच्छ्राद्धेन मानवः । स स्वर्गाच्च्यवते लोकाच्छ्राद्धमित्रो द्विजाधमः ॥ ३.१४० ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>संभोजानि साभिहिता पैशाची दक्षिणा द्विजैः । इहैवास्ते तु सा लोके गौरन्धेवैकवेश्मनि ॥ ३.१४१ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>na śrāddhe bhojayenmitraṁ dhanaiḥ kāryo'sya saṁgrahaḥ । nāriṁ na mitraṁ yaṁ vidyāttaṁ śrāddhe bhojayeddvijam ॥ 3.138 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>yasya mitrapradhānāni śrāddhāni ca havīṁṣi ca । tasya pretya phalaṁ nāsti śrāddheṣu ca haviḥṣu ca ॥ 3.139 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yaḥ saṁgatāni kurute mohācchrāddhena mānavaḥ । sa svargāccyavate lokācchrāddhamitro dvijādhamaḥ ॥ 3.140 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>saṁbhojāni sābhihitā paiśācī dakṣiṇā dvijaiḥ । ihaivāste tu sā loke gaurandhevaikaveśmani ॥ 3.141 ॥</blockquote>
<blockquote>न श्राद्धे भोजयेन्मित्रं धनैः कार्योऽस्य संग्रहः । नारिं न मित्रं यं विद्यात्तं श्राद्धे भोजयेद्द्विजम् ॥ ३.१३८ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>यस्य मित्रप्रधानानि श्राद्धानि च हवींषि च । तस्य प्रेत्य फलं नास्ति श्राद्धेषु च हविःषु च ॥ ३.१३९ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>यः संगतानि कुरुते मोहाच्छ्राद्धेन मानवः । स स्वर्गाच्च्यवते लोकाच्छ्राद्धमित्रो द्विजाधमः ॥ ३.१४० ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>संभोजानि साभिहिता पैशाची दक्षिणा द्विजैः । इहैवास्ते तु सा लोके गौरन्धेवैकवेश्मनि ॥ ३.१४१ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>na śrāddhe bhojayenmitraṁ dhanaiḥ kāryo'sya saṁgrahaḥ । nāriṁ na mitraṁ yaṁ vidyāttaṁ śrāddhe bhojayeddvijam ॥ 3.138 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>yasya mitrapradhānāni śrāddhāni ca havīṁṣi ca । tasya pretya phalaṁ nāsti śrāddheṣu ca haviḥṣu ca ॥ 3.139 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yaḥ saṁgatāni kurute mohācchrāddhena mānavaḥ । sa svargāccyavate lokācchrāddhamitro dvijādhamaḥ ॥ 3.140 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>saṁbhojāni sābhihitā paiśācī dakṣiṇā dvijaiḥ । ihaivāste tu sā loke gaurandhevaikaveśmani ॥ 3.141 ॥</blockquote>
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According to Manusmrti, a knowledgeable brahmana should shun at sacrifices to the gods and to the forefathers the above mentioned lowly brahmanas of spoilt conduct and those who are unworthy of sitting in the company of shraddha bhojana. Because, a brahmana who has not read the vedas is as lifeless as an extinguished fire of dry grass; And a sacrifice is never made in ashes (Manu Smrt. 3.167 and 168).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>एतान्विगर्हिताचारानपाङ्क्तेयान्द्विजाधमान् । द्विजातिप्रवरो विद्वानुभयत्र विवर्जयेत् || ३.१६७ ||</blockquote><blockquote>ब्राह्मणो त्वनधीयानस्तृणाग्निरिव शाम्यति । तस्मै हव्यं न दातव्यं न हि भस्मनि हूयते || ३.१६८ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>etānvigarhitācārānapāṅkteyāndvijādhamān । dvijātipravaro vidvānubhayatra vivarjayet || 3.167 ||brāhmaṇo tvanadhīyānastr̥ṇāgniriva śāmyati । tasmai havyaṁ na dātavyaṁ na hi bhasmani hūyate || 3.168 ||</blockquote>
