Karaka (कारकम्)

What is a Language ?

• What is the purpose of a language ?
• What is the fundamental unit of a language?
• What does a sentence in any language convey?
• Some sample sentences
  • The boy is eating a banana.
  • Ram went to school.
  • Gowri is writing a letter with a pencil.
  • Children are playing.

Sentence

• We observe that any sentence conveys some Action/’Activity.
• In Sanskrit it is called क्रिया
• Does the sentence convey only क्रिया ? What else ?
• We observe that entities associated with क्रिया are also conveyed.
• Does the sentence just list all the entities associated in the क्रिया ? What else ?
• The role of each entity in the क्रिया is also conveyed.

कारकम् ॥

• An entity that is participating in the क्रिया is called कारक
• For example in the sentence - The boy is eating a banana.

Can we list the entities that are associated in this क्रिया

Eg : Boy , Banana

• Similarly list down all the things/entities that are associated in the क्रिया , for each sentence we have written earlier.
• Each entity in the list is called a कारक

Identify the क्रिया and कारकs

Sr.no	Sentence	क्रिया	कारकऽ
1	A Student is reading a story
2	Joshi is singing a song
3	Vinay saw a movie in a theatre
4	Latha is talking to her son on mobile

कारकप्रभेदाः ॥

कर्तृकारक

• Depending on its role in क्रिया, कारक is classified into different types
• What is the most essential entity required for क्रिया to happen ?
• The Doer ? The one who performs/initiates the क्रिया.
• This type of कारक is called कर्तृकारक

Identify the कर्तृकारक in the sample sentences written

Identify the क्रिया and कर्तृ-कारक

Sr.no.	Sentence	क्रिया	कर्तृ-कारक
1	Vishnu went to school
2	Shiva is eating an apple
3	Kumar is sleeping on a bed
4	Prasad is cooking dal in a Vessel

The main सूत्र that defines कर्तृकारक is

स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता (१-४-५४) - The entity that initiates/performs the क्रिया is called कर्तृकारक. Generally we can observe the क्रिया happening in this कर्तृ-कारक.

कर्मकारक

• What is the intention/objective of कर्तृ in performing the क्रिया ? How long does the क्रिया happen ?

The intention/objective of the कर्तृ is to create an entity or make a change in some entity. The क्रिया will happen till the objective is met.

• The entity (कारक) that is created or undergoes a change after doer/कर्तृ performs the क्रिया acting upon it is called कर्मकारक. These are few types we can consider -

निर्वत्र्य - ewly created

विकार्य - transformed

प्राप्य -reached /understood

The main सूत्र that defines कर्मकारक is -

कर्तुरीप्सिततमं कर्म (१-४-४९) - The entity in which the कर्तृ intends to obtain his objective by performing the क्रिया is called कर्मकारक

Identify the क्रिया and कर्म-कारक

Sr.no.	Sentence	क्रिया	कर्म-कारक
1	Vishnu went to school
2	Shiva is eating an apple
3	Kumar is sleeping on a bed
4	Prasad is cooking dal in a Vessel

अधिकरणकारक

• We have seen that the क्रिया performer is कर्तृ-कारक and acted upon is कर्म-कारक, but what is the substratum for कर्तृ, कर्म ?
• The entity (कारक) that is the substratum for कर्तृ or कर्म is called अधिकरणकारक

Eg : In the kitchen, Bhima is cooking rice in a vessel.

• Here kitchen is substratum/ आश्रय for Bhima(कर्तृ) , and Vessel is substratum/ आश्रय for rice (कर्म) .

Hence both kitchen and vessel are अधिकरणकारकऽ

Time and space are अधिकरणकारकऽ for any क्रिया.

The locus of interest for our mental faculties or the subject matter of a text is also called अधिकरणकारक. This is technically called विषय.

Eg: He is interested in व्याकरण , here व्याकरण is अधिकरणकारक

He has devotion in God , here God is अधिकरणकारक

The main सूत्र that defines अधिकरणकारक is

आधारोऽधिकरणम् (१-४-४५) - The entity which is substratum (आधार) for कर्तृकारक or कर्मकारक is called अधिकरणकारक

करणकारक

• In some क्रिया, tools/instruments are used.
• The entity (कारक) that is a tool/instrument is called करणकारक
• Definition of instrument ?

