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Line 23: − + Line 30:
Line 30: − + − + − !कामसूत्रम् − !नात्यशास्त्रम् − !भागवतपुराणम् − !शैवतन्त्राणि − + − | − | − | − |Singing − + − | − | − | − |Playing on various musical instruments − + − | − | − | − |Dancing − + − | − | − | − |Acting, gesticulation, mimicry − + − | − | − | − |Drawing, Painting, Calligraphy − + − | − | − | − |Painting figures of various designs on the various parts of the body with musk paste and other fragrant substances. − + − | − | − | − |Preparing for use in worship various designs with grains of rice, flowers, etc − + − | − | − | − |Preparing a bed of flowers − + − | − | − | − |Colouring the teeth and other limbs and articles of wearing apparel − + − | − | − | − |Paving a floor with Precious stones − + − | − | − | − |Preparing a bed − + − | − | − | − |Using a pot full of water as a musical instrument and treading on water − + − | − | − | − |Showing miracles of various kinds − + − | − | − | − |Preparing chaplets and wreathe of flowers − + − | − | − | − |making ornaments of flowers for ears, braid − + − | − | − | − |Modes of beautifying the body with clothes and ornaments of various kinds − + − | − | − | − |Painting ornamental figures on ears − + − | − | − | − |Making perfumes and cosmetics of various kinds − + − | − | − | − |Making ornaments of various designs − + − | − | − | − |Jugglery Line 224:
Line 140: − + − | − | − | − |Appearing in various guises of one's choice − + − | − | − | − |Sleight of hand − + − | − | − | − |Culinary art − + − |+ − | − | − |Making drinks of various tastes and colours and spirituous liquors of various kinds − + − | − | − | − |Weaving and needle-work of various kinds Line 270:
Line 167: − + − |+ − | − | − |Working puppets by strings − + − | − | − | − |Making musical instruments of various kinds Line 289:
Line 179: − + − | − | − | − |Solving riddles − + − | − | − | − |Capping verses − + − | − | − | − |Skill in uttering tongue twisters − + − | − | − | − |The art of reading manuscripts easily and quickly − + − | − | − | − |Dramaturgy and story writing − + − | − | − | − |Completion of incomplete verses or part verses − + − | − | − | − |Making ligatures, canes, arrows − + − | − | − | − |Spindle work − + − | − | − | − |Carpentry Line 372:
Line 226: − + − | − | − | − |Architecture − + − | − | − | − |Testing valuable metals and precious stones − + − | − | − | − |Alchemy − + − | − | − | − |Colouring precious stones − + − | − | − | − |Knowledge of latent minerals − + − | − | − | − |Nursing and treating plants − + − | − | − | − |Setting game rams, cocks, quails to fight as sport − + − | − | − | − |teaching parrots and other birds to imitate human speech − + − | − | − | − |Making an enemy quit his place by means of a charm Line 454:
Line 272: − + − | − | − | − |Cleaning and dressing the hair − + − | − | − | − |Reading letters removed from one's sight and divining the nature of substances held within one's palm − + − | − | − | − |Knowledge of books written in the language of Barbarians − + − | − | − | − |Fluently talking in the different Indian dialects Line 492:
Line 294: − + − | − | − | − |Reading good or bad omens − + − | − | − | − |Making diagrams by means of letters arranged in different orders as mystical formulae to be worshipped or worn as an amulet − + − | − | − | − |Splitting hard substances such as diamonds into two or more pieces of different shapes − + − | − | − | − |Reading the thoughts of others and bringing them out in a verse − + − |+ − | − | − |Lexicography − + − | − | − | − |Knowledge of prosody − + − | − | − | − |Increasing the number of an object by various devices − + − | − | − | − |Playing tricks − + − | − | − | − |Showing off one's clothes as made of a superior texture than what they actually are − + − | − | − | − |Playing at dice − + − | − | − | − |Attracting remote objects − + − | − | − | − |Playing childrens' games − + − | − | − | − |The Practice of charms − + − | − | − | − |Fore knowledge of the party going to win in a debate − + − | − | − | − |Keeping goblins and vampires under one's control
