Changes

<blockquote>व्रतस्थं अपि दौहित्रं श्राद्धे यत्नेन भोजयेत् । कुतपं चासनं दद्यात्तिलैश्च विकिरेन्महीम् । । ३.२३४ । ।</blockquote><blockquote>त्रीणि श्राद्धे पवित्राणि दौहित्रः कुतपस्तिलाः । त्रीणि चात्र प्रशंसन्ति शौचं अक्रोधं अत्वराम् । । ३.२३५ । ।</blockquote><blockquote>vratasthaṁ api dauhitraṁ śrāddhe yatnena bhojayet । kutapaṁ cāsanaṁ dadyāttilaiśca vikirenmahīm । । 3.234 । ।</blockquote><blockquote>trīṇi śrāddhe pavitrāṇi dauhitraḥ kutapastilāḥ । trīṇi cātra praśaṁsanti śaucaṁ akrodhaṁ atvarām । । 3.235 । ।</blockquote>

<blockquote>व्रतस्थं अपि दौहित्रं श्राद्धे यत्नेन भोजयेत् । कुतपं चासनं दद्यात्तिलैश्च विकिरेन्महीम् । । ३.२३४ । ।</blockquote><blockquote>त्रीणि श्राद्धे पवित्राणि दौहित्रः कुतपस्तिलाः । त्रीणि चात्र प्रशंसन्ति शौचं अक्रोधं अत्वराम् । । ३.२३५ । ।</blockquote><blockquote>vratasthaṁ api dauhitraṁ śrāddhe yatnena bhojayet । kutapaṁ cāsanaṁ dadyāttilaiśca vikirenmahīm । । 3.234 । ।</blockquote><blockquote>trīṇi śrāddhe pavitrāṇi dauhitraḥ kutapastilāḥ । trīṇi cātra praśaṁsanti śaucaṁ akrodhaṁ atvarām । । 3.235 । ।</blockquote>

* To a Brahmana (householder), or to an ascetic who comes for food, he may, with the permission of (his) Brahmana (guests), show honour according to his ability. (3.243)

* To a Brahmana (householder), or to an ascetic who comes for food, he may, with the permission of (his) Brahmana (guests), show honour according to his ability. (3.243)

<blockquote>ब्राह्मणं भिक्षुकं वापि भोजनार्थं उपस्थितम् ।<br>

<blockquote>ब्राह्मणं भिक्षुकं वापि भोजनार्थं उपस्थितम् । ब्राह्मणैरभ्यनुज्ञातः शक्तितः प्रतिपूजयेत् । । ३.२४३ । ।</blockquote>

ब्राह्मणैरभ्यनुज्ञातः शक्तितः प्रतिपूजयेत् । । ३.२४३[२३३ं] । ।</blockquote>

* Let him mix all the kinds of food together, sprinkle them with water and put them, scattering them (on Kusa grass), down on the ground in front of (his guests), when they have finished their meal. (3.244)

* Let him mix all the kinds of food together, sprinkle them with water and put them, scattering them (on Kusa grass), down on the ground in front of (his guests), when they have finished their meal. (3.244)

<blockquote>सार्ववर्णिकं अन्नाद्यं संनीयाप्लाव्य वारिणा ।<br>

<blockquote>सार्ववर्णिकं अन्नाद्यं संनीयाप्लाव्य वारिणा । समुत्सृजेद्भुक्तवतां अग्रतो विकिरन्भुवि । । ३.२४४ । ।</blockquote>

समुत्सृजेद्भुक्तवतां अग्रतो विकिरन्भुवि । । ३.२४४[२३४ं] । ।</blockquote>

* But before the performance of the Sapindikarana, one must feed at the funeral sacrifice in honour of a (recently-) deceased Aryan (one Brahmana) without (making an offering) to the gods, and give one cake only. (3.247) But after the Sapindikarana of the (deceased father) has been performed according to the sacred law, the sons must offer the cakes with those ceremonies, (described above.) (3.248)

* But before the performance of the Sapindikarana, one must feed at the funeral sacrifice in honour of a (recently-) deceased Aryan (one Brahmana) without (making an offering) to the gods, and give one cake only. (3.247) But after the Sapindikarana of the (deceased father) has been performed according to the sacred law, the sons must offer the cakes with those ceremonies, (described above.) (3.248)

