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== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==

== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==

It is said that, the sages, forefathers, gods, bhutas (भूत-s), and guests look up to the householders for offerings and gifts that help them sustain. Hence, he who knows this, must give to them what is their due.<blockquote>ऋषयः पितरो देवा भूतान्यतिथयस्तथा । आशासते कुटुम्बिभ्यस्तेभ्यः कार्यं विजानता ॥ ३.८० ॥<ref name=":0">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 3]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>r̥ṣayaḥ pitaro devā bhūtānyatithayastathā । āśāsate kuṭumbibhyastebhyaḥ kāryaṁ vijānatā ॥ 3.80 ॥</blockquote>And the forefathers are to be worshiped by funeral offerings or Shraddha. पितॄञ् श्राद्धैश्च | pitr̥̄ñ śrāddhaiśca | (Manu 3.81)<ref name=":0" /> In fact, for dvijas (brahmanas), the rite in honour of the ancestors is more important than the rite in honour of the gods; for the offering to the gods which precedes the Shraddhas, has been declared to be a means of fortifying the latter.<ref name=":2">Pt. Sri Rama Ramanuja Acharya, [http://www.srimatham.com/uploads/5/5/4/9/5549439/manu_for_modern_times.pdf The Laws of Manu for the 21st Century], srimatham.com </ref><blockquote>दैवकार्याद्द्विजातीनां पितृकार्यं विशिष्यते । दैवं हि पितृकार्यस्य पूर्वं आप्यायनं स्मृतम् || ३.२०३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>daivakāryāddvijātīnāṁ pitr̥kāryaṁ viśiṣyate । daivaṁ hi pitr̥kāryasya pūrvaṁ āpyāyanaṁ smr̥tam || 3.203 ||</blockquote>

It is said that, the sages, forefathers, deities, bhutas (भूत-s), and guests look up to the householders for offerings and gifts that help them sustain. Hence, he who knows this, must give to them what is their due.<blockquote>ऋषयः पितरो देवा भूतान्यतिथयस्तथा । आशासते कुटुम्बिभ्यस्तेभ्यः कार्यं विजानता ॥ ३.८० ॥<ref name=":0">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 3]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>r̥ṣayaḥ pitaro devā bhūtānyatithayastathā । āśāsate kuṭumbibhyastebhyaḥ kāryaṁ vijānatā ॥ 3.80 ॥</blockquote>And the forefathers are to be worshiped by funeral offerings or Shraddha. पितॄञ् श्राद्धैश्च | pitr̥̄ñ śrāddhaiśca | (Manu 3.81)<ref name=":0" /> In fact, for dvijas (brahmanas), the rite in honour of the ancestors is more important than the rite in honour of the deities; for the offering to the deities which precedes the Shraddhas, has been declared to be a means of fortifying the latter.<ref name=":2">Pt. Sri Rama Ramanuja Acharya, [http://www.srimatham.com/uploads/5/5/4/9/5549439/manu_for_modern_times.pdf The Laws of Manu for the 21st Century], srimatham.com </ref><blockquote>दैवकार्याद्द्विजातीनां पितृकार्यं विशिष्यते । दैवं हि पितृकार्यस्य पूर्वं आप्यायनं स्मृतम् || ३.२०३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>daivakāryāddvijātīnāṁ pitr̥kāryaṁ viśiṣyate । daivaṁ hi pitr̥kāryasya pūrvaṁ āpyāyanaṁ smr̥tam || 3.203 ||</blockquote>

== पितृवंशः ॥ The Clan of Ancestors ==

== पितृवंशः ॥ The Clan of Ancestors ==

Manusmrti talks about the lineage of ancestors leading upto the origin of human clan.  

Manusmrti talks about the lineage of ancestors leading upto the origin of human clan.  

According to Manusmrti, there are various lineages of forefathers. They are the sons of sages like Marichi who are children of Manu, the son of Hiranyagarbha. So, from the sages like Marichi came the forefathers, from the forefathers the Devatas and Manavas. From the Devatas, the whole world, both the movable and the immovable came into existence (Manu Smrt. 3.194 and 201).<ref name=":1">Pt. Girija Prasad Dvivedi (1917), [https://archive.org/details/ManusmrtiHindiTranslationGirijaPrasadDvivediNavalKishore The Manusmriti], Lucknow: Naval Kishore Press.</ref> <blockquote>मनोर्हैरण्यगर्भस्य ये मरीच्यादयः सुताः । तेषां ऋषीणां सर्वेषां पुत्राः पितृगणाः स्मृताः || ३.१९४ ||</blockquote><blockquote>ऋषिभ्यः पितरो जाताः पितृभ्यो देवमानवाः । देवेभ्यस्तु जगत्सर्वं चरं स्थाण्वनुपूर्वशः || ३.२०१ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>manorhairaṇyagarbhasya ye marīcyādayaḥ sutāḥ । teṣāṁ r̥ṣīṇāṁ sarveṣāṁ putrāḥ pitr̥gaṇāḥ smr̥tāḥ || 3.194 ||</blockquote><blockquote>r̥ṣibhyaḥ pitaro jātāḥ pitr̥bhyo devamānavāḥ । devebhyastu jagatsarvaṁ caraṁ sthāṇvanupūrvaśaḥ || 3.201 ||</blockquote>The [[Vedas (वेदाः)|Vedas]] call fathers as Vasus, grandfathers as Rudras, and the great-grandfathers as Adityas.<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>वसून्वदन्ति तु पितॄन्रुद्रांश्चैव पितामहान् । प्रपितामहांस्तथादित्यान्श्रुतिरेषा सनातनी || ३.२८४ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>vasūnvadanti tu pitr̥̄nrudrāṁścaiva pitāmahān । prapitāmahāṁstathādityānśrutireṣā sanātanī || 3.284 ||</blockquote>It says, <blockquote>विराट्सुताः सोमसदः साध्यानां पितरः स्मृताः । अग्निष्वात्ताश्च देवानां मारीचा लोकविश्रुताः || ३.१९५ ||</blockquote><blockquote>दैत्यदानवयक्षाणां गन्धर्वोरगरक्षसाम् । सुपर्णकिन्नराणां च स्मृता बर्हिषदोऽत्रिजाः || ३.१९६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>virāṭsutāḥ somasadaḥ sādhyānāṁ pitaraḥ smr̥tāḥ । agniṣvāttāśca devānāṁ mārīcā lokaviśrutāḥ || 3.195 ||</blockquote><blockquote>daityadānavayakṣāṇāṁ gandharvoragarakṣasām । suparṇakinnarāṇāṁ ca smr̥tā barhiṣado'trijāḥ || 3.196 ||</blockquote>Meaning: Somasads, the sons of Virat, are the forefathers of the Sadhyas, and the Agnishvattas, children of Marichi, are known as the forefathers of the gods (Manu Smrt. 3.195). The Barhishads, born of Atri, are the forefathers of the Daityas, Danavas, Yakshas, Gandharvas, Snake-deities, birds and Kinnaras (Manu Smrt. 3.196)<ref name=":1" />[[File:Pitr vamsha-page-001.jpg|thumb|500x500px|left]]

