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Matter of different materials have different attributes. For example, identical sizes of iron and cotton would have different weights. Apples can have differences in their colours and yet be called apples. It is the assembly of attributes that defines matter. Maharshi Kanada describes seventeen attributes, or gunas, of matter, and each of the bhutas, or elements, has special characteristics:

Matter of different materials have different attributes. For example, identical sizes of iron and cotton would have different weights. Apples can have differences in their colours and yet be called apples. It is the assembly of attributes that defines matter. Maharshi Kanada describes seventeen attributes, or gunas, of matter, and each of the bhutas, or elements, has special characteristics:

* रूपरसगन्धस्पर्शवती पृथिवी । वैशेषिक-२,१.१ ।<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Vaiseshika Sutras]</ref> Prithvi (Earth) has the attributes of color, taste, touch and smell

* रूपरसगन्धस्पर्शवती पृथिवी । वैशेषिक-२,१.१ ।<ref name=":8">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Vaiseshika Sutras]</ref> Prithvi (Earth) has the attributes of color, taste, touch and smell

* रूपरसस्पर्शवत्य आपो द्रवाः स्निग्धाः । वैशेषिक-२,१.२ । Ap (Water) has the attributes of color, taste, touch, fluidity and viscidity

* रूपरसस्पर्शवत्य आपो द्रवाः स्निग्धाः । वैशेषिक-२,१.२ । Ap (Water) has the attributes of color, taste, touch, fluidity and viscidity

* तेजो रूपस्पर्शवत् । वैशेषिक-२,१.३ । Tejas or Agni (Fire) has color and touch

* तेजो रूपस्पर्शवत् । वैशेषिक-२,१.३ । Tejas or Agni (Fire) has color and touch

* त आकाशे न विद्यन्ते । वैशेषिक-२,१.५ । Akasa (space or ether) has no attribute of touch

* त आकाशे न विद्यन्ते । वैशेषिक-२,१.५ । Akasa (space or ether) has no attribute of touch

*  

*  

=== Air vs Space ===

=== Air vs Space ===

   

   

  Dharma is science and nothing but science an most certainly not religion in the Vedic context.<ref>Verma, K. D. (2012). ''Vedic Physics: Towards Unification of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity''. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.,. (27-31)

  Dharma is science and nothing but science an most certainly not religion in the Vedic context.<ref>Verma, K. D. (2012). ''Vedic Physics: Towards Unification of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity''. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.,. (27-31)

  <nowiki>https://archive.org/details/vedic-physics-keshav-dev-verma</nowiki></ref>

    <nowiki>https://archive.org/details/vedic-physics-keshav-dev-verma</nowiki></ref>

Dharma is neither any worship or a ritual; science is the knowledge of order and '''dharma is the order''' itself.<ref name=":2" />  

Dharma is neither any worship or a ritual; science is the knowledge of order and '''dharma is the order''' itself.<ref name=":2" />  

=== Panchamahabhutas ===

=== Panchamahabhutas ===

The Indian doctrine of five elements, or [[Panchamahabhutas (पञ्चमहाभूतानि)|Panchamahabhutas]], it must be emphasized, is a part of the philosophical ideas. In other words, it does not have an independent standing apart from its being an integrated component of the leading systems of Indian thought.<ref name=":1" /> It accounts for the apparently unordered, diverse world of matter and qualities. Also known as Panchabhutas (Mahabhutani), the five elements are Prithvi, Apas, Tejas, Vayu, and Akasha, which are loosely translated respectively as earth, water, fire, air and a non-material ubiquitous substance. Since they are interrelated, they have to be viewed in totality.  

The Indian doctrine of five elements, or [[Panchamahabhutas (पञ्चमहाभूतानि)|Panchamahabhutas]], it must be emphasized, is a part of the philosophical ideas. In other words, it does not have an independent standing apart from its being an integrated component of the leading systems of Indian thought.<ref name=":1" /> It accounts for the apparently unordered, diverse world of matter and qualities. Also known as Panchabhutas (Mahabhutani), the five elements are Prithvi, Apas, Tejas, Vayu, and Akasha, are loosely translated respectively as earth, water, fire, air and a non-material ubiquitous substance. Since they are interrelated, they have to be viewed in totality.  

== Concept of Motion ==

== Concept of Motion ==

=== Motion ===

=== Cosmic Motion ===

In the discussion about Rta, it is mentioned that Rta pertains to cosmic motion. Prakriti in motion is named '''rta''' and its transformed or condensed state is called '''satya''' in Vedic texts. Rta is derived from the root r meaning ''gati'' or motion.<ref name=":4">Chatterjee, S. D. (1986). Physics and Mechanics in Ancient and Medieval India. In P. Ray & S. N. Sen (Eds.), ''The Cultural Heritage of India'' (Vol. 6, pp. 101–114). The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture.</ref>

In the discussion about Rta, it is mentioned that Rta pertains to cosmic motion. Prakriti in motion is named '''rta''' and its transformed or condensed state is called '''satya''' in Vedic texts. Rta is derived from the root r meaning ''gati'' or motion.<ref name=":4">Chatterjee, S. D. (1986). Physics and Mechanics in Ancient and Medieval India. In P. Ray & S. N. Sen (Eds.), ''The Cultural Heritage of India'' (Vol. 6, pp. 101–114). The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture.</ref> The concept of motion is fundamental as seen in the movement of sound waves, the speed of light rays travelling in space, the falling bodies due to gravitation,

 

Prashastapada's definition of motion involves discussion of its characteristic properties.