→Which are the 64 Kalas ?: Adding content and citation
== Which are the 64 Kalas ? ==
== Which are the 64 Kalas ? ==
As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 कलाः ॥ Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in:
As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 कलाः ॥ Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in:
* शैवतन्त्राणि ॥ Shaivatantras
* शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra
* महाभारतम् ॥ Mahabharata by व्यासमहर्षिः ॥ Vyasa Maharshi
* महाभारतम् ॥ Mahabharata by व्यासमहर्षिः ॥ Vyasa Maharshi
* कामसूत्रम् ॥ Kamasutra by वात्स्यायनः ॥ Vatsyayana
* कामसूत्रम् ॥ Kamasutra by वात्स्यायनः ॥ Vatsyayana
* शुक्रनीतिः ॥ Shukraneeti by शुक्राचार्यः ॥ Shukracharya
* शुक्रनीतिः ॥ Shukraneeti by शुक्राचार्यः ॥ Shukracharya
* शिवतत्त्वरत्नाकरः ॥ Shivatattvaratnakara by बसवराजेन्द्रः ॥ Basavarajendra
* शिवतत्त्वरत्नाकरः ॥ Shivatattvaratnakara by बसवराजेन्द्रः ॥ Basavarajendra
The list of the 64 Kalas in these texts have been juxtaposed in the following table:
The list of the 64 Kalas in some these texts have been juxtaposed in the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Text
!Text
!महाभारतम्
!शैवतन्त्रम्<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD Vachaspatyam]</ref>
!शुक्रनीतिः
!शुक्रनीतिः
!शिवतत्वरत्नाकरः
!शिवतत्वरत्नाकरः
|-
|-
|1
|1
|
|गीतम् ॥ Singing
|Geet - Singing
|Geet - Singing
|History
|History
|-
|-
|2
|2
|
|वाद्यम् ॥Playing on various musical instruments
|Vadya – Playing musical instruments
|Vadya – Playing musical instruments
|Poetry
|Poetry
|-
|-
|3
|3
|
|नृत्यम् ॥ Dancing
|Nrtya - Dancing
|Nrtya - Dancing
|Calligraphy
|Calligraphy
|-
|-
|4
|4
|
|नाट्यम् ॥ Acting, gesticulation, mimicry
|Visheshakchhadya - Forhead decoration with paper, leaves etc.
|Visheshakchhadya - Forhead decoration with paper, leaves etc.
|Metrical compositions
|Metrical compositions
|-
|-
|5
|5
|
|आलेख्यम् ॥ Drawing, Painting, Calligraphy
|Tandul-kusumabalivikar - use of colored rice grains and flower for worship.
|Tandul-kusumabalivikar - use of colored rice grains and flower for worship.
|Dancing
|Dancing
|-
|-
|6
|6
|
|विशोषकच्छेद्यम् ॥ Painting figures of various designs on the various parts of the body with musk paste and other fragrant substances.
|PushpastaraN - Floral carpets
|PushpastaraN - Floral carpets
|Evaluating precious stones
|Evaluating precious stones
|-
|-
|7
|7
|
|तण्डुलकुसुमयलिविकाराः ॥ Preparing for use in worship various designs with grains of rice, flowers, etc
|Dashnavsanangrag - Decaration of nails and body
|Dashnavsanangrag - Decaration of nails and body
|Wrestling
|Wrestling
|-
|-
|8
|8
|
|पुष्पास्तरणम् ॥ Preparing a bed of flowers
|Manibhumika karma - Floor decoration with pearls or precious stones.
|Manibhumika karma - Floor decoration with pearls or precious stones.
|Cooking
|Cooking
|-
|-
|9
|9
|
|दशनवसनाङ्गरागाः ॥ Colouring the teeth and other limbs and articles of wearing apparel
|Shayanrachana – Bed arrangement.
|Shayanrachana – Bed arrangement.
|Magic
|Magic
|-
|-
|10
|10
|
|मणिभूमिकाकर्म ॥ Paving a floor with Precious stones
|Udakvadya - Jalataranga-Series of water pots for creating music.
|Udakvadya - Jalataranga-Series of water pots for creating music.
|Shoe-making
|Shoe-making
|-
|-
|11
|11
|
|शयनरचनम् ॥ Preparing a bed
|Udakaghat - Sprinkling with water cannons.
|Udakaghat - Sprinkling with water cannons.
|Thieving
|Thieving
|-
|-
|12
|12
|
|उदकवाद्यम् ॥ Using a pot full of water as a musical instrument and treading on water
|Chitrashycha yoga – Herbal preparations for weakening of enemy
|Chitrashycha yoga – Herbal preparations for weakening of enemy
|Iron smithery
|Iron smithery
|-
|-
|13
|13
|
|उदकघातः ॥ Sprinkling with water cannons.
