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== Etymology ==

== Etymology ==

The Upanishad derives its name from a disciple of Sage [[Vaisampayana]], called the Vedic [[Taittiriya Shakha|sage Tittiri]]. Tittiri was an instrumental figure in spreading the letter and verses of this whole branch of Vedas (Yajurveda).<ref name=":02" />

The word Upanishad is derived from Upa and ni and '''shad'''. The prefixes 'upa' and 'ni' denote 'nearness' and 'totality' respectively. The sad according to Siddhanta  koumudi and Panineeya dhatu paatha has three meanings - 1. to loosen 2. to attain and 3. to destroy (Ref. 7 and 8)

 

 

'upanisad' will mean a doctrine that disintegrates or looses the bond of ignorance from the very root of the disciple who approaches the teacher (i.e. upagatasya sisyasya niscayena visaranakrt).

 

(2) with sad meaning 'to move', it means a doctrine that certainly leads the disciple to the highest Brahman (i.e. Upagatah sisyam niscayena brahma samipam nayati).

 

(3) with ^sad meaning 'to destroy', it means that doctrine which puts end to the ignorance and its projections.

 

Finally it comes to mean "the works that teach the science of Brahman", which became metaphorically famous as Upanisad .

=== Connection with Yagnyavalkya ===

=== Connection with Yagnyavalkya ===

Visistadvaitins, consider that there is a fourth chapter also - Yajniki Chapter. This fourth chapter is designated by them as तैत्तिरीय नारायणीयं.<ref name=":12">Insights Into the Taittiriya Upanishad, Dr. K. S. Narayanacharya, Published by Kautilya Institute of National Studies, Mysore, Page 20</ref>.  

Visistadvaitins, consider that there is a fourth chapter also - Yajniki Chapter. This fourth chapter is designated by them as तैत्तिरीय नारायणीयं.<ref name=":12">Insights Into the Taittiriya Upanishad, Dr. K. S. Narayanacharya, Published by Kautilya Institute of National Studies, Mysore, Page 20</ref>.  

=== Explanation of Yajniki  ===

=== Explanation of Yajniki  ===

=== One of the Earliest Texts to have Index ===

=== One of the Earliest Texts to have Index ===

The Upanishad is one of the earliest known texts where index was included at the end of each section, along with main text, as a structural layout of the book. At the end of each Vallĩ in Taittiriya Upanishad manuscripts, there is an index of the Anuvakas which it contains. The index includes the initial words and final words of each ''Anuvaka'', as well as the number of sections in that ''Anuvaka''.<ref name="maxmullerbv2" /> For example, the first and second Anuvakas of ''Shiksha Valli'' state in their indices that there are five sections each in them, the fourth Anuvaka asserts there are three sections and one paragraph in it, while the twelfth Anuvaka states it has one section and five paragraphs.<ref name="maxmullerbv2" /> The ''Ananda Valli'', according to the embedded index, state each chapter to be much larger than currently surviving texts. For example, the 1st Anuvaka lists ''pratika'' words in its index as ''brahmavid'', ''idam'', ''ayam'', and states the number of sections to be twenty one. The 2nd Anuvaka asserts it has twenty six sections, the 3rd claims twenty two, the 4th has eighteen, the 5th has twenty two, the 6th Anuvaka asserts in its index that it has twenty eight sections, 7th claims sixteen, 8th states it includes fifty one sections, while the 9th asserts it has eleven. Similarly, the third Valli lists the ''pratika'' and ''anukramani'' in the index for each of the ten ''Anuvakas''.<ref name="maxmullerbv2" />

The Upanishad is one of the earliest known texts where index was included at the end of each section, along with main text, as a structural layout of the book. At the end of each Vallĩ in Taittiriya Upanishad manuscripts, there is an index of the Anuvakas which it contains. The index includes the initial words and final words of each ''Anuvaka'', as well as the number of sections in that ''Anuvaka''.<ref name="maxmullerbv2">Max Muller, The [[Sacred Books of the East]], Volume 15, Oxford University Press, Chapter 3: Taittiriya Upanishad, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe15/sbe15005.htm Archived Online]</ref> For example, the first and second Anuvakas of ''Shiksha Valli'' state in their indices that there are five sections each in them, the fourth Anuvaka asserts there are three sections and one paragraph in it, while the twelfth Anuvaka states it has one section and five paragraphs.<ref name="maxmullerbv2" /> The ''Ananda Valli'', according to the embedded index, state each chapter to be much larger than currently surviving texts. For example, the 1st Anuvaka lists ''pratika'' words in its index as ''brahmavid'', ''idam'', ''ayam'', and states the number of sections to be twenty one. The 2nd Anuvaka asserts it has twenty six sections, the 3rd claims twenty two, the 4th has eighteen, the 5th has twenty two, the 6th Anuvaka asserts in its index that it has twenty eight sections, 7th claims sixteen, 8th states it includes fifty one sections, while the 9th asserts it has eleven. Similarly, the third Valli lists the ''pratika'' and ''anukramani'' in the index for each of the ten ''Anuvakas''.<ref name="maxmullerbv2" />

 

