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Line 1: − + − History has seen and read several authors of the ancient period but none like Kautalya. A mastermind behind the great work called 'Arthashastra' (अर्थशास्त्रम्) Kautilya, has the recognition of being the most influential political philosopher and guide for Chandragupta Maurya during the 326 B.C., Mauryan era. Kautalya's work is an enema written originally in Sanskrit and he is considered the greatest political thinker and state craftsman Indian civilization has ever produced. The veracity of application to Kautilya's Arthashastra ranges to limitless boundaries of knowledge and learning from medicine to education to philosophy and even to contemporary management sciences. Arthashastra is a ''moolamantra'' not only for political governance but also a ''guptamantra'' for corporate management governance.The preaching of अर्थशास्त्रम् elevate human thinking to work with sixth sense engaging cognitive, affective and connative domains to keep control over mind, body and self so that institutions can prosper. + + − While there may be doubts from the very fact as to how his name should be spelt (as Kautalya or Kautilya) to his native place of birth and origin ('<nowiki/>''Taksasila''' in Punjab or Dravidian from South, or a Nampudiri of Kerala or Magadha in South Bihar) to whether he truly scripted the Arthashastram, the world still believes with credible evidences provided by exponents that he is the architect of this monumental work. He was called Kautila because he belonged to Kautalyagotra. Born at 'Canaka' in Punjab as it is believed, he was called Canakya but later baptized to Visnugupts by his parents. Hence the names Kautalya, Canakya and Visnugupta are the resounding names in literature. The Chanakya Neeti is nothing but a political strategy suggesting ways and means to combat any administrative and political eventuality. When the Nanada dynasty was weaning to self destruction there was void in the political climate for a strong administrator to manage the reigns.The political doldrums, foreign invasions, social unrest and mis-governance presented fertile opportunity to Kautalya and he immediately seized it. Not interested in power, position and authority, he found and fermented Chandragupta Maurya to lead the Mauryan empire teaching him all tricks of the trade codified in his treatise Arthashastram, to the extent that the Mauryan dynasty become the uncontested power for several years in history. The treatise covers all social , political. warfare, welfare, law, policy making, economics, finance, and disciplinary aspects of administration that led the Mauryan dynasty to claim a unique political fabric of its own. Kautalya's Arthashasta is a work justifying every type of tactic played craftily so as to offer real life solution to every conceivable hypothetical situation. Single and brahmin, simple yet bold, austere yet opportunist, never forgetting a slight yet scheming, Chanakya was known to achieve his ultimate purpose regardless of the means (referred also as Indian Machiavelli) as he never admitted defeat of purpose due to means unsuited to the end.+ + + + − '''Introduction'''+ − Please see this link to access the samskrita moolam for [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Kautilya's Arthashastra] + − Written nearly 1500 years ago, the relevance of Arthshastra is often re-validated in the present century, one can always say that human beings have always remained the same over generations and their attitude, desire, thinking and behaviour is governed by their surroundings, challenges and opportunities open to them. Some of their native instincts may be nature and ancestoral but lot of it is nurture and environment. States may have been divided, reconfigured, and re-defined but the tenets of maintaining internal peace, managing external attacks, maintaining international relations among states continues to be the same. The statecraft of managing administration, governance and polity (social, economic and political structure) of the current times still borrows its foundation from the ancient tenets. So long as humans and societies are significant Arthashastram will be found relevant to creating ideal states. + − The Purusharthas follow ''dharma, artha, kama and moksha'' to be the 4 tenets human beings are expected to follow that is moral behaviour, wealth, worldly pleasure, and salvation. The Arthashastra follows Dharmashastra, which signifies duty, universal order, righteousness of the individual towards oneself, society and ancestors. Similarly the state comprising of the society, ministers ruler, priests and people are governed by morality, ethics, conventional and spiritual law; another manifestation of dharma. Kautilya himself assumed his dharmic responsibility by wandering in disguise for years only to find the boy 'Chandragupta' in the village grounds among cowherd and friends, to fit the royal line. Kautalya was so impressed with the boy that he purchased him for thousand ''panas i''mmediately and thereon gave him all the ''dikshas'' to fit into the role of a perfect king. It was Kautilya's orientation to Rajadharma that until he made Chandragupta the ruler of Magadha, and made it the most powerful dynasty he had sleepless nights, '''''Artha''''' meaning wealth''', f'''ollows dharm'''a.''' however in Arthashastram it signifies more than wealth. It talks of wealth of nations, territories, and well being of the individual inhabitants doing various occupations. The state plays a major role in appraising and elevating the material status and