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== What is a Language ? ==
* What is the purpose of a language ?
* What is the fundamental unit of a language?
* What does a sentence in any language convey?
* Some sample sentences
** The boy is eating a banana.
** Ram went to school.
** Gowri is writing a letter with a pencil.
** Children are playing.
== Sentence ==
* We observe that any sentence conveys some Action/’Activity.
* In Sanskrit it is called क्रिया
* Does the sentence convey only क्रिया ? What else ?
* We observe that entities associated with क्रिया are also conveyed.
* Does the sentence just list all the entities associated in the क्रिया ? What else ?
* The role of each entity in the क्रिया is also conveyed.
== कारकम् ॥ ==
* An entity that is participating in the क्रिया is called कारक
* For example in the sentence - The boy is eating a banana.
Can we list the entities that are associated in this क्रिया
Eg : Boy , Banana
* Similarly list down all the things/entities that are associated in the क्रिया , for each sentence we have written earlier.
* Each entity in the list is called a कारक
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Identify the क्रिया and कारकs'''
!Sr.no
!Sentence
!क्रिया
!कारकऽ
|-
|1
|A Student is reading a story
|
|
|-
|2
|Joshi is singing a song
|
|
|-
|3
|Vinay saw a movie in a theatre
|
|
|-
|4
|Latha is talking to her
son on mobile
|
|
|}
== कारकप्रभेदाः ॥ ==
=== '''कर्तृकारक''' ===
* Depending on its role in क्रिया, कारक is classified into different types
* What is the most essential entity required for क्रिया to happen ?
* The Doer ? The one who performs/initiates the क्रिया.
* This type of कारक is called कर्तृकारक
Identify the कर्तृकारक in the sample sentences written
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Identify the क्रिया and कर्तृ-कारक'''
!Sr.no.
!Sentence
!क्रिया
!कर्तृ-कारक
|-
|1
|Vishnu went to school
|
|
|-
|2
|Shiva is eating an apple
|
|
|-
|3
|Kumar is sleeping on a bed
|
|
|-
|4
|Prasad is cooking dal in
a Vessel
|
|
|}
The main सूत्र that defines कर्तृकारक is
स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता (१-४-५४) - The entity that initiates/performs the क्रिया is called कर्तृकारक. Generally we can observe the क्रिया happening in this कर्तृ-कारक.
=== '''कर्मकारक''' ===
* What is the intention/objective of कर्तृ in performing the क्रिया ? How long does the क्रिया happen ?
The intention/objective of the कर्तृ is to create an entity or make a change in some entity. The क्रिया will happen till the objective is met.
* The entity (कारक) that is created or undergoes a change after doer/कर्तृ performs the क्रिया acting upon it is called कर्मकारक. These are few types we can consider -
निर्वत्र्य - ewly created
विकार्य - transformed
प्राप्य -reached /understood
The main सूत्र that defines कर्मकारक is -
कर्तुरीप्सिततमं कर्म (१-४-४९) - The entity in which the कर्तृ intends to obtain his objective by performing the क्रिया is called कर्मकारक
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Identify the क्रिया and कर्म-कारक'''
!Sr.no.
!Sentence
!क्रिया
!कर्म-कारक
|-
|1
|Vishnu went to school
|
|
|-
|2
|Shiva is eating an apple
|
|
|-
|3
|Kumar is sleeping on a bed
|
|
|-
|4
|Prasad is cooking dal in
a Vessel
|
|
|}
=== '''अधिकरणकारक''' ===
* We have seen that the क्रिया performer is कर्तृ-कारक and acted upon is कर्म-कारक, but what is the substratum for कर्तृ, कर्म ?
* The entity (कारक) that is the substratum for कर्तृ or कर्म is called अधिकरणकारक
Eg : In the kitchen, Bhima is cooking rice in a vessel.
* Here kitchen is substratum/ आश्रय for Bhima(कर्तृ) , and Vessel is substratum/ आश्रय for rice (कर्म) .
Hence both kitchen and vessel are अधिकरणकारकऽ
Time and space are अधिकरणकारकऽ for any क्रिया.
The locus of interest for our mental faculties or the subject matter of a text is also called अधिकरणकारक. This is technically called विषय.
Eg: He is interested in व्याकरण , here व्याकरण is अधिकरणकारक
He has devotion in God , here God is अधिकरणकारक
The main सूत्र that defines अधिकरणकारक is
आधारोऽधिकरणम् (१-४-४५) - The entity which is substratum (आधार) for कर्तृकारक or कर्मकारक is called अधिकरणकारक
=== '''करणकारक''' ===
* In some क्रिया, tools/instruments are used.