The chronology of Taittiriya Upanishad, along with other Vedic era literature, is unclear.<ref name="stephenphillips2">Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231144858, Chapter 1</ref> All opinions rest on scanty evidence, assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<ref name="stephenphillips2" /><ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195124354, Introduction Chapter</ref>

The chronology of Taittiriya Upanishad, along with other Vedic era literature, is unclear.<ref name="stephenphillips2">Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231144858, Chapter 1</ref> All opinions rest on scanty evidence, assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<ref name="stephenphillips2" /><ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195124354, Introduction Chapter</ref>

The various lessons of this first chapter are related to education of students in ancient Vedic era of India, their initiation into a school and their responsibilities after graduation.<ref>CP Bhatta (2009), Holistic Personality Development through Education: Ancient Indian Cultural Experiences, Journal of Human Values, vol. 15, no. 1, pages 49-59</ref> It mentions lifelong "pursuit of knowledge", includes hints of "Self-knowledge", but is largely independent of the second and third chapter of the Upanishad which discuss [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] and Self-knowledge.  

The various lessons of this first chapter are related to education of students in ancient Vedic era of India, their initiation into a school and their responsibilities after graduation.<ref>CP Bhatta (2009), Holistic Personality Development through Education: Ancient Indian Cultural Experiences, Journal of Human Values, vol. 15, no. 1, pages 49-59</ref> It mentions lifelong "pursuit of knowledge", includes hints of "Self-knowledge", but is largely independent of the second and third chapter of the Upanishad which discuss [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] and Self-knowledge.  

The Siksha Valli (or the Samhiti Upanishad) views the entire cosmology as one grand flow of Five unbroken chains - अधिलोक, अधिज्योतिष,अधिविद्य, अधिप्रज, and अध्यात्म.<ref name=":22" />

The Siksha Valli (or the Samhiti Upanishad) views the entire cosmology as one grand flow of Five unbroken chains - अधिलोक, अधिज्योतिष,अधिविद्य, अधिप्रज, and अध्यात्म.<ref name=":22">Insights Into the Taittiriya

Studies, Mysore, Page 21 </ref>

The Siksha Valli includes promises by students entering the Vedic school, an outline of basic course content, the nature of advanced courses and creative work from human relationships, ethical and social responsibilities of the teacher and the students, the role of breathing and proper pronunciation of Vedic literature, the duties and ethical precepts that the graduate must live up to post-graduation.<ref name="pauldeussensv2">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 220-231</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n61/mode/2up Aitareya and Taittiriya Upanishads with Shankara Bhashya] SA Sastri (Translator), pages 56-192</ref>

The Siksha Valli includes promises by students entering the Vedic school, an outline of basic course content, the nature of advanced courses and creative work from human relationships, ethical and social responsibilities of the teacher and the students, the role of breathing and proper pronunciation of Vedic literature, the duties and ethical precepts that the graduate must live up to post-graduation.<ref name="pauldeussensv2">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 220-231</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n61/mode/2up Aitareya and Taittiriya Upanishads with Shankara Bhashya] SA Sastri (Translator), pages 56-192</ref>

== References ==

== References ==

* [http://www.archive.org/details/taittiriyaupanis00sankiala The Taittiriya Upanishad with the commentaries of Śaṅkarāchārya, Sureśvarāchārya and Sāyaṇa (Vidyāraṇya)] Translated by AM Sastry (also see the proofread edition with proper unicode diacritics and a glossary, [http://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-taittiriya-upanishad/index.html The Taittiriya Upanishad])

# [http://www.archive.org/details/taittiriyaupanis00sankiala The Taittiriya Upanishad with the commentaries of Śaṅkarāchārya, Sureśvarāchārya and Sāyaṇa (Vidyāraṇya)] Translated by AM Sastry (also see the proofread edition with proper unicode diacritics and a glossary, [http://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-taittiriya-upanishad/index.html The Taittiriya Upanishad])

* [http://www.universaltheosophy.com/legacy/movements/ancient-east/vedic-india/taittiriya-upanishad/ Taittiriya Upanishad], Multiple translations (Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Gambhirananda)

# [http://www.universaltheosophy.com/legacy/movements/ancient-east/vedic-india/taittiriya-upanishad/ Taittiriya Upanishad], Multiple translations (Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Gambhirananda)

* [http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_sa/tait_sa.html Taittiriya Upanishad], Sanskrit manuscript

# [http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_sa/tait_sa.html Taittiriya Upanishad], Sanskrit manuscript

* [http://www.sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/taitaccent.pdf Taittiriya Upanishad], Sanskrit manuscript with Vedic accents

# [http://www.sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/taitaccent.pdf Taittiriya Upanishad], Sanskrit manuscript with Vedic accents

* [http://www.dkprintworld.com/product-detail.php?pid=1280858283 Taittiriya Upanishad]Vision of Advaita Vedanta in Taittiriya Upanishad

# [http://www.dkprintworld.com/product-detail.php?pid=1280858283 Taittiriya Upanishad]Vision of Advaita Vedanta in Taittiriya Upanishad

* http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/59334

# http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/59334

[[Category:Upanishads]]

[[Category:Upanishads]]