well being of its people. Therefore Artha is not as simple to mean money, worldly possession or capital. Rather it means the 'scientific economics' of a state stressing on treasury, revenue, expenditures, state taxes, budgets, accounts and productive output of enterprises which in turn enhance the material status of human society and individuals within it. + − == Contents ==+ − The Arthashastra is a compilation of 15 ''Adhikaranas'' (Books), with each adhikararana divided further into 150 ''Adhyayas'' (Chapters) which are further subdivided into 180 Prakaranas (Sections), 380 ''karikas'' with 6000 ''shlokas (''verses) and 32 syllabic units in all.. The following is a brief account of the composition within various Adhikaranas, Adhyayas and Prakaranas. Arthashastram begins with veneration to two great political thinkers Sukra and Brhaspati and Kautalya makes an honest submission of this so as not to take the credit all unto himself. He also refers to theories of other authors and well known schools in the field of economics and politics and sastras of the Pre-Kautilyan era which have formed the foundation for the compendium Arthashastram. However all the previous works were not so exhaustive, authoritative or deep in content hence were superseded by the Arthashastram. The chapters reveal the classified and distilled mind which Kautalya had while scripting such an instructive manual suited to every need of an aggressively disposed monarchy. The entire thesis focusses on two aspects ''Tantra'' : the protection and welfare of the people and ''Avapa'' : the security and consolidation of the realm. Book I to V comprises of 95 ''Prakaranas'' dealing only with the Tantra. ''Book VI to XIV comprise 84 Prakaranas'' dealing with Avapa. ''Adhikarana'' I deals with discipline, training, daily routine of duties and dissemination of Danda by the king and qualifications of the various levels of ministers and their spies. ''Adhikarana'' II deals with the bureaucratic set up of the administrative block, heirarchy of officials, the duties and responsibilities of various heads of departments , planning of forts and fortified towns and layout of the settlements. Estimation and collection of revenue, maintaining accounts, industrial establishments including state monopoly concerns, regulation of promotion of internal and foreign trade and commerce. ''Adhikarana'' III deals with civil laws and administration of Justice. ''Adhikarana'' IV deals with criminal laws and suppression of antisocial elements. ''Adhikarana'' V deals with action against sedition and treason, pay scales of officals and mechanisms to combat financial crisis. − ''Adhikarana'' VI- VII deals with essential characterisitcs of the state described as ''Saptasangas,'' the six-fold political expedients in the field of diplomacy among states called as ''Sadgunya. Adhikarana'' VIII ''deals'' with dangers and calamities arising both within or externally due to natural or man-made attempts befalling the king or body politic''. Adhikarana'' IX-X deals with military campaigns and ancillary problems. ''Adhikarana'' XI deals with measures to control economic guilds and political corporations. ''Adhikarana'' XII-XIII deals with methods of intrigue and the employment of secret agencies against enemies and during military expeditions and ameliorative measures to be taken in a conquered country. ''Adhikarana'' XIV deals with secret recipes designed to remedy afflictions caused by enemy action. ''Adhikarana'' XV consists of just one prakarana in the form of a glossary of 32 technical terms and verbal contractions used in the text. This is of special significance as the author gives the intended import of the words that can be mis-construed or misinterpreted by later commentators. + − '''The full contents of the books and its chapters and sub sections have been listed below as in the original text of Arthashastram.''' + + + + + + + + + − === Adhikarana I : '''Vinayadhikarika''' ===+ − Book I - On Discipline − + + − + + + + + + − '''Chapter 2'''+ + + + − ''<nowiki/><nowiki/>'''''<nowiki/>'''''<nowiki/>''+ + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − '''Chapter 3''' + + + + + + + + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − Place of Three Vedas Determined+ − + − '''Chapter 4'''+ − + − 4.1 Indication of Sciences (Contd.) + − + − Varta and Dandaniti Established + − + − '''Chapter 5''' − − 5.2 Association with the Aged − − '''Chapter 6''' − − 6.3 Control of Sense Organs − − − − '''Chapter 7''' − − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − '''Chapter 8'''+ + − 8.4 Employment of Ministers+ − '''Chapter 9'''+ + − 9.5 Selection of Councillors and Priests+ − '''Chapter 10'''+ − 10.6 Purity and Impurity of Ministers Tested+ + + + + + + + + + + + − '''Chapter 11''' + − 11.7 Constitution of Spies+ − '''Chapter 12'''+ − 12.8 Duties Assigned to the Spies+ − '''Chapter 13'''+ − 13.9 Engaging Spies Against One's Officers+ − '''Chapter 14'''+ − 14.10 Winning Over Faction in an Enemy's State+ − '''Chapter 15'''+ − 15.11 Counselling+ + − Chapter 16+ − 16.12 Employment of Messengers+ − '''Chapter 17'''+ − 17.13 Protection of Princes+ − '''Chapter 18'''+ − 18.14 & 18.15 Prince put under Restraint and Treatment of a Restrained Prince+ − '''Chapter 19'''+ − 19. 