According to Manusmrti, there are various lineages of forefathers. They are the sons of sages like Marichi who are children of Manu, the son of Hiranyagarbha. So, from the sages like Marichi came the forefathers, from the forefathers the Devatas and Manavas. From the Devatas, the whole world, both the movable and the immovable came into existence (Manu Smrt. 3.194 and 201).<ref name=":1">Pt. Girija Prasad Dvivedi (1917), [https://archive.org/details/ManusmrtiHindiTranslationGirijaPrasadDvivediNavalKishore The Manusmriti], Lucknow: Naval Kishore Press.</ref> <blockquote>मनोर्हैरण्यगर्भस्य ये मरीच्यादयः सुताः । तेषां ऋषीणां सर्वेषां पुत्राः पितृगणाः स्मृताः || ३.१९४ ||</blockquote><blockquote>ऋषिभ्यः पितरो जाताः पितृभ्यो देवमानवाः । देवेभ्यस्तु जगत्सर्वं चरं स्थाण्वनुपूर्वशः || ३.२०१ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>manorhairaṇyagarbhasya ye marīcyādayaḥ sutāḥ । teṣāṁ r̥ṣīṇāṁ sarveṣāṁ putrāḥ pitr̥gaṇāḥ smr̥tāḥ || 3.194 ||</blockquote><blockquote>r̥ṣibhyaḥ pitaro jātāḥ pitr̥bhyo devamānavāḥ । devebhyastu jagatsarvaṁ caraṁ sthāṇvanupūrvaśaḥ || 3.201 ||</blockquote>The [[Vedas (वेदाः)|Vedas]] call fathers as Vasus, grandfathers as Rudras, and the great-grandfathers as Adityas.<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>वसून्वदन्ति तु पितॄन्रुद्रांश्चैव पितामहान् । प्रपितामहांस्तथादित्यान्श्रुतिरेषा सनातनी || ३.२८४ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>vasūnvadanti tu pitr̥̄nrudrāṁścaiva pitāmahān । prapitāmahāṁstathādityānśrutireṣā sanātanī || 3.284 ||</blockquote>It says, <blockquote>विराट्सुताः सोमसदः साध्यानां पितरः स्मृताः । अग्निष्वात्ताश्च देवानां मारीचा लोकविश्रुताः || ३.१९५ ||</blockquote><blockquote>दैत्यदानवयक्षाणां गन्धर्वोरगरक्षसाम् । सुपर्णकिन्नराणां च स्मृता बर्हिषदोऽत्रिजाः || ३.१९६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>virāṭsutāḥ somasadaḥ sādhyānāṁ pitaraḥ smr̥tāḥ । agniṣvāttāśca devānāṁ mārīcā lokaviśrutāḥ || 3.195 ||</blockquote><blockquote>daityadānavayakṣāṇāṁ gandharvoragarakṣasām । suparṇakinnarāṇāṁ ca smr̥tā barhiṣado'trijāḥ || 3.196 ||</blockquote>Meaning: Somasads, the sons of Virat, are the forefathers of the Sadhyas, and the Agnishvattas, children of Marichi, are known as the forefathers of the deities (Manu Smrt. 3.195). The Barhishads, born of Atri, are the forefathers of the Daityas, Danavas, Yakshas, Gandharvas, Snake-deities, birds and Kinnaras (Manu Smrt. 3.196)<ref name=":1" />[[File:Pitr vamsha-page-001.jpg|thumb|500x500px|left]]

The Manusmrti also elborates the lineage of ancestores of each of the four Varnas.

The Manusmrti also elborates the lineage of ancestores of each of the four Varnas.