<blockquote>आसपिण्डक्रियाकर्म द्विजातेः संस्थितस्य तु ।<br>

<blockquote>आसपिण्डक्रियाकर्म द्विजातेः संस्थितस्य तु । अदैवं भोजयेच्छ्राद्धं पिण्डं एकं च निर्वपेत् । । ३.२४७ । ।</blockquote><blockquote>सहपिण्डक्रियायां तु कृतायां अस्य धर्मतः । अनयैवावृता कार्यं पिण्डनिर्वपनं सुतैः । । ३.२४८ । ।</blockquote>

अदैवं भोजयेच्छ्राद्धं पिण्डं एकं च निर्वपेत् । । ३.२४७[२३७ं] । ।</blockquote><blockquote>सहपिण्डक्रियायां तु कृतायां अस्य धर्मतः । अनयैवावृता कार्यं पिण्डनिर्वपनं सुतैः । । ३.२४८[२३८ं] । ।</blockquote>

* Having addressed the question, 'Have you dined well?' (to his guests), let him give water for sipping to them who are satisfied, and dismiss them, after they have sipped water, (with the words) 'Rest either (here or at home)!'(3.251)

* Having addressed the question, 'Have you dined well?' (to his guests), let him give water for sipping to them who are satisfied, and dismiss them, after they have sipped water, (with the words) 'Rest either (here or at home)!'(3.251)

<blockquote>पृष्ट्वा स्वदितं इत्येवं तृप्तानाचामयेत्ततः ।<br>

<blockquote>पृष्ट्वा स्वदितं इत्येवं तृप्तानाचामयेत्ततः । आचान्तांश्चानुजानीयादभितो रम्यतां इति । । ३.२५१ । ।</blockquote>

आचान्तांश्चानुजानीयादभितो रम्यतां इति । । ३.२५१[२४१ं] । ।</blockquote>

* The Brahmana (guests) shall then answer him, 'Let there be Svadha;' for at all rites in honour of the forefathers the word Svadha is the highest benison. (3.252)

* The Brahmana (guests) shall then answer him, 'Let there be Svadha;' for at all rites in honour of the forefathers the word Svadha is the highest benison. (3.252)

<blockquote>स्वधास्त्वित्येव तं ब्रूयुर्ब्राह्मणास्तदनन्तरम् ।<br>

<blockquote>स्वधास्त्वित्येव तं ब्रूयुर्ब्राह्मणास्तदनन्तरम् । स्वधाकारः परा ह्याषीः सर्वेषु पितृकर्मसु । । ३.२५२ । ।</blockquote>

स्वधाकारः परा ह्याषीः सर्वेषु पितृकर्मसु । । ३.२५२[२४२ं] । ।</blockquote>

* Next let him inform (his guests) who have finished their meal, of the food which remains; with the permission of the Brahmanas let him dispose (of that), as they may direct. (3.253)

* Next let him inform (his guests) who have finished their meal, of the food which remains; with the permission of the Brahmanas let him dispose (of that), as they may direct. (3.253)

<blockquote>ततो भुक्तवतां तेषां अन्नशेषं निवेदयेत् ।<br>

<blockquote>ततो भुक्तवतां तेषां अन्नशेषं निवेदयेत् । यथा ब्रूयुस्तथा कुर्यादनुज्ञातस्ततो द्विजैः । । ३.२५३ । ।</blockquote>

यथा ब्रूयुस्तथा कुर्यादनुज्ञातस्ततो द्विजैः । । ३.२५३[२४३ं] । ।</blockquote>

* At a (Shraddha) in honour of the forefathers one must use (in asking of the guests if they are satisfied, the word) svaditam; at a Goshthi-sraddha, (the word) susrutam; at a Vriddhi-sraddha, (the word) sampannam; and at (a rite) in honour of the gods, (the word) rukitam. (3.254)

* At a (Shraddha) in honour of the forefathers one must use (in asking of the guests if they are satisfied, the word) svaditam; at a Goshthi-sraddha, (the word) susrutam; at a Vriddhi-sraddha, (the word) sampannam; and at (a rite) in honour of the gods, (the word) rukitam. (3.254)