16 The Royal Duties+ − '''Chapter 20'''+ − 20.17 Duty towards the Harem+ − '''Chapter 21'''+ − 21.18 Self Protection+ − '''Adhikaram II''' : ''''Adhyakshapracharaha'''' + − Book II : <nowiki>''</nowiki>Authorities" + − '''Chapter 22'''+ − 22.19 Arrangement of Villages+ − + − 23.20 Division of Land+ − + − 24.21 Construction of Fort+ − + − 25.22 Buildings within the Fort+ − + − 26.23 Duties of Treasury Officer+ − − '''Chapter 27''' − − 27.24 Collection of Wealth by the collector − − '''Chapter 28''' − − 28.25 Counting of Coins and Maintenance of Accounts − − '''Chapter 29''' − − 29.26 Detection of Embezzled Revenue − − '''Chapter 30''' − − 30.27 Test of the Conduct of Employees − − '''Chapter 31''' − − 31.28 Procedure for Issuing Writs − − '''Chapter 32''' − − 32.29 Examination of Gems to be deposited in the Treasury − − '''Chapter 33''' − − 33.30 Mining Operations − − '''Chapter 34''' − − 34.31 Superintendent in the Office of Goldsmith − − '''Chapter 35''' − − 35.32 Goldsmith in the High Road − − '''Chapter 36''' − − 36.33 Chief of Store House − − '''Chapter 37''' − − 37.34 Authority of Commerce − − '''Chapter 38''' − − 38.35 Authority of Forest Producers − − '''Chapter 39''' − − 39.36 Authority of the Armoury − − '''Chapter 40''' − − 40.37 Authority of Weights and Measures − − '''Chapter 41''' − − 41. 38 Measurement of Space and Time − − '''Chapter 42''' − − 42.39 Superintendent of Tolls − − '''Chapter 43''' − − 43.39 Regulation of Toll Dues − − '''Chapter 44''' − − 44.40 Superintendent of Weaving − − '''Chapter 45''' − − 45. 41 Superintendent of Agriculture − − '''Chapter 46''' − − 46.42 Superintendent of Liquor − − '''Chapter 47''' − − 47. 43 Authority of the Slaughter House − + − 48.44 The Superintendent of Prostitutes+ − + − 49.45 The Superintendent of Ships+ − + − 50.46 The Superintendent of Cows+ − + − 51. 47 The Superintendent of Horses+ − − '''Chapter 52''' − − 52.48 The Superintendent of Elephants − − '''Chapter 53''' − − 53.48 The Superintendent of Elephants; Training − − '''Chapter 54''' − − 54.49 The Superintendent of Chariots − − 54.50 The Superintendent of Infantry − − 54.51 Duties of the Commander-in-chief − − '''Chapter 55''' − − 55.52 The Superintendent of Passports − − 55.53 The Superintendent of Pastures − − '''Chapter 56''' − − 54.54 The Administrator's Activity − − 54.55 Activity of the Secret Agents − − '''Chapter 57''' − − 557.56 The Duty of a City Superintendent − − '''Adhikaranam III''' : ''''Dharmastheeyam'''' − − − − '''Chapter 58''' − − 58.57 Forms of Agreement − − 58.58 Legal Disputes − − '''Chapter 59''' − − 59. 59 Concerning the Marriage − − '''Chapter 60''' − − 60.59 Concerning the Marriage; Duty of a Wife − − '''Chapter 61''' − − 61.59 Concerning the Marriage − − '''Chapter 62''' − − 62. 60 Division on Inheritance − − '''Chapter 63''' − − 63. 60 Division on Inheritance :Sharing − − '''Chapter 64''' − − 64.60 Inheritance :Types of Sons − − '''Chapter 65''' − − 65.61 On Building Residences − − '''Chapter 66''' − − 61.61 Concerning Houses; Sale of House − − '''Chapter 67''' − − 67.61, 67.62 Destruction of Pastures and Infringement of Agreements − − '''Chapter 68''' − − 68.63 Recovery of Debts − − '''Chapter 69''' − − 69. 64 Concerning Deposits − − '''Chapter 70''' − − 70.65 Slaves and Labourers − − '''Chapter 71''' − − 71.66 On Slavery; Cooperative Undertaking − − '''Chapter 72''' − − 72.67 Rescission of Purchase and Sale − − '''Chapter 73''' − − 73. 68 Rescission from Promised Sale − − 73. 69 Sale from Ownership − − 73. 70 Ownership of Properties − − '''Chapter 74''' − − 74.71 Robbery − − '''Chapter 75''' − − 75.72 Defamation − − '''Chapter 76''' − − 76. 73 Assault − − '''Chapter 77''' − − 77.74 Gambling and Betting − − 77.75 Miscellaneous Offences − − '''Adhikaram IV''' ''''Kantakashodhanam'''' − − Book IV : Removal of Thorns − − '''Chapter 78''' − − 78.76 Protection against Artisans − − '''Chapter 79''' − − 79. 77 Protection against Merchants − − '''Chapter 80''' − − 80.78 Remedies against Calamities − − '''Chapter''' '''81''' − − 81.79 Protection from Spies − − '''Chapter''' '''82''' − − 82.80 Exposition of Youths by Ascetic Spies − − '''Chapter 83''' − − 83, 81 Arrest of Criminals on Suspicion − − '''Chapter 84''' − − 84.82 Examination of Sudden Death − − '''Chapter''' '''85''' − − 85.83 Trial and Torture to Obtain Confession − − '''Chapter 86''' − − 86.84 Protection of all Government Departments − − '''Chapter 87''' − − 87.85 Fine in Leiu of Mutilation of Limbs − − '''Chapter''' '''88''' − − 88.86 Death with or without Torture − − '''Chapter 89''' − − 89.87 Defilement of Maidens − − '''Chapter''' '''90''' − − 90.88 Punishment for Violation of Justice − − '''Adhikaram V 'Yogavrittam'''' − − Book V The Conduct of Courtiers − − '''Chapter''' '''91''' − − 91.89 Awards of Punishment − − '''Chapter''' '''92''' − − 92.90 Replenishment of Treasury − − '''Chapter''' '''93''' − − 93.91 Maintenance of Servants − − '''Chapter''' '''94''' − − 94.92 Conduct of Courtiers − − '''Chapter''' '''95''' − − 95.93 Conventional Practices − − '''Chapter''' '''96''' − − 96.94 Consolidation of Kingdom − − 96.95 Absolute Sovereignty − − '''Adhikaranam VI 'The Source of Sovereign States'''<nowiki/>' − − Book VI : Mandalayonihi − − '''Chapter''' '''97''' − − 97.96 Elements of Sovereignty − − '''Chapter''' '''98''' − − 98.97 Concerning Peace and Effort − − '''Adhikaranam VII 'Shaadgunyam'''' − − Book VII: The Six Fold Policy − − '''Chapter''' '''99''' − − 99.98 The Six Fold Policy − − 99. 99 Deterioration , Stagnation and Progression − − '''Chapter 100''' − − 100.100 Nature of Alliance − − '''Chapter 101''' − − 100.101 Qualities of Equal, Inferior and Superior Kings − − 100.102 Alliance by an Inferior King − − '''Chapter 102''' − − 102.103 Neutrality after Proclaiming War − − 102.104 Neutrality after Concluding Peace − − 102.105 Marching after Proclaiming War − − 102.106 Marching after Making Peace − − 102. 107 The March of Combined Powers − − '''Chapter 103''' − − 103. 