* The entity (कारक) that is a tool/instrument is called करणकारक
* Definition of instrument ?
There should be a transfer of action from कर्तृ to the tool, in turn that tool should generate/achieve the desired result for the कर्तृ .
Eg : Wood-cutter performs an action of chopping, he transfers his action to the axe , the axe chops the wood. The कारक axe is called is करणकारक.
The main सूत्र that defines करणकारक is
साधकतमं करणम् (१-४-४२) - The most important tool/instrument(साधक) in performing the क्रिया is ca11ed करणकारक
=== '''सम्प्रदानकारक''' ===
* In the act of giving, the receiver is सम्प्रदानकारक
Eg : Krishna gives a cow to his teacher. Here सम्प्रदानकारक is the teacher
* In the act of desiring, the entity that is desired is सम्प्रदानकारक
Eg : Radha desires jasmine flower. Jasmine flower is सम्प्रदानकारक
* In the act of getting angry, the person/entity towards whom he is angry at is सम्प्रदानकारक
Eg: Rama is angry towards Ravana. सम्प्रदानकारक is Ravana
The सूत्रऽ that define सम्प्रदानकारक are
* कर्मणा यमभिप्रैति स सम्प्रदानम् (१-४-३२) - In the act of giving, कर्तृ gives the कर्मकारक to a receiver, the receiver is called सम्प्रदानकारक
* स्पृहेरीप्सितः (१-४-३६) - n the act of desiring, कर्तृ desires to have something, this desired entity is called सम्प्रदानकारक
* क्रुधद्रुहेर्ष्यऽसूयार्थानां यं प्रति कोपः । (१-४-३७) - the act of getting angry, deceiving, having grudge, envying, कर्तृ is angry towards someone, this person/entity towards whom कर्तृ is angry called सम्प्रदानकारक
=== '''अपादानकारक''' ===
* In the act of separation, the reference entity from which the separation happens is अपादानकारक. Eg : Fruit is falling from tree. Fruit is separated from tree. अपादानकारक is the Tree
* In the act of fearing/protecting, the one Who causes fear is अपादानकारक. Eg : 1. Boy is afraid of lion. अपादानकारक is Lion. 2. People are protected from terrorist. अपादानकारक is terrorist.
* In the act of being born, the source/raw material is अपादानकारक. Eg : Plant is born out of seed. अपादानकारक is the Seed.
The सूत्रऽ that define अपादानकारक are
* ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् (१-४-२४) - In the act of separation, कर्तृ get separated from a reference entity, that reference entity is called अपादानकारक
* भीत्रार्थानां भयहेतुः (१-४-२५) - । the act of getting afraid or protection, कर्तृ is having fear from someone, that person/entity that is the cause of fear is called अपादानकारक
* जनिकर्तुः प्रकृतिः । (१-४-३०) - In the act being born, the कर्तृ is born out of some raw material/source, this raw material/source is called अपादानकारक
== क्रियाप्रभेदः ॥ ==
=== '''अकर्मक/सकर्मक-क्रिया''' ===
* For any क्रिया, will there be always a necessity to have another entity to act upon (कर्मकारक)? If possible, find क्रियाऽ that does not need कर्मकारक
* क्रिया which DOES NOT require any other entity to act upon, that is the क्रिया that DOES NOT require a कर्मकारक is called अकर्मक-क्रिया
Eg : Sleeping, Running, Laughing, Sitting etc
* क्रिया which requires an entity to act upon or transform some entity, i.e., the क्रिया that needs कर्मकारक is called सकर्मक-क्रिया
Eg : Eating, Seeing, Cooking, Hearing, Chopping etc
== कारकसूत्राणि ॥ ==
सूत्रऽ (अध्यायः - १, पादः - ४ , सूत्रं -२३-५५)
* कर्तृ-कारक - स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता (१-४-५४)
* कर्म-कारक - कर्तुरीप्सिततं कर्म (१-४-४९)
* अधिकरण-कारक - आधारोऽधिकरणम् (१-४-४५)
* करण-कारक : साधकतमं करणं (१-४-४२)
* सम्प्रदान-कारक - कर्मणा यमभिप्रैति स सम्प्रदानम् (१-४-३२) स्पृहेरीप्सितः (१-४-३६) क्रुधद्रुहेर्ष्याऽसूयार्थानां यं प्रति कोपः(१-४-३७)
* अपादान-कारक - ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् (१-४-२४) भीत्रार्थानां भयहेतुः (१-४-२५) जनिकर्तुः प्रकृतिः (१-४-३०)
* What is the purpose of a language ?