According to Manusmrti, a knowledgeable brahmana should shun at sacrifices to the gods and to the forefathers the above mentioned lowly brahmanas of spoilt conduct and those who are unworthy of sitting in the company of shraddha bhojana. Because, a brahmana who has not read the vedas is as lifeless as an extinguished fire of dry grass; And a sacrifice is never made in ashes (Manu Smrt. 3.167 and 168).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>एतान्विगर्हिताचारानपाङ्क्तेयान्द्विजाधमान् । द्विजातिप्रवरो विद्वानुभयत्र विवर्जयेत् || ३.१६७ ||</blockquote><blockquote>ब्राह्मणो त्वनधीयानस्तृणाग्निरिव शाम्यति । तस्मै हव्यं न दातव्यं न हि भस्मनि हूयते || ३.१६८ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>etānvigarhitācārānapāṅkteyāndvijādhamān । dvijātipravaro vidvānubhayatra vivarjayet || 3.167 ||</blockquote><blockquote>brāhmaṇo tvanadhīyānastr̥ṇāgniriva śāmyati । tasmai havyaṁ na dātavyaṁ na hi bhasmani hūyate || 3.168 ||</blockquote>
==== अनधिकारीभोजनफलम् ॥ Results of giving food to the unworthy ====
==== अनधिकारीभोजनफलम् ॥ Results of giving food to the unworthy ====
Talking of the results of a Shraddha Bhojana given to the above mentioned unqualified Brahmanas, Manusmrti says,
Talking of the results of a Shraddha Bhojana given to the above mentioned unqualified brahmanas, Manusmrti says,
* The food that is offered to Brahmanas who have not taken up the vow of studentship, a Parivetta and to other men not admissible into the company is termed as Rakshasa Bhojana (Manu Smrt. 3.170).<ref name=":1" />
* The food that is offered to Brahmanas who have not taken up the vow of studentship, a Parivetta and to other men not admissible into the company is termed as Rakshasa Bhojana (Manu Smrt. 3.170).<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>अव्रतैर्यद्द्विजैर्भुक्तं परिवेत्रादिभिस्तथा । अपाङ्क्तेयैर्यदन्यैश्च तद्वै रक्षांसि भुञ्जते || ३.१७० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>avratairyaddvijairbhuktaṁ parivetrādibhistathā । apāṅkteyairyadanyaiśca tadvai rakṣāṁsi bhuñjate || 3.170 ||</blockquote>
<blockquote>अव्रतैर्यद्द्विजैर्भुक्तं परिवेत्रादिभिस्तथा । अपाङ्क्तेयैर्यदन्यैश्च तद्वै रक्षांसि भुञ्जते || ३.१७० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>avratairyaddvijairbhuktaṁ parivetrādibhistathā । apāṅkteyairyadanyaiśca tadvai rakṣāṁsi bhuñjate || 3.170 ||</blockquote>
* The Food offered to a seller of Soma becomes dung, that given to a physician turns into pus and blood, that given to a temple-priest is destroyed and that given to a moneylender becomes fruitless (Manu Smrt. 3.180).<ref name=":1" />
* The food offered to a seller of Soma becomes dung, that given to a physician turns into pus and blood, that given to a temple-priest is destroyed and that given to a moneylender becomes fruitless (Manu Smrt. 3.180).<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>सोमविक्रयिणे विष्ठा भिषजे पूयशोणितम् । नष्टं देवलके दत्तं अप्रतिष्ठं तु वार्धुषौ || ३.१८० ||</blockquote><blockquote>somavikrayiṇe viṣṭhā bhiṣaje pūyaśoṇitam । naṣṭaṁ devalake dattaṁ apratiṣṭhaṁ tu vārdhuṣau || 3.180 ||</blockquote>
<blockquote>सोमविक्रयिणे विष्ठा भिषजे पूयशोणितम् । नष्टं देवलके दत्तमप्रतिष्ठं तु वार्धुषौ || ३.१८० ||</blockquote><blockquote>somavikrayiṇe viṣṭhā bhiṣaje pūyaśoṇitam । naṣṭaṁ devalake dattamapratiṣṭhaṁ tu vārdhuṣau || 3.180 ||</blockquote>