108 March against an Assailable Enemy − − 103.109 Causing of Dwindling Greed and Disloyalty of Army − − 103. 110 Considerations in combining Forces − − '''Chapter 104''' − − 104.111 March of Combined Powers − − 104,112 Treaties with or without Definite Terms and Peace with Renegades − − '''Chapter 105''' − − 105.113 Peace and War Employing Double Policy − − '''Chapter 106''' − − 106.114 Attitude of Assailable Enemy − − 106.115 Friends that Deserve Help − − '''Chapter 107''' − − 107.116 Agreements for Friend, Gold, Territory and Forts − − '''Chapter 108''' − − 108.116 Agreements for Peace for Acquisition of Land − − '''Chapter 109''' − − 109.116 Agreements for Interminable Agreement − − '''Chapter 110''' − − 110.116 Agreements for Undertaking a Work − − '''Chapter 111''' − − 111.117 Consideration of an Enemy in the Rear − − '''Chapter 112''' − − 112. 118 Recruitment of Lost Power − − '''Chapter 113''' − − 113. 119 Peace with a Strong and Provoked Enemy − − 113. 120 Attitude of a Conquered Enemy − − '''Chapter 114''' − − 114.121 Attitude of a Conquered King − − '''Chapter 115''' − − 115.122 Making Peace − − 115.123 Breaking Peace − − '''Chapter 116''' − − 116.124 Conduct of Madhyama King − − 116. 124 Conduct of a Neutral King − − 116.126 Conduct of Circle of States − − '''Adhikaranam VIII 'Vyasanadhikarikam'''' − − Book VIII : Concerning Vices and Calamities − − '''Chapter 117''' − − 117.127 Calamities of the Elements of Sovereignty − − '''Chapter 118''' − − 118. 128 Troubles of the King and his Kingdom − − '''Chapter 119''' − − 119.129 The Troubles of Men − − '''Chapter 120''' − − 120.130 Molestation − − 120.131 Obstructions − − 120.132 Financial Troubles − − '''Chapter 121''' − − 121. 133 Troubles of the Army − − 121. 134 Troubles of a Friend − − '''Adhikaranam IX ' Abhiyaasyatkarma'''' − − Book IX : Actions of an Invader − − '''Chapter 122''' − − 122.135 Knowledge of Power, Place, Time, Strength and Weakness − − 122. 136 The Time of Invasion − − '''Chapter 123''' − − 123. 137 The Time of Recruiting the Army − − 123.138 The Form of Equipment − − 123. 139 Work of Arraying a Rival Force − − '''Chapter 124''' − − 124. 140 Annoyance in the Rear − − 124.141 Remedies against Internal and External Trouble − − '''Chapter 125''' − − 125. 142 Loss of Men, Wealth and Profit − − '''Chapter 126''' − − 126.143 External and Internal Dangers − − '''Chapter 127''' − − 127.144 Persons Associated with Traitors and Enemies − − '''Chapter 128''' − − 128. 145 Doubts about Wealth and Harm − − 128.146 Success by Alternative Strategic Means − − '''Adhikaranam X ' Sangramikam'''' − − Book X : Relating to War − − '''Chapter 129''' − − 129.147 Encampment − − '''Chapter 130''' − − 130.148 March of the Camp − − 130. 149 Protection of the Army in Troubles − − '''Chapter 131''' − − 131.150 Treacherous Fights − − 131. 151 Encouragement of One's own Army − − 131.152 Fight between One's own Army and that of the Enemy − − '''Chapter 132''' − − 132.153 Battle Fields − − 132.154 Actions of Infantry, Cavalry, Chariots and Elephants − − '''Chapter 133''' − − 133.155 Array of Troupes in Wings, Flanks and Front − − 133.156 Strong and Weak Troops − − 133. 157 Battle with Infantry, Cavalry, Chariots and Elephants − − '''Chapter 134''' − − 134.158 Array of Army like a Staff, Snake, a Circle or in Detached Order − − 134.159 Array of Army against that of an Enemy − − '''Adhikaranam XI 'Sangavrittam'''' − − Book XI "The Conduct of Corporations" − − '''Chapter 135''' − − 135.160 Causes of Dissension − − 135.161 Secret Punishment − − '''Adhikaranam XII 'Aabaleeyasam'''' − − Book XII : Concerning a Powerful Army − − '''Chapter 136''' − − 136.162 Duties of a Messenger − − '''Chapter''' '''137''' − − 137.163 Battle of Intrigue − − '''Chapter 138''' − − 138.164 Killing of Commander-in-Chief − − 138.165 Inciting a Circle of States − − '''Chapter 139''' − − 139.166 Spies with Weapons, Fire and Poison − − 139. 167 Destruction of Supply, Stores and Granaries − − '''Chapter 140''' − − 140.158 Capture by Secret Means − − 140.169 Capture by Means of Army − − 140.170 Complete Victory − − '''Adhikaranam 13 'Durgalabhopaayaha' Means to Capture a Fortress''' − − '''Chapter 141''' − − 141.171 Sowing the Seeds of Dissension − − '''Chapter 142''' − − 142.172 Enticement by Secret Contrivances − − '''Chapter 143''' − − 143.173 Spies at Work − − '''Chapter 144''' − − 144.174 Operation of Siege − − 144.175 Storming a Fort − − '''Chapter 145''' − − 145.176 Restoration of Peace in a Conquered Country − − '''Adhikaranam 14 'Aupanishadhikam' Secret Means''' − − '''Chapter 146''' − − 146.177 Means to Injure an Enemy − − '''Chapter 147''' − − 147.178 Delusion with Wonderous Contrivances − − '''Chapter 148''' − − 148.178 Delusion with Medicines and Mantras − − '''Chapter 149''' − − 149.179 Remedies against the Injuries of One's own Army − − '''Adhikaranam 15 ' Tantrayuktihi' The Plan of a Treatise''' − − '''Chapter 150''' − − 150.180 Division of the Treatise − − === ''Adhikarana 1 : '''Vinayadhikarika''''' === − Book 1 is a treatise on On Discipline. − − The Adhikarana begins with salutations to Sukra and Brhaspati. − − The book deals with all overall political and social discipline which can assist in good governance for the country and its people. This adhikarana is one of the most extensive description of the discipline to be cultivated by a Raja. There is explicit mention of various duties of a raja towards his own country, education, vriddhas, learned persons, ministers, and the restraint and controls over self and children while managing his conduct and character in the book. Rules regarding varta and dandaniti (punishments) have been codified. − − '''Shloka 1***********************''' − − <nowiki>*************************</nowiki> − − This is a single treatise on the science of politics prepared by amalgamating the teachings of many treatises on the Science of Politics as have been composed by ancient teachers for the acquisition and protection of the earth.