<blockquote>पित्र्ये स्वदितं इत्येव वाच्यं गोष्ठे तु सुशृतम् ।<br>

<blockquote>पित्र्ये स्वदितं इत्येव वाच्यं गोष्ठे तु सुशृतम् । संपन्नं इत्यभ्युदये दैवे रुचितं इत्यपि । । ३.२५४ । ।</blockquote>

संपन्नं इत्यभ्युदये दैवे रुचितं इत्यपि । । ३.२५४[२४४ं] । ।</blockquote>

* Having dismissed the (invited) Brahmanas, let him, with a concentrated mind, silent and pure, look towards the south and ask these blessings of the forefathers: (3.258) 'May liberal men abound with us! May (our knowledge of) the Vedas and (our) progeny increase! May faith not forsake us! May we have much to give (to the needy)!'(3.259)

* Having dismissed the (invited) Brahmanas, let him, with a concentrated mind, silent and pure, look towards the south and ask these blessings of the forefathers: (3.258) 'May liberal men abound with us! May (our knowledge of) the Vedas and (our) progeny increase! May faith not forsake us! May we have much to give (to the needy)!'(3.259)

<blockquote>विसृज्य ब्राह्मणांस्तांस्तु नियतो वाग्यतः शुचिः ।<br>

<blockquote>विसृज्य ब्राह्मणांस्तांस्तु नियतो वाग्यतः शुचिः । दक्षिणां दिशं आकाङ्क्षन्याचेतेमान्वरान्पितॄन् । । ३.२५८ । ।</blockquote><blockquote>दातारो नोऽभिवर्धन्तां वेदाः संततिरेव च । श्रद्धा च नो मा व्यगमद्बहुदेयं च नोऽस्त्विति । । ३.२५९ । ।</blockquote>

दक्षिणां दिशं आकाङ्क्षन्याचेतेमान्वरान्पितॄन् । । ३.२५८[२४८ं] । ।</blockquote><blockquote>दातारो नोऽभिवर्धन्तां वेदाः संततिरेव च । श्रद्धा च नो मा व्यगमद्बहुदेयं च नोऽस्त्विति । । ३.२५९[२४९ं] । ।</blockquote>

* Having thus offered (the cakes), let him, after (the prayer), cause a cow, a Brahmana, a goat, or the sacred fire to consume those cakes, or let him throw them into water. (3.260) Some make the offering of the cakes after (the dinner); some cause (them) to be eaten by birds or throw them into fire or into water. (3.261)

* Having thus offered (the cakes), let him, after (the prayer), cause a cow, a Brahmana, a goat, or the sacred fire to consume those cakes, or let him throw them into water. (3.260) Some make the offering of the cakes after (the dinner); some cause (them) to be eaten by birds or throw them into fire or into water. (3.261)

<blockquote>एवं निर्वपणं कृत्वा पिण्डांस्तांस्तदनन्तरम् ।<br>

<blockquote>एवं निर्वपणं कृत्वा पिण्डांस्तांस्तदनन्तरम् । गां विप्रं अजं अग्निं वा प्राशयेदप्सु वा क्षिपेत् । । ३.२६० । । </blockquote><blockquote>पिण्डनिर्वपणं के चित्परस्तादेव कुर्वते । वयोभिः खादयन्त्यन्ये प्रक्षिपन्त्यनलेऽप्सु वा । । ३.२६१ । ।</blockquote>

गां विप्रं अजं अग्निं वा प्राशयेदप्सु वा क्षिपेत् । । ३.२६०[२५०ं] । । </blockquote><blockquote>पिण्डनिर्वपणं के चित्परस्तादेव कुर्वते । वयोभिः खादयन्त्यन्ये प्रक्षिपन्त्यनलेऽप्सु वा । । ३.२६१[२५१ं] । ।</blockquote>

* The (sacrificer's) first wife, who is faithful and intent on the worship of the forefathers, may eat the middle-most cake, (if she be) desirous of bearing a son. (3.262) (Thus) she will bring forth a son who will be long-lived, famous, intelligent, rich, the father of numerous offspring, endowed with (the quality of) goodness, and righteous. (3.263)

* The (sacrificer's) first wife, who is faithful and intent on the worship of the forefathers, may eat the middle-most cake, (if she be) desirous of bearing a son. (3.262) (Thus) she will bring forth a son who will be long-lived, famous, intelligent, rich, the father of numerous offspring, endowed with (the quality of) goodness, and righteous. (3.263)