|Malyagranthanvikalpa - Preparation of floral garlands and hair bands
|Malyagranthanvikalpa - Preparation of floral garlands and hair bands
|Painting
|Painting
|-
|-
|14
|14
|
|चित्रायोगाः ॥ Herbal preparations for weakening of enemy
|Shekarkapidyojan – Ladies hair styling.
|Shekarkapidyojan – Ladies hair styling.
|Gardening
|Gardening
|-
|-
|15
|15
|
|माल्यग्रथनविकल्पाः ॥ making ornaments of flowers for ears, braid
|Nepathyaprayog - Body make-up with cloth, ornaments and flowers.
|Nepathyaprayog - Body make-up with cloth, ornaments and flowers.
|Carpentry
|Carpentry
|-
|-
|16
|16
|
|केशशेखरापीडयोजनम् ॥ Ladies hair styling.
|KarNapatrabhanga - Ear ornaments preparation.
|KarNapatrabhanga - Ear ornaments preparation.
|Hair-dressing
|Hair-dressing
|-
|-
|17
|17
|
|नेपथ्ययोगाः ॥ Body make-up with cloth, ornaments and flowers.
|Gandhayukti - Making scented dhupa.
|Gandhayukti - Making scented dhupa.
|Hunting
|Hunting
|-
|-
|18
|18
|
|कर्णपत्रभङ्गाः ॥ Ear ornaments preparation.
|BhushaNyojan - Ornamental make-up
|BhushaNyojan - Ornamental make-up
|Trading
|Trading
|-
|-
|19
|19
|
|गन्धयुक्तिः ॥ Making perfumes and cosmetics of various kinds
|Endrajal – Magic / mesmerism.
|Endrajal – Magic / mesmerism.
|Agriculture
|Agriculture
|-
|-
|20
|20
|
|भूषणयोजनम् ॥ Making ornaments of various designs
|Kauchumaryog - Preparation of sex tonics.
|Kauchumaryog - Preparation of sex tonics.
|-
|-
|21
|21
|
|इन्द्रजालम् ॥ Appearing in various guises of one's choice
|Hastlaghav- Hand magic.
|Hastlaghav- Hand magic.
|making medicines,
|making medicines,
|-
|-
|22
|22
|
|कौचुमारयोगाः ॥ the art of beautification
|Vichitrashakayushbhakshyavikar kriya- Culinary preparations- sweets etc.
|Vichitrashakayushbhakshyavikar kriya- Culinary preparations- sweets etc.
|leather work,
|leather work,
|-
|-
|23
|23
|
|हस्तलाघवम् ॥ Sleight of hand
|Panakrasa Ragasav yojan- Making sharbat or syrups.
|Panakrasa Ragasav yojan- Making sharbat or syrups.
|driving,
|driving,
|-
|-
|24
|24
|
|चित्रशाकापूपभक्ष्यविका-
रक्रिया ॥Culinary art
|Suchivan Karm –Needle work-Embroidery
|Suchivan Karm –Needle work-Embroidery
|fishing,
|fishing,
|-
|-
|25
|25
|
|पानकरसरागासवयोजनम् ॥ Making drinks of various tastes and colours and spirituous liquors of various kinds
|Sutra krida –Hand puppets show
|Sutra krida –Hand puppets show
|speech-making
|speech-making
|-
|-
|26
|26
|
|सूची-
वापकर्म ॥ Weaving and needle-work of various kinds
|Veenadamruvadya-Playing musical instruments like veena or damru
|Veenadamruvadya-Playing musical instruments like veena or damru
|singing
|singing
|-
|-
|27
|27
|
|वीणाडमरुकसूत्रक्रीडा ॥ Making musical instruments of various kinds
|Pahelika - Solving riddles.
|Pahelika - Solving riddles.
|playing musical instruments
|playing musical instruments
|-
|-
|28
|28
|
|प्रहेलिका ॥ Solving riddles
|Pratimala- An interesting style of reading text or poem.
|Pratimala- An interesting style of reading text or poem.
|preparing manuscripts
|preparing manuscripts
|-
|-
|29
|29
|
|प्रतिमा ॥ Sculpture
|Durvachakyog - Reciting text which is difficult to pronounce and understand.