== श्राद्धकार्यविधिः ॥ Shraddha Karya Vidhi ==

== श्राद्धकार्यविधिः ॥ Shraddha Karya Vidhi ==

* One should first perform a Devakarya (देवकार्यम् । offering in honour of the gods) as a protection for the offering to the forefathers; because the Rakshasas destroy a funeral sacrifice which is left without such a protection.Therefore, one should begin and end the shraddha with a rite in honour of the gods; and not with a rite to the forefathers; for he who makes it begin and end with a rite in honour of the forefathers, soon perishes together with his progeny (Manu Smrt. 3.204 and 3.205).<ref name=":1" />

* One should first perform a Devakarya (देवकार्यम् । offering in honour of the deities) as a protection for the offering to the forefathers; because the Rakshasas destroy a funeral sacrifice which is left without such a protection.Therefore, one should begin and end the shraddha with a rite in honour of the deities; and not with a rite to the forefathers; for he who makes it begin and end with a rite in honour of the forefathers, soon perishes together with his progeny (Manu Smrt. 3.204 and 3.205).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>तेषामारक्षभूतं तु पूर्वं दैवं नियोजयेत् । रक्षांसि हि विप्रलुम्पन्ति श्राद्धमारक्षवर्जितम् || ३.२०४ ||</blockquote><blockquote>दैवाद्यन्तं तदीहेत पित्राद्यन्तं न तद्भवेत् । पित्राद्यन्तं त्वीहमानः क्षिप्रं नश्यति सान्वयः || ३.२०५ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>teṣāmārakṣabhūtaṁ tu pūrvaṁ daivaṁ niyojayet । rakṣāṁsi hi vipralumpanti śrāddhamārakṣavarjitam || 3.204 ||</blockquote>

<blockquote>तेषामारक्षभूतं तु पूर्वं दैवं नियोजयेत् । रक्षांसि हि विप्रलुम्पन्ति श्राद्धमारक्षवर्जितम् || ३.२०४ ||</blockquote><blockquote>दैवाद्यन्तं तदीहेत पित्राद्यन्तं न तद्भवेत् । पित्राद्यन्तं त्वीहमानः क्षिप्रं नश्यति सान्वयः || ३.२०५ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>teṣāmārakṣabhūtaṁ tu pūrvaṁ daivaṁ niyojayet । rakṣāṁsi hi vipralumpanti śrāddhamārakṣavarjitam || 3.204 ||</blockquote>

<blockquote>daivādyantaṁ tadīheta pitrādyantaṁ na tadbhavet । pitrādyantaṁ tvīhamānaḥ kṣipraṁ naśyati sānvayaḥ || 3.205 ||</blockquote>

<blockquote>daivādyantaṁ tadīheta pitrādyantaṁ na tadbhavet । pitrādyantaṁ tvīhamānaḥ kṣipraṁ naśyati sānvayaḥ || 3.205 ||</blockquote>

* Next one should inform the brahmanas, who have finished their meal, about the food which remains and according to their instructions one must dispose it (Manu Smrt. 3.253).<ref name=":1" />

* Next one should inform the brahmanas, who have finished their meal, about the food which remains and according to their instructions one must dispose it (Manu Smrt. 3.253).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>ततो भुक्तवतां तेषामन्नशेषं निवेदयेत् । यथा ब्रूयुस्तथा कुर्यादनुज्ञातस्ततो द्विजैः || ३.२५३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>tato bhuktavatāṁ teṣāṁ annaśeṣaṁ nivedayet । yathā brūyustathā kuryādanujñātastato dvijaiḥ || 3.253 ||</blockquote>

<blockquote>ततो भुक्तवतां तेषामन्नशेषं निवेदयेत् । यथा ब्रूयुस्तथा कुर्यादनुज्ञातस्ततो द्विजैः || ३.२५३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>tato bhuktavatāṁ teṣāṁ annaśeṣaṁ nivedayet । yathā brūyustathā kuryādanujñātastato dvijaiḥ || 3.253 ||</blockquote>

* One must ask the satisfaction of the invited brahmanas by saying, 'Svaditam' at a Shraddha in honour of the forefathers, at a Goshthi-shraddha by saying sushrutam; at a Vriddhi-shraddha, sampannam; and at a rite in honour of the gods, ruchitam (Manu Smrt. 3.254)<ref name=":1" />

* One must ask the satisfaction of the invited brahmanas by saying, 'Svaditam' at a Shraddha in honour of the forefathers, at a Goshthi-shraddha by saying sushrutam; at a Vriddhi-shraddha, sampannam; and at a rite in honour of the deities, ruchitam (Manu Smrt. 3.254)<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>पित्र्ये स्वदितम् इत्येव वाच्यं गोष्ठे तु सुशृतम् । संपन्नम् इत्यभ्युदये दैवे रुचितम् इत्यपि || ३.२५४ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>पित्र्ये स्वदितम् इत्येव वाच्यं गोष्ठे तु सुशृतम् । संपन्नम् इत्यभ्युदये दैवे रुचितम् इत्यपि || ३.२५४ ||</blockquote>

<blockquote>पित्र्ये स्वदितम् इत्येव वाच्यं गोष्ठे तु सुशृतम् । संपन्नम् इत्यभ्युदये दैवे रुचितम् इत्यपि || ३.२५४ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>पित्र्ये स्वदितम् इत्येव वाच्यं गोष्ठे तु सुशृतम् । संपन्नम् इत्यभ्युदये दैवे रुचितम् इत्यपि || ३.२५४ ||</blockquote>

* Having sent the invited brahmanas back, one should carefully take a bath and standing towards the south, ask these blessings of the forefathers: 'May our race see generous men ! May our study of the vedas and our progeny increase ! May we never forsake faith from the vaidika activity ! May we have enough riches to provide to our successors !' (Manu Smrt. 3.259).<ref name=":1" />