<ref>The Arthasastra of Kautilya, Edited by T. Ganapati Sastri, ed. 2012, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi</ref> − − '''S2''' ******* − − Of that treatise, this is an enumeration of Sections and Books:- − − S3****************** − − Indication of Sciences, Association with the aged, Subjugation of the sense organs ( life of a saintly king and abandoning the aggregate of six enemies), Engagement of Councillors and preceptors, Ascertainment of nobility and purity of ministers, Institution of Spies, Maintenance of proper and improper factions in one's own state, Winning over of proper and improper factions from enemy state, Sections on counselling, Employment of messengers, Protection of one-self from the sons of kings, Keeping the prince under restraint, Treatment of one under such restraints, Messenger of kings, Arrangement of the harem, Concern for self protection, ; and these are the brief contents of the first chapter dealing with the life of a king concerning discipline. − − '''Adhikaram II''' : ''''Adhyakshapracharaha'''' − − The Book II is a treatise on 'Authorities' . There is an elaborate description of almost every authority vested within a state and the modalities of its effective regulation. The village, land area and forts are the ground assets of a state and their division for the purpose of construction of forts, buildings and village settlements in the backdrop of an overall layout of the fortified city have been described through the chapters. The space for a centralized granary under the responsibility of director of stores clearly stating his duties have been further elucidated. Finance is the backbone of the economy. Wealth creation, revenue collection, bullion market and central exchequer have been greatly emphasized as they are the pillars that uplift the economic growth and social status of the state. The duties and responsibilities of the revenue officers in terms of collection, counting, depositing, maintaining perfect financial discipline of records, frequent audits of different types of income and expenditure accounts including coins, gems, jewels, precious stones and recovery of revenue misappropriated by state officers is dealt in the formative chapters of the book. Other crucial authorities forming the backbone of the economy other than finance mentioned in the text are trade and commerce to include mining, bullion, trade, forestry, armory (defence), scales weights standards and measures of time and space, tolls, weaving, agriculture, liquor, prostitutes, ships, cows , horses, elephants, chariots and infantry. The duties and engagements of all the state officers in the hierarchy belonging to each of these avenues like superintendents, supervisors, controllers and directors have been mentioned systematically. Commandments are mentioned even for passports, pastures, secret services, administration, city and army which are executed through individual superintendents handling each domain. This book is complete encyclopedia on departments that existed then and their functional aspects. These constitute the second book ' The Activity of the Heads of Departments" − − '''Adhikaranam III''' : ''''Dharmastheeyam'''' − − Book III is a treatise 'On Laws' − − One cannot deny that the over-archaic structure needed to regulate any authority within a state is its legal system. Adhikaranam III is a treatise on the laws that existed in the Mauryan empire with respect to its societal concerns varying over marriage, inheritance, property purchase, sale, destruction and infringements of agreements, debts and deposits, slavery, labour, robbery defamation, assault, gambling, betting and other miscellaneous offences. Indulging in cruel activities, like killing cows and Brahmans inflicting pain and injury or the use of harsh words are punishable crimes as the text say. Legal disputes and resolution mechanisms relating to these matters have been elucidated for peace and harmony to prevail in the society. The forms of punishment are of the nature of monetary fine or physical as the offence may be. The modes of payment of fine with interest rates have been described in various prakaranas. These constitute the third book 'Concerning Judges'. − − '''Adhikaram IV:''' ''''Kantakashodhanam'''' − − Book IV is a treatise on 'Removal of Thorns'. − − The removal of thorns refers to suppression of criminal activities within the state at an individual level or collective level. It also refers to protection of common man from evil minds and corrupt actions. The book thrusts on those situations or conditions that may be created by man or nature for which the state must be prepared to tackle with an alert mind. Planning and foresight of such sudden occurrences can reduce the impact of damage for individuals and state. It deals with कारुकरक्षणम् <ref>Book I Chapter I Arthashastra of Kautilya T. Ganapati Sastri </ref>that is the protection of artisans, spies, keeping a watch on traders, protection and remedial measures that need to be taken before and during natural calamities. It talks of secret agents who need to detect criminals disguised as holy men and the arrest of those who are found suspicious of possessing stolen articles and