=== Atoms are in a state of Motion ===

=== Atoms are in a state of Motion ===

* to provide an inherent or material cause

* to provide an inherent or material cause

=== Geocentrism and Rotation of Earth ===

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

=== Geocentrism and Rotatory Motion of Earth ===

The Indian traditional astronomy is essentially geo-centric and geo-static inasmuch as the Earth is considered to be a stationary sphere at the centre of the solar system. The Sun, the Moon and the planets have a motion of their own from west to east while the asterisms or the stellar sphere is considered to have their motion from east to west, as a result of which the former are supposed to fall behind the latter. This geocentric and geo-stationary view was for the first time modified by Aryabhata I who, while maintaining the geo-centric idea, conceived of a direct rotation of the Earth about its axis, and even gave a precise rate of rotation stating that the Earth rotates through an angle of one second in one prana of time.<ref>Subbarayappa, B. V., & Sarma, K. V. (1985). ''Indian Astronomy: A Source-book: Based primarily on Sanskrit texts''. Nehru Centre. <nowiki>http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA10111373</nowiki></ref>   

The Indian traditional astronomy is essentially geo-centric and geo-static inasmuch as the Earth is considered to be a stationary sphere at the centre of the solar system. The Sun, the Moon and the planets have a motion of their own from west to east while the asterisms or the stellar sphere is considered to have their motion from east to west, as a result of which the former are supposed to fall behind the latter. This geocentric and geo-stationary view was for the first time modified by Aryabhata I who, while maintaining the geo-centric idea, conceived of a direct rotation of the Earth about its axis, and even gave a precise rate of rotation stating that the Earth rotates through an angle of one second in one prana of time.<ref>Subbarayappa, B. V., & Sarma, K. V. (1985). ''Indian Astronomy: A Source-book: Based primarily on Sanskrit texts''. Nehru Centre. <nowiki>http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA10111373</nowiki></ref>   

'''Forms of Energy''': Yajurveda talks about the "three bodies" or forms of Agni.

'''Forms of Energy''': Yajurveda talks about the "three bodies" or forms of Agni.

# या ते अग्नेऽयःशया तनूः - Ayas (अयस्) here means dhatu or metal; Agni or Energy within the metals. The core of the earth is described as ball of metallic fire. (Terrestrial Metallic Form of Energy)

# या ते अग्नेऽयःशया तनूः - Ayas (अयस्) here means dhatu or metal; Agni or Energy within the metals. The core of the earth is described as ball of metallic fire. ('''Terrestrial Metallic Form of Energy''')

# या ते अग्ने रजःशया तनूः - Rajas (रजस्) denotes molecules in space and the energy form is indicated by Vidyut or Electricity, thunderstorms, and hurricanes. (Atmospheric Form of Energy)

# या ते अग्ने रजःशया तनूः - Rajas (रजस्) denotes molecules in space and the energy form is indicated by Vidyut or Electricity, thunderstorms, and hurricanes. ('''Atmospheric Form of Energy''')

# या ते अग्ने हरिशया तनूः - The term Hari (हरि) represents Sun and sunrays. The heat energy residing in Sun and the warmth and heat of sun all represent the heat form of energy. (Solar Energy Form)

# या ते अग्ने हरिशया तनूः - The term Hari (हरि) represents Sun and sunrays. The heat energy residing in Sun and the warmth and heat of sun all represent the heat form of energy. ('''Solar Form of Energy''')

== Electricity ==

== Interesting Vedic knowledge of Surya ==

Different kinds of electricity

'''Solar Energy''': Vedic knowledge of the [[Surya (सूर्यः)|Surya]] and its energy is extensive according to Dwivedi.<ref name=":6" /> He provides the textual references to the following aspects

 

 

 

# "अपां रसस्य यो रस:" meaning that which is the essence of the essence of Ap which in modern terms indicates Helium.

 

• TAḌITA (तडित ) Generated by rubbing silk cloths

- Sun-rays: The seven horses of Surya represent the seven rays of the sun. <blockquote>अव दिवस्तारयन्ति सप्त सूर्यस्य रश्मयः । आपः समुद्रिया धारास्तास्ते शल्यमसिस्रसन् ॥१॥<ref>Atharva Veda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AD/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8 Kanda 7 Sukta 112])</ref></blockquote>Many such concepts require further studies and exploration in terms of modern sciences.