|Durvachakyog - Reciting text which is difficult to pronounce and understand.
|garland-making,
|garland-making,
|-
|-
|30
|30
|
|दुर्वचकयोगाः ॥ Skill in uttering tongue twisters
|Pustak Vachan –Book reading
|Pustak Vachan –Book reading
|dyeing
|dyeing
|-
|-
|31
|31
|
|पुस्तकवाचनम् ॥ The art of reading manuscripts easily and quickly
|Natakakhyalika darshan -Dramatics
|Natakakhyalika darshan -Dramatics
|body-care
|body-care
|-
|-
|32
|32
|
|नाटिकाख्यायिकादर्शनम् ॥ Dramaturgy and story writing
|Kavya Samasyapurti – Solving riddles.
|Kavya Samasyapurti – Solving riddles.
|use of weapons
|use of weapons
|-
|-
|33
|33
|
|काव्यसमस्यापूरणम् ॥ Completion of incomplete verses or part verses
|Pattikavetrayanvikalpa - Furniture making.
|Pattikavetrayanvikalpa - Furniture making.
|making moulds
|making moulds
|-
|-
|34
|34
|
|पट्टिकावेत्रवाणविकल्पाः ॥ Making ligatures, canes, arrows
|Takshyakarm –Cutting wood to proper size and shape.
|Takshyakarm –Cutting wood to proper size and shape.
|performing pUjll (daily worship)
|performing pUjll (daily worship)
|-
|-
|35
|35
|
|तर्कूकर्माणि ॥ Spindle work
|TakshyaN - Carpentry.
|TakshyaN - Carpentry.
|inlay work
|inlay work
|-
|-
|36
|36
|
|तक्षणम् ॥ Carpentry
|Vastuvidya - Civil engineering / architecture.
|Vastuvidya - Civil engineering / architecture.
|arranging
|arranging
|-
|-
|37
|37
|
|वास्तुविद्या ॥ Architecture
|Roopyaratna Pariksha - Valuations of gems and coins.
|Roopyaratna Pariksha - Valuations of gems and coins.
|preparing scents
|preparing scents
|-
|-
|38
|38
|
|रूप्यरत्नपरीक्षा ॥ Testing valuable metals and precious stones
|Dhatuwad- Mixing of metals like brass.
|Dhatuwad- Mixing of metals like brass.
|bangle-making
|bangle-making
|-
|-
|39
|39
|
|धातुवादः ॥ Alchemy
|Maniragakar Dyana- Idientification of pearls and gems.
|Maniragakar Dyana- Idientification of pearls and gems.
|stitching
|stitching
|-
|-
|40
|40
|
|मणिरागज्ञानम् ॥ Colouring precious stones
|Vrukshaurveda- knowledge of Botany.
|Vrukshaurveda- knowledge of Botany.
|making ornaments
|making ornaments
|-
|-
|41
|41
|
|आकरज्ञानम् ॥ Knowledge of latent minerals
|Meshkukkutlavakyuddhavidhi – Knowledge of bird/ animal fighting for gambling.
|Meshkukkutlavakyuddhavidhi – Knowledge of bird/ animal fighting for gambling.
|making sweets
|making sweets
|-
|-
|42
|42
|
|वृक्षायुर्वेदयोगाः ॥ Nursing and treating plants
|Shukasarika Pralapan - training of bird to speak.
|Shukasarika Pralapan - training of bird to speak.
|home-planning
|home-planning
|-
|-
|43
|43
|
|मेषकुक्कुटलावकयुद्धविधिं ॥ Setting game rams, cocks, quails to fight as sport
|Utsadan-Samvahan-Keshmardankaushal- Body massage and hair care.
|Utsadan-Samvahan-Keshmardankaushal- Body massage and hair care.
|training animals
|training animals
|-
|-
|44
|44
|
|शुकसारिकाप्रलापनम् ॥ teaching parrots and other birds to imitate human speech
|Akshyarmushti kathan-Secret word codes for communication or Mushti sanket - Secret communication through fingers (used by traders in auctions).
|Akshyarmushti kathan-Secret word codes for communication or Mushti sanket - Secret communication through fingers (used by traders in auctions).
|training birds
|training birds
|-
|-
|45
|45
|
|उत्सादनम् ॥ Making an enemy quit his place by means of a charm
|Mlenchhit Vikalpa- Secret communication through gestures.