<blockquote>पतिव्रता धर्मपत्नी पितृपूजनतत्परा ।<br>

<blockquote>पतिव्रता धर्मपत्नी पितृपूजनतत्परा । मध्यमं तु ततः पिण्डं अद्यात्सम्यक्सुतार्थिनी । । ३.२६२ । ।</blockquote><blockquote>आयुष्मन्तं सुतं सूते यशोमेधासमन्वितम् । धनवन्तं प्रजावन्तं सात्त्विकं धार्मिकं तथा । । ३.२६३ । ।</blockquote>

मध्यमं तु ततः पिण्डं अद्यात्सम्यक्सुतार्थिनी । । ३.२६२[२५२ं] । ।</blockquote><blockquote>आयुष्मन्तं सुतं सूते यशोमेधासमन्वितम् । धनवन्तं प्रजावन्तं सात्त्विकं धार्मिकं तथा । । ३.२६३[२५३ं] । ।</blockquote>

* Having washed his hands and sipped water, let him prepare (food) for his paternal relations and, after giving it to them with due respect, let him feed his maternal relatives also. (3.264) But the remnants shall be left (where they lie) until the Brahmanas have been dismissed; afterwards he shall perform the (daily) domestic Bali-offering; that is a settled (rule of the) sacred law. (3.265)

* Having washed his hands and sipped water, let him prepare (food) for his paternal relations and, after giving it to them with due respect, let him feed his maternal relatives also. (3.264) But the remnants shall be left (where they lie) until the Brahmanas have been dismissed; afterwards he shall perform the (daily) domestic Bali-offering; that is a settled (rule of the) sacred law. (3.265)

<blockquote>प्रक्साल्य हस्तावाचाम्य ज्ञातिप्रायं प्रकल्पयेत् ।<br>

<blockquote>प्रक्साल्य हस्तावाचाम्य ज्ञातिप्रायं प्रकल्पयेत् । ज्ञातिभ्यः सत्कृतं दत्त्वा बान्धवानपि भोजयेत् । । ३.२६४ । ।</blockquote><blockquote>उच्छेषणं तु तत्तिष्ठेद्यावद्विप्रा विसर्जिताः । ततो गृहबलिं कुर्यादिति धर्मो व्यवस्थितः । । ३.२६५ । ।</blockquote>

ज्ञातिभ्यः सत्कृतं दत्त्वा बान्धवानपि भोजयेत् । । ३.२६४[२५४ं] । ।</blockquote><blockquote>उच्छेषणं तु तत्तिष्ठेद्यावद्विप्रा विसर्जिताः । ततो गृहबलिं कुर्यादिति धर्मो व्यवस्थितः । । ३.२६५[२५५ं] । ।</blockquote>

== श्राद्धनियमाः ॥ Rules governing Shraddha ==

== श्राद्धनियमाः ॥ Rules governing Shraddha ==

Manusmrti talks in detail about who and how many must be fed on the occasion of a Shraddha, who must be avoided, and what kind of food should be served. (Manu Smrt 3.124)<blockquote>तत्र ये भोजनीयाः स्युर्ये च वर्ज्या द्विजोत्तमाः । यावन्तश्चैव यैश्चान्नैस्तान्प्रवक्ष्याम्यशेषतः ॥ ३.१२४ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>tatra ye bhojanīyāḥ syurye ca varjyā dvijottamāḥ । yāvantaścaiva yaiścānnaistānpravakṣyāmyaśeṣataḥ ॥ 3.124 ॥</blockquote>

Manusmrti talks in detail about who and how many must be fed on the occasion of a Shraddha, who must be avoided, and what kind of food should be served. (Manu Smrt 3.124)<blockquote>तत्र ये भोजनीयाः स्युर्ये च वर्ज्या द्विजोत्तमाः । यावन्तश्चैव यैश्चान्नैस्तान्प्रवक्ष्याम्यशेषतः ॥ ३.१२४ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>tatra ye bhojanīyāḥ syurye ca varjyā dvijottamāḥ । yāvantaścaiva yaiścānnaistānpravakṣyāmyaśeṣataḥ ॥ 3.124 ॥</blockquote>