secret means of income and prescribes a watch on officers of all departments to protect the wealth of various authorities of the state. There are also sections that look at आशुमृतकपरीक्षा ( interrogation in the case of an untimely or sudden death), involving torture or cross examination during a trial, to elicit the truth or in certain cases capital punishments if required. Hence punitive action of varying degrees is a consequence as the nature of crime heightens. Other punishments are prescribed such as mutilation of limbs or fine in lieu. Severe punishments have been codified in the text for transgression, कन्याप्रकर्म (atrocities committed on girls through sexual intercourse with who have yet to reach puberty), and any other violation of virtues or improper food for maidens. These are the constituents of the fourth book <nowiki>''</nowiki> The Suppression of Criminals". − − '''Adhikaram V ' Yogavrittam'''' − − Book V is a treatise on 'The Conduct of Courtiers'. − − The book mentions punishment for courtiers moving against the state or the king. Confidants are liable to be punished (दण्डकर्मिकम् ) if found resorting to three means : secrecy, openness, and treachery. Courtiers are expected to maintain traditional rules, help the king to retain absolute sovereignty and control over his kingdom by subjugating vassals and allow sustainability of his rule. Courtiers are expected to keep employees well motivated with gifts to earn their confidence. It specifies the proper behaviour and (अनुजीविवृत्तं ) conduct of courtiers, their conduct towards a dependent, and concerns replenishment of the treasury (कोशाभिसंहरणम् ) and salaries of state employees. This forms the fifth book concerning with the conduct of courtiers. − − '''Adhikaranam VI <nowiki>''</nowiki>Mandalayonihi"''' − − Book VI is a treatise on Sovereignty of States, its sources and elements. It deals with excellence of the constituent elements concerning peace and (प्रकृतिसम्पदः) prosperity of the people in all respects, by engaging in fruitful actions/efforts towards its attainment. − − '''Adhikaranam VII 'Shaadgunyam'''' − − Book VII is a treatise on the enumeration of <nowiki>''</nowiki>The Six Fold Policy" of the state (षाडगुण्यसमुध्येशः). This book is especially important and a lengthy one detailing alliances, treaties, conquer, enemy states, power, peace and precautions. It can be treated as a foreign policy for the state. The policies address measures to determine deterioration, stable condition, stagnation and progression of the state and to recruit lost or decreased power (हीनशक्तिपूरणम्). The components of the book talks of the nature of alliances and adherence to policies with equal , superior and inferior kings and their qualities. It talks about permanent and immediate enemy and the march against an assailable enemy and combined forces. The causing of dwindling greed and disloyalty among people in the context of studying characteristics of a well founded state is analysed. The neutrality and marching after proclaiming war and concluding peace alongside the march of combined powers has been scripted in depth. There may be treaties reached with or without definite terms, such have been discussed. There are provisions relating to peace and war employing double policy. It provides precautions on having provoked a powerful enemy and process to buy peace with such a force. The sections indicate attitude of the king towards assailable conquered enemy, towards the victor if he is conquered, consideration of an enemy in the rear. There are agreements pertaining to gold, territory and forts, peace for acquisition of land, interminable agreement, undertaking a work and for those friends that deserve help and proviso for upkeep of the agreement at all costs. The conduct of madhyama king, neutral king and circle of states also been discussed. − − '''Adhikaranam VIII 'Vyasanadhikarikam'''' − − Book VIII is a treatise on the 'vices and calamities' emerging in a state from various quarters. The king and his kingdom may be facing an overall challenge or the elements of sovereignty may be running risk. The common men (molestation), the army (बलव्यसनवर्गः), ally (मित्रव्यसनवर्गः) and finances (refusal to pay to the treasury) (कोशसङ्गवर्गः) may aggregate in the form of group obstruction. Such group vices and hindrances have been discussed. A group obstruction is always more risky and damaging than an individual impediment. − − '''Adhikaranam IX ' Abhiyaasyatkarma'''' − − Book IX is a treatise on the "Actions of an Invader<nowiki>''</nowiki>. This book stresses on revolts and enemy invasion and the associated preparations and preparedness required to mitigate or combat such dangers and uncertainty. It is crucial for the state and king to have शक्तिदेशकालबलाबलज्ञानं i.e. the knowledge of one's power, place, time, strength and weakness. This is to be complemented with other infrastructure such as arrangement of armoury and equipment keeping , the strength of the enemy force in mind. A prepared mind is half battle won as it is said is aptly described in the book. It is important to ascertain internal and external dangers and guard against people associated with traitors and enemies. There is also a parallel need to consider the advantages and disadvantages of income, expenditures, losses and gains while combating such situations (success by alternative strategic means). There are means and mechanisms to deal with such dangers, uncertainties, and risks. It involves the work of employing appropriate and adequate troops against enemy troops, employing counter measures against risings