|Mlenchhit Vikalpa- Secret communication through gestures.
|coding
|coding
|-
|-
|46
|46
|
|केशमार्जनकौशलम् ॥ Cleaning and dressing the hair
|Deshbhasha vidyan –Knowledge of foreign languages.
|Deshbhasha vidyan –Knowledge of foreign languages.
|making instruments/machines
|making instruments/machines
|-
|-
|47
|47
|
|अक्षरमुष्टिकाकथनम् ॥ Reading letters removed from one's sight and divining the nature of substances held within one's palm
|Pushpashakatika- Decoration of vehicles with flowers.
|Pushpashakatika- Decoration of vehicles with flowers.
|training memory
|training memory
|-
|-
|48
|48
|
|म्लेच्छितक विकल्पाः ॥ Knowledge of books written in the language of Barbarians
|Nimittadyana – Knowledge of auspicious date and time for a particular work.
|Nimittadyana – Knowledge of auspicious date and time for a particular work.
|physical exercise
|physical exercise
|-
|-
|49
|49
|
|देशभाषाज्ञानम् ॥ Fluently talking in the different Indian dialects
|Yantramatruka- Knowledge of instruments or machines
|Yantramatruka- Knowledge of instruments or machines
|yogic
|yogic
|-
|-
|50
|50
|
|पुष्पशकटिकानिमित्तज्ञानम् ॥ Decoration of vehicles with flowers and Reading good or bad omens
|DharaNmatruka- Remembering heard sentences.
|DharaNmatruka- Remembering heard sentences.
|
|
|-
|-
|51
|51
|
|यन्त्रमातृका ॥ Making diagrams by means of letters arranged in different orders as mystical formulae to be worshipped or worn as an amulet
|Sampathya-
|Sampathya-
|
|
|-
|-
|52
|52
|
|धारणमातृका ॥ Remembering heard sentences.
|Manasi Kavya Kriya – To complete incomplete poem or its part.
|Manasi Kavya Kriya – To complete incomplete poem or its part.
|
|
|-
|-
|53
|53
|
|सम्पाट्यम् ॥ Splitting hard substances such as diamonds into two or more pieces of different shapes
|Abhidhankosha-
|Abhidhankosha-
|
|
|-
|-
|54
|54
|
|मानसी काव्य-
क्रिया ॥ Reading the thoughts of others and bringing them out in a verse
|Chandodyan
|Chandodyan
|
|
|-
|-
|55
|55
|
|क्रियाविकल्पाः ॥ Poetry forms
|Kriyakalpa –Poetry forms
|Kriyakalpa –Poetry forms
|
|
|-
|-
|56
|56
|
|छलितकयोगाः ॥ Conceal body or speech.
|Chalitak Yog –Conceal body or speech.
|Chalitak Yog –Conceal body or speech.
|
|
|-
|-
|57
|57
|
|अभिधानकोषच्छन्दोज्ञानम् ॥ lexicography and prosody
|Vastragopan – covering parts of body with cloth.
|Vastragopan – covering parts of body with cloth.
|
|
|-
|-
|58
|58
|
|वस्त्रगोपनानि ॥ Showing off one's clothes as made of a superior texture than what they actually are
|Dhyutavishesh-
|Dhyutavishesh-
|
|
|-
|-
|59
|59
|
|द्यूतविशेषः ॥ Playing at dice
|Aakarsh kriya - Playing with dices.
|Aakarsh kriya - Playing with dices.
|
|
|-
|-
|60
|60
|
|आकर्षणक्रीडा ॥ Attracting remote objects
|Balakridanak
|Balakridanak
|
|
|-
|-
|61
|61
|
|बालकक्रीडनकानि ॥ Playing childrens' games
|Vainayiki dyna – Behavior with known and unknown persons.
|Vainayiki dyna – Behavior with known and unknown persons.
|
|
|-
|-
|62
|62
|
|वैनायिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ The Practice of charms
|Vaijayiki Dynan –Knowledge of victory.
|Vaijayiki Dynan –Knowledge of victory.
|
|
|-
|-
|63
|63
|
|वैवयिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Fore knowledge of the party going to win in a debate
|Vyayam –Physical exercise.
|Vyayam –Physical exercise.
|
|
|-
|-
|64
|64
|
|वैतालिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Keeping goblins and vampires under one's control
|
|
|
|
|}
|}