Changes

With respect to the second Anuvaka, following may be noted:

With respect to the second Anuvaka, following may be noted:

Quantity: Length of tone: short, long or treble (Known as Hraswa, Deergha and Pluta)

Quantity: Length of tone: short, long or treble (Known as ''Hraswa'', ''Deergha'' and ''Pluta'')

The whole efficacy of a mantra lies in its proper chanting. The mantrashakti or the power of the mantram is in the sound of the mantram. It is further believed that there is an inseparable connection between the shabda or a particular sound and its artha, the object for which the sound stands. So any 

Strength: The intensity of effort with which a particular letter is pronounced.

The second anuvaka highlights [[phonetics]] as an element of the Vedic instruction. The verse asserts that the student must master the principles of sound as it is created and as perceived, in terms of the structure of linguistics, vowels, consonants, balancing, accentuation (stress, meter), speaking correctly, and the connection of sounds in a word from articulatory and auditory perspectives.<ref name=pauldeussentu112>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 222-223</ref> Taittirĩya Upanishad's emphasizes, in its later anuvakas, ''{{IAST|svādhyāya}}'', a practice that served as the principal tool for the oral preservation of the Vedas in their original form for over two millennia. [[Svādhyāya]] as a part of student's instruction, involved understanding the linguistic principles coupled with recitation practice of Indian scriptures, which enabled the mastering of entire chapters and books with accurate pronunciation.<ref name=gavinflood>{{Cite book | editor-last=Flood | editor-first =Gavin | year =2003 | title =The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism | publisher =Blackwell Publishing Ltd. | isbn =1-4051-3251-5|pages=68–70}}</ref> The ancient Indian studies of linguistics and recitation tradition, as mentioned in the second anuvaka of Taittiriya Upanishad, helped transmit and preserve the extensive Vedic literature from 2nd millennium BCE onwards, long before the methods of mass printing and book preservation were developed. [[Michael E. J. Witzel|Michael Witzel]] explains it as follows,<ref name=gavinflood/>

 

 

 

The second anuvaka highlights [[phonetics]] as an element of the Vedic instruction. The verse asserts that the student must master the principles of sound as it is created and as perceived, in terms of the structure of linguistics, vowels, consonants, balancing, accentuation (stress, meter), speaking correctly, and the connection of sounds in a word from articulatory and auditory perspectives.<ref name="pauldeussentu112">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 222-223</ref> Taittirĩya Upanishad's emphasizes, in its later anuvakas, ''{{IAST|svādhyāya}}'', a practice that served as the principal tool for the oral preservation of the Vedas in their original form for over two millennia. [[Svādhyāya]] as a part of student's instruction, involved understanding the linguistic principles coupled with recitation practice of Indian scriptures, which enabled the mastering of entire chapters and books with accurate pronunciation.<ref name="gavinflood">{{Cite book | editor-last=Flood | editor-first =Gavin | year =2003 | title =The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism | publisher =Blackwell Publishing Ltd. | isbn =1-4051-3251-5|pages=68–70}}</ref> The ancient Indian studies of linguistics and recitation tradition, as mentioned in the second anuvaka of Taittiriya Upanishad, helped transmit and preserve the extensive Vedic literature from 2nd millennium BCE onwards, long before the methods of mass printing and book preservation were developed. [[Michael E. J. Witzel|Michael Witzel]] explains it as follows,<ref name="gavinflood" />

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