* What is the fundamental unit of a language?
* What does a sentence in any language convey?
* Some sample sentences
** The boy is eating a banana.
** Ram went to school.
** Gowri is writing a letter with a pencil.
** Children are playing.
== Sentence ==
* We observe that any sentence conveys some Action/’Activity.
* In Sanskrit it is called क्रिया
* Does the sentence convey only क्रिया ? What else ?
* We observe that entities associated with क्रिया are also conveyed.
* Does the sentence just list all the entities associated in the क्रिया ? What else ?
* The role of each entity in the क्रिया is also conveyed.
== कारकम् ॥ ==
* An entity that is participating in the क्रिया is called कारक
* For example in the sentence - The boy is eating a banana.
Can we list the entities that are associated in this क्रिया
Eg : Boy , Banana
* Similarly list down all the things/entities that are associated in the क्रिया , for each sentence we have written earlier.
* Each entity in the list is called a कारक
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Identify the क्रिया and कारकs'''
!Sr.no
!Sentence
!क्रिया
!कारकऽ
|-
|1
|A Student is reading a story
|
|
|-
|2
|Joshi is singing a song
|
|
|-
|3
|Vinay saw a movie in a theatre
|
|
|-
|4
|Latha is talking to her
son on mobile
|
|
|}
== कारकप्रभेदाः ॥ ==
=== '''कर्तृकारक''' ===
* Depending on its role in क्रिया, कारक is classified into different types
* What is the most essential entity required for क्रिया to happen ?
* The Doer ? The one who performs/initiates the क्रिया.
* This type of कारक is called कर्तृकारक
Identify the कर्तृकारक in the sample sentences written
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Identify the क्रिया and कर्तृ-कारक'''
!Sr.no.
!Sentence
!क्रिया
!कर्तृ-कारक
|-
|1
|Vishnu went to school
|
|
|-
|2
|Shiva is eating an apple
|
|
|-
|3
|Kumar is sleeping on a bed
|
|
|-
|4
|Prasad is cooking dal in
a Vessel
|
|
|}
The main सूत्र that defines कर्तृकारक is
स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता (१-४-५४) - The entity that initiates/performs the क्रिया is called कर्तृकारक. Generally we can observe the क्रिया happening in this कर्तृ-कारक.
=== '''कर्मकारक''' ===
* What is the intention/objective of कर्तृ in performing the क्रिया ? How long does the क्रिया happen ?
The intention/objective of the कर्तृ is to create an entity or make a change in some entity. The क्रिया will happen till the objective is met.
* The entity (कारक) that is created or undergoes a change after doer/कर्तृ performs the क्रिया acting upon it is called कर्मकारक. These are few types we can consider -
निर्वत्र्य - ewly created
विकार्य - transformed
प्राप्य -reached /understood
The main सूत्र that defines कर्मकारक is -
कर्तुरीप्सिततमं कर्म (१-४-४९) - The entity in which the कर्तृ intends to obtain his objective by performing the क्रिया is called कर्मकारक
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Identify the क्रिया and कर्म-कारक'''
!Sr.no.
!Sentence
!क्रिया
!कर्म-कारक
|-
|1
|Vishnu went to school
|
|
|-
|2
|Shiva is eating an apple
|
|
|-
|3
|Kumar is sleeping on a bed
|
|
|-
|4
|Prasad is cooking dal in
a Vessel
|
|
|}
=== '''अधिकरणकारक''' ===
* We have seen that the क्रिया performer is कर्तृ-कारक and acted upon is कर्म-कारक, but what is the substratum for कर्तृ, कर्म ?
* The entity (कारक) that is the substratum for कर्तृ or कर्म is called अधिकरणकारक
Eg : In the kitchen, Bhima is cooking rice in a vessel.
* Here kitchen is substratum/ आश्रय for Bhima(कर्तृ) , and Vessel is substratum/ आश्रय for rice (कर्म) .
Hence both kitchen and vessel are अधिकरणकारकऽ
Time and space are अधिकरणकारकऽ for any क्रिया.
The locus of interest for our mental faculties or the subject matter of a text is also called अधिकरणकारक. This is technically called विषय.
Eg: He is interested in व्याकरण , here व्याकरण is अधिकरणकारक
He has devotion in God , here God is अधिकरणकारक
The main सूत्र that defines अधिकरणकारक is
आधारोऽधिकरणम् (१-४-४५) - The entity which is substratum (आधार) for कर्तृकारक or कर्मकारक is called अधिकरणकारक
=== '''करणकारक''' ===
* In some क्रिया, tools/instruments are used.