* Having sent the invited brahmanas back, one should carefully take a bath and standing towards the south, ask these blessings of the forefathers: 'May our race see generous men ! May our study of the vedas and our progeny increase ! May we never forsake faith from the vaidika activity ! May we have enough riches to provide to our successors !' (Manu Smrt. 3.259).<ref name=":1" />

== श्राद्धभोजनम् ॥ Shraddha Bhojana ==

== श्राद्धभोजनम् ॥ Shraddha Bhojana ==

Manusmrti talks in detail about who and how many brahmanas must be fed on the occasion of the monthly shraddha called Pindanvaharya (पिण्डान्वहार्यम्), who must be avoided, and what kind of food should be served, etc. (Manu Smrt. 3.124).<ref name=":1" /> Some of the rules pertaining to Shraddha Bhojana are enumerated below.  

Manusmrti talks in detail about who and how many brahmanas must be fed on the occasion of the monthly shraddha called Pindanvaharya (पिण्डान्वहार्यम्), who must be avoided, and what kind of food should be served, etc. (Manu Smrt. 3.124).<ref name=":1" /> Some of the rules pertaining to Shraddha Bhojana are enumerated below.  

* It is said that one must feed two brahmanas at the offering to the gods, and three at the offering to the forefathers, or one each on either occasion; even a wealthy man must not entertain a large gathering of brahmanas. Because expanding the scale of sacrifice destroys five things - appropriate treatment of the invited, place, time, purity and presence of the most virtuous brahmana as guests; one should not, therefore, seek to entertain a large company (Manu 3.125 and 126).<ref name=":1" />

* It is said that one must feed two brahmanas at the offering to the deities, and three at the offering to the forefathers, or one each on either occasion; even a wealthy man must not entertain a large gathering of brahmanas. Because expanding the scale of sacrifice destroys five things - appropriate treatment of the invited, place, time, purity and presence of the most virtuous brahmana as guests; one should not, therefore, seek to entertain a large company (Manu 3.125 and 126).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>द्वौ दैवे पितृकार्ये त्रीनेकैकमुभयत्र वा । भोजयेत्सुसमृद्धोऽपि न प्रसज्जेत विस्तरे ॥ ३.१२५ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>सत्क्रियां देशकालौ च शौचं ब्राह्मणसंपदः । पञ्चैतान्विस्तरो हन्ति तस्मान्नेहेत विस्तरम् ॥ ३.१२६ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>dvau daive pitr̥kārye trīnekaikamubhayatra vā । bhojayetsusamr̥ddho'pi na prasajjeta vistare ॥ 3.125 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>satkriyāṁ deśakālau ca śaucaṁ brāhmaṇasaṁpadaḥ । pañcaitānvistaro hanti tasmānneheta vistaram ॥ 3.126 ॥</blockquote>

<blockquote>द्वौ दैवे पितृकार्ये त्रीनेकैकमुभयत्र वा । भोजयेत्सुसमृद्धोऽपि न प्रसज्जेत विस्तरे ॥ ३.१२५ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>सत्क्रियां देशकालौ च शौचं ब्राह्मणसंपदः । पञ्चैतान्विस्तरो हन्ति तस्मान्नेहेत विस्तरम् ॥ ३.१२६ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>dvau daive pitr̥kārye trīnekaikamubhayatra vā । bhojayetsusamr̥ddho'pi na prasajjeta vistare ॥ 3.125 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>satkriyāṁ deśakālau ca śaucaṁ brāhmaṇasaṁpadaḥ । pañcaitānvistaro hanti tasmānneheta vistaram ॥ 3.126 ॥</blockquote>

* Therefore, one must feed atleast one brahmana in honour of the forefathers at the shraddha, which is a part of the five great sacrifices (Manu Smrt. 3.83).<ref name=":1" />  

* Therefore, one must feed atleast one brahmana in honour of the forefathers at the shraddha, which is a part of the five great sacrifices (Manu Smrt. 3.83).<ref name=":1" />  

=== श्राद्धभोजनाधिकारी ॥ Shraddha Bhojana Adhikari ===

=== श्राद्धभोजनाधिकारी ॥ Shraddha Bhojana Adhikari ===

* Food in honour of the Gods (havya । हव्यः) and the forefathers (kavya । कव्यः) must be given to a brahmana high in knowledge alone and not to a fool. Infact, it is said that, the fruit of ten lakh brahmanas, unacquainted with the vedas, dining at a funeral sacrifice is obtained when a single brahmana learned in the veda is fed. Therefore, one is advised to feed well at a Shraddha, a Rigvedi brahmana (an adherent of the [[Rigveda]]), Yajurvedi brahmana (a follower of the Yajurveda) or a Samavedi brahmana (a singer of Samans). Because, even if one of these three brahmanas obtains food and honour at a shraddha, the seven generations of ancestors of that sacrificer are satisfied (Manu Smrt. 3.132, 131, 145, 146).<ref name=":1" />