• VIDYUT (विद्युत विद्युत विद्युत विद्युतविद्युत Generated from thunder

• Tadita (तडित) Generated by rubbing silk cloths

• ŚATAKUMBHĪ (शतकुंभी शतकुंभी शतकुंभी शतकुंभीशतकुंभी शतकुंभी शतकुंभी ) Generated by hundred cells of pillars (Kumbha’s)

• Saudamini (सौदामिनी ) Generated by rubbing two gems

• HṚDANI (हृदनी ) Stored electricity with portable properties

• Vidyut (विद्युत) Generated from thunder

• AŚANI (अशनी – Generated from magnetic rods (P. P. Hole –Machines in Samskrit Literature)

• Shatakumbhi (शतकुंभी) Generated by hundred cells of pillars (Kumbha’s)

• Hrdani (हृदनी) Stored electricity with portable properties

It is mentioned by some scholars that Agasthya described how to make an electric battery and separate water into oxygen and hydrogen.<ref name=":5" /><ref>Ali, T., Afrin, D., & Gain, J. (2024). The Contribution of Ancient India to the Advancement of Modern physics: A Comprehensive study. ''International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research and Innovation'', 245–252. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.17613/75bc-9552</nowiki></ref>

A clay pot was covered with a clean copper plate, copper sulfate, and moist sawdust. The cathode, Mitra, and the anode, Varuna, were zinc amalgam sheets placed on top of these layers. To boost electricity, 100 Shata Kumbha jars were linked. As the reaction occurred, water split into Oxygen (pranavayu) and Hydrogen (udanavayu). In an airtight cloth, hydrogen gas was collected for aerodynamic use.

It is mentioned by some scholars that Agasthya described how to make an electric battery and separate water into oxygen and hydrogen.<ref name=":5" /><ref>Ali, T., Afrin, D., & Gain, J. (2024). The Contribution of Ancient India to the Advancement of Modern physics: A Comprehensive study. ''International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research and Innovation'', 245–252. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.17613/75bc-9552</nowiki></ref><blockquote>संस्थाप्य मृण्मये पात्रे ताम्रपात्रं सुसंस्कृतम्‌। छादयेच्छिखिग्रीवेन चार्दाभि: काष्ठापांसुभि:॥ </blockquote>A clay pot was covered with a clean copper plate, copper sulfate, and moist sawdust. The cathode, Mitra, and the anode, Varuna, were zinc amalgam sheets placed on top of these layers. To boost electricity, 100 Shata Kumbha jars were linked. As the reaction occurred, water split into Oxygen (pranavayu) and Hydrogen (udanavayu). In an airtight cloth, hydrogen gas was collected for aerodynamic use.

However, the shloka has been unverified at the time of compilation of this article. In the reference<ref>Jha, B. (Ed.). (2009). ''Agastya Samhita''. Mahavir Mandir Prakashan. (p. 30-32)  

However, the shloka has been unverified at the time of compilation of this article. In the reference<ref>Jha, B. (Ed.). (2009). ''Agastya Samhita''. Mahavir Mandir Prakashan. (p. 30-32)  

<nowiki>https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/agastya-samhita-sage-agastya-bhavanath-jha/Agastya%20Samhita%20-%20Sage%20Agastya%20%2C%20Bhavanath%20Jha.pdf</nowiki></ref> of Agastya samhita, edited by Pt. Bhavanath Jha, Acharya Kishore Kunal in his preface discussed the topic of Agasthya samhita's association with the usage and preparation of dry battery cell. He brings into context several aspects of scholarly discussions about Varuna, Pranavayu and Udanavayu may bring to light the later day interpolations and wrong attributions to Agastya Samhita. Such information he said was posted by Chinmay Yuva Kendra in 2006, under the heading "Ancient Indian Approach to Science" as a part of Chronicles of Hinduism series.

<nowiki>https://dn790000.ca.archive.org/0/items/agastya-samhita-sage-agastya-bhavanath-jha/Agastya%20Samhita%20-%20Sage%20Agastya%20%2C%20Bhavanath%20Jha.pdf</nowiki></ref> of the text '''Agastya samhita, edited by Pt. Bhavanath Jha''', Acharya Kishore Kunal in his preface discussed the topic of Agasthya samhita's association with the usage and preparation of dry battery cell. He brings into context several aspects of scholarly discussions about Varuna, Pranavayu and Udanavayu that throw light on the later day interpolations and wrong attributions of electric batteries to Agastya Samhita. It was shown how Agasthya samhita deals with yoga and higher philosophical contexts and does not contain aspects of Physics. This information he mentions was posted by Chinmay Yuva Kendra in 2006 in a website, under the heading "Ancient Indian Approach to Science" as a part of Chronicles of Hinduism series.  

== References ==

== References ==

[[Category:Physics]]

[[Category:Physics]]