* The entity (कारक) that is a tool/instrument is called करणकारक
* Definition of instrument ?
There should be a transfer of action from कर्तृ to the tool, in turn that tool should generate/achieve the desired result for the कर्तृ .
Eg : Wood-cutter performs an action of chopping, he transfers his action to the axe , the axe chops the wood. The कारक axe is called is करणकारक.
The main सूत्र that defines करणकारक is
साधकतमं करणम् (१-४-४२) - The most important tool/instrument(साधक) in performing the क्रिया is ca11ed करणकारक
=== '''सम्प्रदानकारक''' ===
* In the act of giving, the receiver is सम्प्रदानकारक
Eg : Krishna gives a cow to his teacher. Here सम्प्रदानकारक is the teacher
* In the act of desiring, the entity that is desired is सम्प्रदानकारक
Eg : Radha desires jasmine flower. Jasmine flower is सम्प्रदानकारक
* In the act of getting angry, the person/entity towards whom he is angry at is सम्प्रदानकारक
Eg: Rama is angry towards Ravana. सम्प्रदानकारक is Ravana
The सूत्रऽ that define सम्प्रदानकारक are
* कर्मणा यमभिप्रैति स सम्प्रदानम् (१-४-३२) - In the act of giving, कर्तृ gives the कर्मकारक to a receiver, the receiver is called सम्प्रदानकारक
* स्पृहेरीप्सितः (१-४-३६) - n the act of desiring, कर्तृ desires to have something, this desired entity is called सम्प्रदानकारक
* क्रुधद्रुहेर्ष्यऽसूयार्थानां यं प्रति कोपः । (१-४-३७) - the act of getting angry, deceiving, having grudge, envying, कर्तृ is angry towards someone, this person/entity towards whom कर्तृ is angry called सम्प्रदानकारक
=== '''अपादानकारक''' ===
* In the act of separation, the reference entity from which the separation happens is अपादानकारक. Eg : Fruit is falling from tree. Fruit is separated from tree. अपादानकारक is the Tree
* In the act of fearing/protecting, the one Who causes fear is अपादानकारक. Eg : 1. Boy is afraid of lion. अपादानकारक is Lion. 2. People are protected from terrorist. अपादानकारक is terrorist.
* In the act of being born, the source/raw material is अपादानकारक. Eg : Plant is born out of seed. अपादानकारक is the Seed.
The सूत्रऽ that define अपादानकारक are
* ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् (१-४-२४) - In the act of separation, कर्तृ get separated from a reference entity, that reference entity is called अपादानकारक
* भीत्रार्थानां भयहेतुः (१-४-२५) - । the act of getting afraid or protection, कर्तृ is having fear from someone, that person/entity that is the cause of fear is called अपादानकारक
* जनिकर्तुः प्रकृतिः । (१-४-३०) - In the act being born, the कर्तृ is born out of some raw material/source, this raw material/source is called अपादानकारक
== क्रियाप्रभेदः ॥ ==
=== '''अकर्मक/सकर्मक-क्रिया''' ===
* For any क्रिया, will there be always a necessity to have another entity to act upon (कर्मकारक)? If possible, find क्रियाऽ that does not need कर्मकारक
* क्रिया which DOES NOT require any other entity to act upon, that is the क्रिया that DOES NOT require a कर्मकारक is called अकर्मक-क्रिया
Eg : Sleeping, Running, Laughing, Sitting etc
* क्रिया which requires an entity to act upon or transform some entity, i.e., the क्रिया that needs कर्मकारक is called सकर्मक-क्रिया
Eg : Eating, Seeing, Cooking, Hearing, Chopping etc
== कारकसूत्राणि ॥ ==
सूत्रऽ (अध्यायः - १, पादः - ४ , सूत्रं -२३-५५)
* कर्तृ-कारक - स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता (१-४-५४)
* कर्म-कारक - कर्तुरीप्सिततं कर्म (१-४-४९)
* अधिकरण-कारक - आधारोऽधिकरणम् (१-४-४५)
* करण-कारक : साधकतमं करणं (१-४-४२)
* सम्प्रदान-कारक - कर्मणा यमभिप्रैति स सम्प्रदानम् (१-४-३२) स्पृहेरीप्सितः (१-४-३६) क्रुधद्रुहेर्ष्याऽसूयार्थानां यं प्रति कोपः(१-४-३७)
* अपादान-कारक - ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् (१-४-२४) भीत्रार्थानां भयहेतुः (१-४-२५) जनिकर्तुः प्रकृतिः (१-४-३०)