* Food in honour of the deities (havya । हव्यः) and the forefathers (kavya । कव्यः) must be given to a brahmana high in knowledge alone and not to a fool. Infact, it is said that, the fruit of ten lakh brahmanas, unacquainted with the vedas, dining at a funeral sacrifice is obtained when a single brahmana learned in the veda is fed. Therefore, one is advised to feed well at a Shraddha, a Rigvedi brahmana (an adherent of the [[Rigveda]]), Yajurvedi brahmana (a follower of the Yajurveda) or a Samavedi brahmana (a singer of Samans). Because, even if one of these three brahmanas obtains food and honour at a shraddha, the seven generations of ancestors of that sacrificer are satisfied (Manu Smrt. 3.132, 131, 145, 146).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>ज्ञानोत्कृष्टाय देयानि कव्यानि च हवींषि च ॥ ३.१३२ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>सहस्रं हि सहस्राणामनृचां यत्र भुञ्जते । एकस्तान्मन्त्रवित्प्रीतः सर्वानर्हति धर्मतः ॥ ३.१३१ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>यत्नेन भोजयेच्छ्राद्धे बह्वृचं वेदपारगम् । शाखान्तगमथाध्वर्युं छन्दोगं तु समाप्तिकम् ॥ ३.१४५ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>एषामन्यतमो यस्य भुञ्जीत श्राद्धमर्चितः । पितॄणां तस्य तृप्तिः स्याच्छाश्वती साप्तपौरुषी ॥ ३.१४६ ॥<ref name=":0" /> </blockquote><blockquote>jñānotkr̥ṣṭāya deyāni kavyāni ca havīṁṣi ca ॥ 3.132 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>sahasraṁ hi sahasrāṇāmanr̥cāṁ yatra bhuñjate । ekastānmantravitprītaḥ sarvānarhati dharmataḥ ॥ 3.131 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yatnena bhojayecchrāddhe bahvr̥caṁ vedapāragam । śākhāntagamathādhvaryuṁ chandogaṁ tu samāptikam ॥ 3.145 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>eṣāmanyatamo yasya bhuñjīta śrāddhamarcitaḥ । pitr̥̄ṇāṁ tasya tr̥ptiḥ syācchāśvatī sāptapauruṣī ॥ 3.146 ॥</blockquote>This is the chief rule for the performance of havya and kavya. While, the subsidiary rule expected to be followed by virtuous men are as follows.(Manu Smrt. 3.147). <ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>ज्ञानोत्कृष्टाय देयानि कव्यानि च हवींषि च ॥ ३.१३२ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>सहस्रं हि सहस्राणामनृचां यत्र भुञ्जते । एकस्तान्मन्त्रवित्प्रीतः सर्वानर्हति धर्मतः ॥ ३.१३१ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>यत्नेन भोजयेच्छ्राद्धे बह्वृचं वेदपारगम् । शाखान्तगमथाध्वर्युं छन्दोगं तु समाप्तिकम् ॥ ३.१४५ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>एषामन्यतमो यस्य भुञ्जीत श्राद्धमर्चितः । पितॄणां तस्य तृप्तिः स्याच्छाश्वती साप्तपौरुषी ॥ ३.१४६ ॥<ref name=":0" /> </blockquote><blockquote>jñānotkr̥ṣṭāya deyāni kavyāni ca havīṁṣi ca ॥ 3.132 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>sahasraṁ hi sahasrāṇāmanr̥cāṁ yatra bhuñjate । ekastānmantravitprītaḥ sarvānarhati dharmataḥ ॥ 3.131 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yatnena bhojayecchrāddhe bahvr̥caṁ vedapāragam । śākhāntagamathādhvaryuṁ chandogaṁ tu samāptikam ॥ 3.145 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>eṣāmanyatamo yasya bhuñjīta śrāddhamarcitaḥ । pitr̥̄ṇāṁ tasya tr̥ptiḥ syācchāśvatī sāptapauruṣī ॥ 3.146 ॥</blockquote>This is the chief rule for the performance of havya and kavya. While, the subsidiary rule expected to be followed by virtuous men are as follows.(Manu Smrt. 3.147). <ref name=":1" />

* If none of the brahmanas mentioned above are available, then one may feed one's maternal grandfather, a maternal uncle, a sister's son, a father-in-law, one's teacher, a son-in-law, an aunt's son, [[Rtvik (ऋत्विक्)|Rtvik]] and the performer of the sacrifice (Manu Smrt 3.148).<ref name=":1" />

* If none of the brahmanas mentioned above are available, then one may feed one's maternal grandfather, a maternal uncle, a sister's son, a father-in-law, one's teacher, a son-in-law, an aunt's son, [[Rtvik (ऋत्विक्)|Rtvik]] and the performer of the sacrifice (Manu Smrt 3.148).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>मातामहं मातुलं च स्वस्रीयं श्वशुरं गुरुम् । दौहित्रं विट्पतिं बन्धुं ऋत्विग्याज्यौ च भोजयेत् ॥ ३.१४८ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>mātāmahaṁ mātulaṁ ca svasrīyaṁ śvaśuraṁ gurum । dauhitraṁ viṭpatiṁ bandhuṁ r̥tvigyājyau ca bhojayet ॥ 3.148 ॥</blockquote>

<blockquote>मातामहं मातुलं च स्वस्रीयं श्वशुरं गुरुम् । दौहित्रं विट्पतिं बन्धुं ऋत्विग्याज्यौ च भोजयेत् ॥ ३.१४८ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>mātāmahaṁ mātulaṁ ca svasrīyaṁ śvaśuraṁ gurum । dauhitraṁ viṭpatiṁ bandhuṁ r̥tvigyājyau ca bhojayet ॥ 3.148 ॥</blockquote>

* Some brahmanas are devoted to Atmajnana (आत्मज्ञानम् । self-realisation), some are eager in the performance of tapa (तपस् । austerities); some devoted to tapa and svadhyaya (स्वाध्यायः । rigorous study of the vedas) while some are bound to karma. In oblations to the forefathers, the one focused on atmajnana is ought to be fed. While all four of them must dine in the offerings to the gods. Therefore, one is advised to have a brahmana from a lineage of knowers of the vedas. For, he is the medium of food offered to the gods or to the forefathers (Manu 3.134, 135 and 130).<ref name=":1" />