There should be a transfer of action from कर्तृ to the tool, in turn that tool should generate/achieve the desired result for the कर्तृ .

Eg : Wood-cutter performs an action of chopping, he transfers his action to the axe , the axe chops the wood. The कारक axe is called is करणकारक.

The main सूत्र that defines करणकारक is

साधकतमं करणम् (१-४-४२) - The most important tool/instrument(साधक) in performing the क्रिया is ca11ed करणकारक

सम्प्रदानकारक

• In the act of giving, the receiver is सम्प्रदानकारक

Eg : Krishna gives a cow to his teacher. Here सम्प्रदानकारक is the teacher

• In the act of desiring, the entity that is desired is सम्प्रदानकारक

Eg : Radha desires jasmine flower. Jasmine flower is सम्प्रदानकारक

• In the act of getting angry, the person/entity towards whom he is angry at is सम्प्रदानकारक

Eg: Rama is angry towards Ravana. सम्प्रदानकारक is Ravana

The सूत्रऽ that define सम्प्रदानकारक are

• कर्मणा यमभिप्रैति स सम्प्रदानम् (१-४-३२) - In the act of giving, कर्तृ gives the कर्मकारक to a receiver, the receiver is called सम्प्रदानकारक
• स्पृहेरीप्सितः (१-४-३६) - n the act of desiring, कर्तृ desires to have something, this desired entity is called सम्प्रदानकारक
• क्रुधद्रुहेर्ष्यऽसूयार्थानां यं प्रति कोपः । (१-४-३७) - the act of getting angry, deceiving, having grudge, envying, कर्तृ is angry towards someone, this person/entity towards whom कर्तृ is angry called सम्प्रदानकारक

अपादानकारक

• In the act of separation, the reference entity from which the separation happens is अपादानकारक. Eg : Fruit is falling from tree. Fruit is separated from tree. अपादानकारक is the Tree

• In the act of fearing/protecting, the one Who causes fear is अपादानकारक. Eg : 1. Boy is afraid of lion. अपादानकारक is Lion. 2. People are protected from terrorist. अपादानकारक is terrorist.

• In the act of being born, the source/raw material is अपादानकारक. Eg : Plant is born out of seed. अपादानकारक is the Seed.

The सूत्रऽ that define अपादानकारक are

• ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् (१-४-२४) - In the act of separation, कर्तृ get separated from a reference entity, that reference entity is called अपादानकारक

• भीत्रार्थानां भयहेतुः (१-४-२५) - । the act of getting afraid or protection, कर्तृ is having fear from someone, that person/entity that is the cause of fear is called अपादानकारक
• जनिकर्तुः प्रकृतिः । (१-४-३०) - In the act being born, the कर्तृ is born out of some raw material/source, this raw material/source is called अपादानकारक

क्रियाप्रभेदः ॥

अकर्मक/सकर्मक-क्रिया

• For any क्रिया, will there be always a necessity to have another entity to act upon (कर्मकारक)? If possible, find क्रियाऽ that does not need कर्मकारक

• क्रिया which DOES NOT require any other entity to act upon, that is the क्रिया that DOES NOT require a कर्मकारक is called अकर्मक-क्रिया

Eg : Sleeping, Running, Laughing, Sitting etc

• क्रिया which requires an entity to act upon or transform some entity, i.e., the क्रिया that needs कर्मकारक is called सकर्मक-क्रिया

Eg : Eating, Seeing, Cooking, Hearing, Chopping etc

कारकसूत्राणि ॥

सूत्रऽ (अध्यायः - १, पादः - ४ , सूत्रं -२३-५५)

• कर्तृ-कारक - स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता (१-४-५४)
• कर्म-कारक - कर्तुरीप्सिततं कर्म (१-४-४९)
• अधिकरण-कारक - आधारोऽधिकरणम् (१-४-४५)
• करण-कारक : साधकतमं करणं (१-४-४२)
• सम्प्रदान-कारक - कर्मणा यमभिप्रैति स सम्प्रदानम् (१-४-३२) स्पृहेरीप्सितः (१-४-३६) क्रुधद्रुहेर्ष्याऽसूयार्थानां यं प्रति कोपः(१-४-३७)
• अपादान-कारक - ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् (१-४-२४) भीत्रार्थानां भयहेतुः (१-४-२५) जनिकर्तुः प्रकृतिः (१-४-३०)