of constituents in the rear, outer or interior regions and ascertaining the merits of equipping different kinds of troops for the war. The different means to ascertain, assess, avoid, and combat such risings, revolts and dangers constitute this book ' The activity of the king about the march'. − − '''Adhikaranam X ' Sangramikam'''' − − Book X is a treatise on ‘Acts relating to the War’. The book is more on war strategy. It details the positioning strategy of the troops, elephants, chariots and cantonment as such. The book emphasizes on the positioning strategy which can greatly assist in winning wars over enemies. There is a clear cut description of the array of troops (पक्षकक्षोर स्यानां बलाग्रुतो व्यूहविभागः) while encounter in wings, flanks and front depending on the strength of the troops, and the arrangement pattern (दण्डभोगमण्डलासंहतव्यूहव्यूहनम् of the army like a staff, snake, circle or in diffused form. It depicts the complete look and feel of the battle field and also the modes of fighting. It describes strategies (covert and overt ) related to treacherous fights, fight between one's own army and that of the enemy, encouragement and protection of it while in trouble including actions of and battle with infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants. − − '''Adhikaranam XI 'Sangavrittam'''' − − Book XI is a treatise on "The Conduct of Corporations". The book deals with ways of resorting to the policy of sowing dissensions and forms of (उपान्षुदण्डः) secret punishment. This book is dedicated to dissensions ( भेदो पदानानि ) . − + − Line 859:
Line 1,551: − +
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== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
Written nearly 1500 years ago, the relevance of Arthshastra is often re-validated in the present century, one can always say that human beings have always remained the same over generations and their attitude, desire, thinking and behaviour is governed by their surroundings, challenges and opportunities open to them. Some of their native instincts may be nature and ancestoral but lot of it is nurture and environment. States may have been divided, reconfigured, and re-defined but the tenets of maintaining internal peace, managing external attacks, maintaining international relations among states continues to be the same. The statecraft of managing administration, governance and polity (social, economic and political structure) of the current times still borrows its foundation from the ancient tenets. So long as humans and societies are significant, Arthashastra will be found relevant to creating ideal states.
Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha are the Purusharthas or the 4 tenets human beings are expected to follow ie. moral behaviour, wealth, worldly pleasure, and salvation. The Arthashastra follows the Dharmashastra, which signifies duty, universal order, righteousness of the individual towards oneself, society and ancestors. Similarly, the state comprising of the society, ministers, ruler, priests and people are governed by morality, ethics, conventional and adhyatmik law, another manifestation of dharma. Kautilya himself assumed his dharmic responsibility by wandering in disguise for years only to find the boy 'Chandragupta' in the village grounds among cowherd and friends, to fit the royal line. Kautilya was so impressed with the boy that he, thereon gave him all the dikshas to fit into the role of a perfect king. It was Kautilya's orientation to Rajadharma that until he made Chandragupta the ruler of Magadha, and made it the most powerful dynasty, he had sleepless nights.{{Citation needed}}
== कर्ता ॥ Author ==
History has seen and read several authors of the ancient period but none like Kautilya. A mastermind behind the great work called 'Arthashastra', Kautilya, has the recognition of being the most influential political philosopher and guide for Chandragupta Maurya during the Mauryan era (326 B.C.E.). Kautilya's work is an enema written originally in Sanskrit and he is considered the greatest political thinker and state craftsman Indian civilization has ever produced.
Scholars continue to study about his
* Name (Kautalya or Kautilya, Chanakya, Vishnugupta):
He was called Kautilya because he belonged to 'Kautalya' Gotra. As he is believed to have been born at 'Chanaka' in Punjab, he was called Chanakya and was named Vishnugupta by his parents. Hence, the names Kautilya, Chanakya and Vishnugupta are the resounding names in literature.
* Native, Place of birth or Origin:
He is speculated to be from Takshashila in Punjab or a Dravidian from South or a Nampudiri of Kerala or from Magadha in South Bihar.
Irrespective of the speculations around his name, origin and authorship of the Arthashastra, the world still believes with credible evidences provided by exponents that he is the architect of this monumental work. The Chanakya Neeti is nothing but a political strategy suggesting ways and means to combat any administrative and political eventuality. When the Nanda dynasty was weaning to self destruction there was void in the political climate for a strong administrator to manage the reigns. The political doldrums, foreign invasions, social unrest and mis-governance presented fertile opportunity to Kautilya and he immediately seized it. Not interested in power, position and authority, he found and fermented Chandragupta Maurya to lead the Mauryan empire teaching him all tricks of the trade codified in his treatise Arthashastra, to the extent that the Mauryan dynasty became the uncontested power for several years in history.