* Some brahmanas are devoted to Atmajnana (आत्मज्ञानम् । self-realisation), some are eager in the performance of tapa (तपस् । austerities); some devoted to tapa and svadhyaya (स्वाध्यायः । rigorous study of the vedas) while some are bound to karma. In oblations to the forefathers, the one focused on atmajnana is ought to be fed. While all four of them must dine in the offerings to the deities. Therefore, one is advised to have a brahmana from a lineage of knowers of the vedas. For, he is the medium of food offered to the deities or to the forefathers (Manu 3.134, 135 and 130).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>ज्ञाननिष्ठा द्विजाः के चित्तपोनिष्ठास्तथापरे । तपःस्वाध्यायनिष्ठाश्च कर्मनिष्ठास्तथापरे ॥ ३.१३४ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ज्ञाननिष्ठेषु कव्यानि प्रतिष्ठाप्यानि यत्नतः । हव्यानि तु यथान्यायं सर्वेष्वेव चतुर्ष्वपि ॥ ३.१३५ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>दूरादेव परीक्षेत ब्राह्मणं वेदपारगम् । तीर्थं तद्धव्यकव्यानां प्रदाने सोऽतिथिः स्मृतः ॥ ३.१३० ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>jñānaniṣṭhā dvijāḥ ke cittaponiṣṭhāstathāpare । tapaḥsvādhyāyaniṣṭhāśca karmaniṣṭhāstathāpare ॥ 3.134 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>jñānaniṣṭheṣu kavyāni pratiṣṭhāpyāni yatnataḥ । havyāni tu yathānyāyaṁ sarveṣveva caturṣvapi ॥ 3.135 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>dūrādeva parīkṣeta brāhmaṇaṁ vedapāragam । tīrthaṁ taddhavyakavyānāṁ pradāne so'tithiḥ smr̥taḥ ॥ 3.130 ॥</blockquote>

<blockquote>ज्ञाननिष्ठा द्विजाः के चित्तपोनिष्ठास्तथापरे । तपःस्वाध्यायनिष्ठाश्च कर्मनिष्ठास्तथापरे ॥ ३.१३४ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ज्ञाननिष्ठेषु कव्यानि प्रतिष्ठाप्यानि यत्नतः । हव्यानि तु यथान्यायं सर्वेष्वेव चतुर्ष्वपि ॥ ३.१३५ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>दूरादेव परीक्षेत ब्राह्मणं वेदपारगम् । तीर्थं तद्धव्यकव्यानां प्रदाने सोऽतिथिः स्मृतः ॥ ३.१३० ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>jñānaniṣṭhā dvijāḥ ke cittaponiṣṭhāstathāpare । tapaḥsvādhyāyaniṣṭhāśca karmaniṣṭhāstathāpare ॥ 3.134 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>jñānaniṣṭheṣu kavyāni pratiṣṭhāpyāni yatnataḥ । havyāni tu yathānyāyaṁ sarveṣveva caturṣvapi ॥ 3.135 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>dūrādeva parīkṣeta brāhmaṇaṁ vedapāragam । tīrthaṁ taddhavyakavyānāṁ pradāne so'tithiḥ smr̥taḥ ॥ 3.130 ॥</blockquote>

* It is said that, for a rite sacred to the gods, one need not make detailed inquiries regarding an invited brahmana; however, in a ceremony in honour of the forefathers, one must carefully examine the invited guest. Incase, the father is ignorant of the sacred texts but son has learnt vedas and similarly, when a son is ignorant of the vedas but the father is well versed in the same, know that, he whose father knows the veda, is venerable while the other is worthy of honour too (Manu 3.149, 136 and 137).<ref name=":1" />

* It is said that, for a rite sacred to the deities, one need not make detailed inquiries regarding an invited brahmana; however, in a ceremony in honour of the forefathers, one must carefully examine the invited guest. Incase, the father is ignorant of the sacred texts but son has learnt vedas and similarly, when a son is ignorant of the vedas but the father is well versed in the same, know that, he whose father knows the veda, is venerable while the other is worthy of honour too (Manu 3.149, 136 and 137).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>न ब्राह्मणं परीक्षेत दैवे कर्मणि धर्मवित् । पित्र्ये कर्मणि तु प्राप्ते परीक्षेत प्रयत्नतः ॥ ३.१४९ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>अश्रोत्रियः पिता यस्य पुत्रः स्याद्वेदपारगः । अश्रोत्रियो वा पुत्रः स्यात्पिता स्याद्वेदपारगः ॥ ३.१३६ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>ज्यायांसमनयोर्विद्याद्यस्य स्याच्छ्रोत्रियः पिता । मन्त्रसंपूजनार्थं तु सत्कारम् इतरोऽर्हति ॥ ३.१३७ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>na brāhmaṇaṁ parīkṣeta daive karmaṇi dharmavit । pitrye karmaṇi tu prāpte parīkṣeta prayatnataḥ ॥ 3.149 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>aśrotriyaḥ pitā yasya putraḥ syādvedapāragaḥ । aśrotriyo vā putraḥ syātpitā syādvedapāragaḥ ॥ 3.136 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>jyāyāṁsamanayorvidyādyasya syācchrotriyaḥ pitā । mantrasaṁpūjanārthaṁ tu satkāram itaro'rhati ॥ 3.137 ॥</blockquote>