* Whatever is given to a trader in a shraddha becomes fruitless in this world and the other (Manu Smrt. 3.181).<ref name=":1" />
* Whatever is given to a trader in a shraddha becomes fruitless in this world and the other (Manu Smrt. 3.181).<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>यत्तु वाणिजके दत्तं नेह नामुत्र तद्भवेत् ।<ref name=":0" /> yattu vāṇijake dattaṁ neha nāmutra tadbhavet ।</blockquote>
<blockquote>यत्तु वाणिजके दत्तं नेह नामुत्र तद्भवेत् ।<ref name=":0" /> yattu vāṇijake dattaṁ neha nāmutra tadbhavet ।</blockquote>
== श्राद्धफलम् ॥ The fruit of Shraddha ==
== श्राद्धफलम् ॥ The fruit of Shraddha ==
* The one who performs rite for the dead, called Pitrkarma (the sacrifice sacred to the forefathers) on the new-moon day, always obtains fruits of this world (Manu Smrt 3.127).<ref name=":1" />
* The one who performs rite for the dead, called Pitru karma (the sacrifice sacred to the forefathers) on the new-moon day, always obtains fruits of this world (Manu Smrt 3.127).<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>प्रथिता प्रेतकृत्यैषा पित्र्यं नाम विधुक्षये । तस्मिन्युक्तस्यैति नित्यं प्रेतकृत्यैव लौकिकी ॥ ३.१२७ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>prathitā pretakr̥tyaiṣā pitryaṁ nāma vidhukṣaye । tasminyuktasyaiti nityaṁ pretakr̥tyaiva laukikī ॥ 3.127 ॥</blockquote>
<blockquote>प्रथिता प्रेतकृत्यैषा पित्र्यं नाम विधुक्षये । तस्मिन्युक्तस्यैति नित्यं प्रेतकृत्यैव लौकिकी ॥ ३.१२७ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>prathitā pretakr̥tyaiṣā pitryaṁ nāma vidhukṣaye । tasminyuktasyaiti nityaṁ pretakr̥tyaiva laukikī ॥ 3.127 ॥</blockquote>
* Food and other things in the rites to gods and the forefathers must be presented to brahmanas who are vedapathis (recitators of Veda) and virtuous alone; for, such is the gift that yields the greatest reward. Hence, it is said, feeding even one learned brahmana at the sacrifice to the gods and forefathers yields great reward which cannot be obtained even by feeding many ignorant ones. Just as a one reaps no harvest by sowing the seed in barren soil, similarly, the giver of sacrificial food gains no reward if he presented it to an ignorant unacquainted with the Vedas. However, a present made in accordance with the rules to a learned man, makes the giver and the recipient partakers of rewards in both this world and the other. (Manu Smrt 3.128, 129, 142 and 143).<ref name=":1" />
* Food and other things in the rites to gods and the forefathers must be presented to brahmanas who are vedapathis (recitators of Veda) and virtuous alone; for, such is the gift that yields the greatest reward. Hence, it is said, feeding even one learned brahmana at the sacrifice to the gods and forefathers yields great reward which cannot be obtained even by feeding many ignorant ones. Just as a one reaps no harvest by sowing the seed in barren soil, similarly, the giver of sacrificial food gains no reward if he presented it to an ignorant unacquainted with the Vedas. However, a present made in accordance with the rules to a learned man, makes the giver and the recipient partakers of rewards in both this world and the other. (Manu Smrt 3.128, 129, 142 and 143).<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>श्रोत्रियायैव देयानि हव्यकव्यानि दातृभिः । अर्हत्तमाय विप्राय तस्मै दत्तं महाफलम् ॥ ३.१२८ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>एकैकं अपि विद्वांसं दैवे पित्र्ये च भोजयेत् । पुष्कलं फलं आप्नोति नामन्त्रज्ञान्बहूनपि ॥ ३.१२९ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>यथेरिणे बीजं उप्त्वा न वप्ता लभते फलम् । तथानृचे हविर्दत्त्वा न दाता लभते फलम् ॥ ३.१४२ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>दातॄन्प्रतिग्रहीतॄंश्च कुरुते फलभागिनः । विदुषे दक्षिणां दत्त्वा विधिवत्प्रेत्य चेह च ॥ ३.१४३ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>śrotriyāyaiva deyāni havyakavyāni dātr̥bhiḥ । arhattamāya viprāya tasmai dattaṁ mahāphalam ॥ 3.128 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ekaikaṁ api vidvāṁsaṁ daive pitrye ca bhojayet । puṣkalaṁ phalaṁ āpnoti nāmantrajñānbahūnapi ॥ 3.129 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yatheriṇe bījaṁ uptvā na vaptā labhate phalam । tathānr̥ce havirdattvā na dātā labhate phalam ॥ 3.142 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>dātr̥̄npratigrahītr̥̄ṁśca kurute phalabhāginaḥ । viduṣe dakṣiṇāṁ dattvā vidhivatpretya ceha ca ॥ 3.143 ॥</blockquote>
<blockquote>श्रोत्रियायैव देयानि हव्यकव्यानि दातृभिः । अर्हत्तमाय विप्राय तस्मै दत्तं महाफलम् ॥ ३.१२८ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>एकैकमपि विद्वांसं दैवे पित्र्ये च भोजयेत् । पुष्कलं फलमप्नोति नामन्त्रज्ञान्बहूनपि ॥ ३.१२९ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>यथेरिणे बीजमुप्त्वा न वप्ता लभते फलम् । तथानृचे हविर्दत्त्वा न दाता लभते फलम् ॥ ३.१४२ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>दातॄन्प्रतिग्रहीतॄंश्च कुरुते फलभागिनः । विदुषे दक्षिणां दत्त्वा विधिवत्प्रेत्य चेह च ॥ ३.१४३ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>śrotriyāyaiva deyāni havyakavyāni dātr̥bhiḥ । arhattamāya viprāya tasmai dattaṁ mahāphalam ॥ 3.128 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ekaikamapi vidvāṁsaṁ daive pitrye ca bhojayet । puṣkalaṁ phalamapnoti nāmantrajñānbahūnapi ॥ 3.129 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yatheriṇe bījamuptvā na vaptā labhate phalam । tathānr̥ce havirdattvā na dātā labhate phalam ॥ 3.142 ॥व्</blockquote><blockquote>dātr̥̄npratigrahītr̥̄ṁśca kurute phalabhāginaḥ । viduṣe dakṣiṇāṁ dattvā vidhivatpretya ceha ca ॥ 3.143 ॥</blockquote>
* However, if no learned Brahmana is available, one may rather honour a friend than a learned enemy, for that bears no reward. (Manu Smrt. 3.144).<ref name=":1" />
* However, if no learned Brahmana is available, one may rather honour a friend than a learned enemy, for that bears no reward. (Manu Smrt. 3.144).<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>कामं श्राद्धेऽर्चयेन्मित्रं नाभिरूपं अपि त्वरिम् । द्विषता हि हविर्भुक्तं भवति प्रेत्य निष्फलम् ॥ ३.१४४ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>kāmaṁ śrāddhe'rcayenmitraṁ nābhirūpaṁ api tvarim । dviṣatā hi havirbhuktaṁ bhavati pretya niṣphalam ॥ 3.144 ॥</blockquote>
<blockquote>कामं श्राद्धेऽर्चयेन्मित्रं नाभिरूपमपि त्वरिम् । द्विषता हि हविर्भुक्तं भवति प्रेत्य निष्फलम् ॥ ३.१४४ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>kāmaṁ śrāddhe'rcayenmitraṁ nābhirūpamapi tvarim । dviṣatā hi havirbhuktaṁ bhavati pretya niṣphalam ॥ 3.144 ॥</blockquote>
== References ==
== References ==