<blockquote>न ब्राह्मणं परीक्षेत दैवे कर्मणि धर्मवित् । पित्र्ये कर्मणि तु प्राप्ते परीक्षेत प्रयत्नतः ॥ ३.१४९ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>अश्रोत्रियः पिता यस्य पुत्रः स्याद्वेदपारगः । अश्रोत्रियो वा पुत्रः स्यात्पिता स्याद्वेदपारगः ॥ ३.१३६ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>ज्यायांसमनयोर्विद्याद्यस्य स्याच्छ्रोत्रियः पिता । मन्त्रसंपूजनार्थं तु सत्कारम् इतरोऽर्हति ॥ ३.१३७ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>na brāhmaṇaṁ parīkṣeta daive karmaṇi dharmavit । pitrye karmaṇi tu prāpte parīkṣeta prayatnataḥ ॥ 3.149 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>aśrotriyaḥ pitā yasya putraḥ syādvedapāragaḥ । aśrotriyo vā putraḥ syātpitā syādvedapāragaḥ ॥ 3.136 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>jyāyāṁsamanayorvidyādyasya syācchrotriyaḥ pitā । mantrasaṁpūjanārthaṁ tu satkāram itaro'rhati ॥ 3.137 ॥</blockquote>

* One should not feed a friend at a funeral sacrifice; one should feed a brahmana who is neither a foe nor a friend. For, the fruits of feeding only friends in funeral sacrifices and [[Yagya (यज्ञ)|Yajnas]] (यज्ञ-s), is not rewarded in the other world. In fact, the ignorant one who builds friendships through a funeral sacrifice, doesn't obtain heaven. And the shraddha food offered to friends is called as 'Paishachi Dakshina' (पैशाची-दक्षिणा) which like a alone blind cow staying in the same stable, remains in this world (Manu Smrt. 3.138, 139, 140 and 141).<ref name=":1" />  

* One should not feed a friend at a funeral sacrifice; one should feed a brahmana who is neither a foe nor a friend. For, the fruits of feeding only friends in funeral sacrifices and [[Yagya (यज्ञ)|Yajnas]] (यज्ञ-s), is not rewarded in the other world. In fact, the ignorant one who builds friendships through a funeral sacrifice, doesn't obtain heaven. And the shraddha food offered to friends is called as 'Paishachi Dakshina' (पैशाची-दक्षिणा) which like a alone blind cow staying in the same stable, remains in this world (Manu Smrt. 3.138, 139, 140 and 141).<ref name=":1" />  

}}

}}

   

   

According to Manusmrti, a knowledgeable brahmana should shun at sacrifices to the gods and to the forefathers the above mentioned lowly brahmanas of spoilt conduct and those who are unworthy of sitting in the company of shraddha bhojana. Because, a brahmana who has not read the vedas is as lifeless as an extinguished fire of dry grass; And a sacrifice is never made in ashes (Manu Smrt. 3.167 and 168).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>एतान्विगर्हिताचारानपाङ्क्तेयान्द्विजाधमान् । द्विजातिप्रवरो विद्वानुभयत्र विवर्जयेत् || ३.१६७ ||</blockquote><blockquote>ब्राह्मणो त्वनधीयानस्तृणाग्निरिव शाम्यति । तस्मै हव्यं न दातव्यं न हि भस्मनि हूयते || ३.१६८ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>etānvigarhitācārānapāṅkteyāndvijādhamān । dvijātipravaro vidvānubhayatra vivarjayet || 3.167 ||</blockquote><blockquote>brāhmaṇo tvanadhīyānastr̥ṇāgniriva śāmyati । tasmai havyaṁ na dātavyaṁ na hi bhasmani hūyate || 3.168 ||</blockquote>

According to Manusmrti, a knowledgeable brahmana should shun at sacrifices to the deities and to the forefathers the above mentioned lowly brahmanas of spoilt conduct and those who are unworthy of sitting in the company of shraddha bhojana. Because, a brahmana who has not read the vedas is as lifeless as an extinguished fire of dry grass; And a sacrifice is never made in ashes (Manu Smrt. 3.167 and 168).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>एतान्विगर्हिताचारानपाङ्क्तेयान्द्विजाधमान् । द्विजातिप्रवरो विद्वानुभयत्र विवर्जयेत् || ३.१६७ ||</blockquote><blockquote>ब्राह्मणो त्वनधीयानस्तृणाग्निरिव शाम्यति । तस्मै हव्यं न दातव्यं न हि भस्मनि हूयते || ३.१६८ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>etānvigarhitācārānapāṅkteyāndvijādhamān । dvijātipravaro vidvānubhayatra vivarjayet || 3.167 ||</blockquote><blockquote>brāhmaṇo tvanadhīyānastr̥ṇāgniriva śāmyati । tasmai havyaṁ na dātavyaṁ na hi bhasmani hūyate || 3.168 ||</blockquote>

==== अनधिकारीभोजनफलम् ॥ Results of giving food to the unworthy ====

==== अनधिकारीभोजनफलम् ॥ Results of giving food to the unworthy ====

* The one who performs rite for the dead, called Pitru karma (the sacrifice sacred to the forefathers) on the new-moon day, always obtains fruits of this world (Manu Smrt 3.127).<ref name=":1" />

* The one who performs rite for the dead, called Pitru karma (the sacrifice sacred to the forefathers) on the new-moon day, always obtains fruits of this world (Manu Smrt 3.127).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>प्रथिता प्रेतकृत्यैषा पित्र्यं नाम विधुक्षये । तस्मिन्युक्तस्यैति नित्यं प्रेतकृत्यैव लौकिकी ॥ ३.१२७ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>prathitā pretakr̥tyaiṣā pitryaṁ nāma vidhukṣaye । tasminyuktasyaiti nityaṁ pretakr̥tyaiva laukikī ॥ 3.127 ॥</blockquote>

<blockquote>प्रथिता प्रेतकृत्यैषा पित्र्यं नाम विधुक्षये । तस्मिन्युक्तस्यैति नित्यं प्रेतकृत्यैव लौकिकी ॥ ३.१२७ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>prathitā pretakr̥tyaiṣā pitryaṁ nāma vidhukṣaye । tasminyuktasyaiti nityaṁ pretakr̥tyaiva laukikī ॥ 3.127 ॥</blockquote>

* Food and other things in the rites to gods and the forefathers must be presented to brahmanas who are vedapathis (recitators of Veda) and virtuous alone; for, such is the gift that yields the greatest reward. Hence, it is said, feeding even one learned brahmana at the sacrifice to the gods and forefathers yields great reward which cannot be obtained even by feeding many ignorant ones. Just as a one reaps no harvest by sowing the seed in barren soil, similarly, the giver of sacrificial food gains no reward if he presented it to an ignorant unacquainted with the Vedas. However, a present made in accordance with the rules to a learned man, makes the giver and the recipient partakers of rewards in both this world and the other. (Manu Smrt 3.128, 129, 142 and 143).<ref name=":1" />

* Food and other things in the rites to deities and the forefathers must be presented to brahmanas who are vedapathis (recitators of Veda) and virtuous alone; for, such is the gift that yields the greatest reward. Hence, it is said, feeding even one learned brahmana at the sacrifice to the deities and forefathers yields great reward which cannot be obtained even by feeding many ignorant ones. Just as a one reaps no harvest by sowing the seed in barren soil, similarly, the giver of sacrificial food gains no reward if he presented it to an ignorant unacquainted with the Vedas. However, a present made in accordance with the rules to a learned man, makes the giver and the recipient partakers of rewards in both this world and the other. (Manu Smrt 3.128, 129, 142 and 143).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>श्रोत्रियायैव देयानि हव्यकव्यानि दातृभिः । अर्हत्तमाय विप्राय तस्मै दत्तं महाफलम् ॥ ३.१२८ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>एकैकमपि विद्वांसं दैवे पित्र्ये च भोजयेत् । पुष्कलं फलमप्नोति नामन्त्रज्ञान्बहूनपि ॥ ३.१२९ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>यथेरिणे बीजमुप्त्वा न वप्ता लभते फलम् । तथानृचे हविर्दत्त्वा न दाता लभते फलम् ॥ ३.१४२ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>दातॄन्प्रतिग्रहीतॄंश्च कुरुते फलभागिनः । विदुषे दक्षिणां दत्त्वा विधिवत्प्रेत्य चेह च ॥ ३.१४३ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>śrotriyāyaiva deyāni havyakavyāni dātr̥bhiḥ । arhattamāya viprāya tasmai dattaṁ mahāphalam ॥ 3.128 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ekaikamapi vidvāṁsaṁ daive pitrye ca bhojayet । puṣkalaṁ phalamapnoti nāmantrajñānbahūnapi ॥ 3.129 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yatheriṇe bījamuptvā na vaptā labhate phalam । tathānr̥ce havirdattvā na dātā labhate phalam ॥ 3.142 ॥व्</blockquote><blockquote>dātr̥̄npratigrahītr̥̄ṁśca kurute phalabhāginaḥ । viduṣe dakṣiṇāṁ dattvā vidhivatpretya ceha ca ॥ 3.143 ॥</blockquote>

<blockquote>श्रोत्रियायैव देयानि हव्यकव्यानि दातृभिः । अर्हत्तमाय विप्राय तस्मै दत्तं महाफलम् ॥ ३.१२८ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>एकैकमपि विद्वांसं दैवे पित्र्ये च भोजयेत् । पुष्कलं फलमप्नोति नामन्त्रज्ञान्बहूनपि ॥ ३.१२९ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>यथेरिणे बीजमुप्त्वा न वप्ता लभते फलम् । तथानृचे हविर्दत्त्वा न दाता लभते फलम् ॥ ३.१४२ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>दातॄन्प्रतिग्रहीतॄंश्च कुरुते फलभागिनः । विदुषे दक्षिणां दत्त्वा विधिवत्प्रेत्य चेह च ॥ ३.१४३ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>śrotriyāyaiva deyāni havyakavyāni dātr̥bhiḥ । arhattamāya viprāya tasmai dattaṁ mahāphalam ॥ 3.128 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ekaikamapi vidvāṁsaṁ daive pitrye ca bhojayet । puṣkalaṁ phalamapnoti nāmantrajñānbahūnapi ॥ 3.129 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yatheriṇe bījamuptvā na vaptā labhate phalam । tathānr̥ce havirdattvā na dātā labhate phalam ॥ 3.142 ॥व्</blockquote><blockquote>dātr̥̄npratigrahītr̥̄ṁśca kurute phalabhāginaḥ । viduṣe dakṣiṇāṁ dattvā vidhivatpretya ceha ca ॥ 3.143 ॥</blockquote>

* However, if no learned Brahmana is available, one may rather honour a friend than a learned enemy, for that bears no reward. (Manu Smrt. 3.144).<ref name=":1" />

* However, if no learned Brahmana is available, one may rather honour a friend than a learned enemy, for that bears no reward. (Manu Smrt. 3.144).<ref name=":1" />