Simple yet bold, austere yet opportunist, never forgetting a slight yet scheming, Chanakya was known to achieve his ultimate purpose regardless of the means as he never admitted defeat of purpose due to means unsuited to the end.{{Citation needed}}
== अर्थशास्त्रस्य महत्त्वम् ॥ Importance of Arthashastra ==
When Arthashastra was discovered by Rudrapatnam Shamashastry, he could not have anticipated the revolution in Indian self-image his discovery would bring about. The text became a focal point with which to contest every cliché that had been used to define India:
* A society that allegedly never had a rational state suddenly acquired one
* A society defined by a dreamy moralism suddenly acquired a narrative of steely realism
* A society without a history of political thought acquired a master text in political theory
* A society without sophisticated economic thinking acquired insight into the foundations of wealth
* A society without a strategic culture acquired a veritable theory of international relations
* A nation with ostensibly no political identity acquired a prehistory of political unity.<ref>Lecture Notes of Prof C. D. Sebastian, IIT Bombay</ref>
Also, the veracity of application of Kautilya's Arthashastra ranges to limitless boundaries of knowledge and learning from medicine to education to philosophy and even to contemporary management sciences. Arthashastra is a 'mula-mantra' not only for political governance but also a 'gupta-mantra' for corporate management governance. The preaching of Arthashastra elevates human thinking to work with sixth sense, engaging cognitive, affective and connative domains to keep control over mind, body and self so that institutions can prosper.
This treatise covers all social, political, warfare, welfare, law, policy making, economics, finance, and disciplinary aspects of administration that led the Mauryan dynasty to claim a unique political fabric of its own. Kautilya's Arthashastra is a work justifying every type of tactic played craftily so as to offer real life solution to every conceivable hypothetical situation.{{Citation needed}}
'''Chapter 1'''
== अर्थशास्त्रे अर्थः ॥ Artha in Arthashastra ==
Artha meaning wealth''',''' follows dharma. However, in Arthashastra, it signifies more than wealth. It talks of wealth of nations, territories, and well being of the individual inhabitants doing various occupations. The state plays a major role in appraising and elevating the material status and well being of its people. Therefore, Artha is not as simple as to mean money, worldly possession or capital. Rather, it means the 'scientific economics' of a state stressing on treasury, revenue, expenditures, state taxes, budgets, accounts and productive output of enterprises which in turn enhance the material status of human society and individuals within it.
The contents of the book
Dr. Radhakrishnan said that Artha takes note of the economic and political life of a person, the craving for power and property. While the pursuit of wealth and happiness is a legitimate human aspiration, they should be gained through righteousness (Dharma), if they are to lead to spiritual freedom of a person (Moksha).<ref>Radhakrishnan, S. (1926). ''Hindu view of life''. George Allen And Unwin Ltd, London.</ref>
== विषयसूचिः ॥ List of Topics ==
The Arthashastra is a compilation of 15 Adhikaranas (Books), further divided into 150 Adhyayas (Chapters), which are further sub-divided into 180 Prakaranas (Sections) and 380 karikas with 6000 shlokas ''(''verses). The following is a brief account of the composition within various Adhikaranas, Adhyayas and Prakaranas.
{| class="wikitable"
|+The Arthashastra at a Glance
|Adhikarana/
Book
|Topic
|Meaning
|Adhyaya/
Chapter
|Prakarana/
2.1 ''Prakaranam (Section) 1'' : Indication of Sciences, Place of Anviksiki determined
Section
|Topic
|-
|I
|Vinayadhikara
|On Discipline
|1
|1
|The contents of the book
|-
|
|
|
|2
|1
|Indication of Sciences, Place of Anviksiki determined
|-
|
|
|
|3
|1
|Indication of Sciences (Contd.)
Place of Three Vedas Determined
|-
|
|
|
|4
|1
|Indication of Sciences (Contd.)
3.1 Indication of Sciences (Contd.)
Varta and Dandaniti Established
|-
|
|
|
|5
|2
|Association with the Aged
|-
|
|
|
|6
|3
|Control of Sense Organs
Abandoning of the Aggregate of Six Enemies
|-
|
|
|
|7
|3
|Control of Sense Organs (Contd.)
Abandoning of the Aggregate of Six Enemies
7.3 Control of Sense Organs (Contd.)
Life of a Saintly King
Life of a Saintly King
|-
|
|
|
|8
|4
|Employment of Ministers
|-
|
|
|
|9
|5
|Selection of Councillors and Priests
|-
|
|
|
|10
|6
|Purity and Impurity of Ministers Tested
|-
|
|
|
|11
|7
|Constitution of Spies
|-
|
|
|
|12
|8
|Duties Assigned to the Spies
|-
|
|
|
|13
|9
|Engaging Spies Against One's Officers
|-
|
|
|
|14
|10
|Winning Over Faction in an Enemy's State
|-
|
|
|
|15
|11
|Counselling
|-
|
|
|
|16
|12
|Employment of Messengers
|-
|
|
|
|17
|13
|Protection of Princes
|-
|
|
|
|18
|14 & 15
|Prince put under Restraint and Treatment of a Restrained Prince
|-
|
|
|
|19
|16
|The Royal Duties
|-
|
|
|
|20
|17
|Duty towards the Harem
|-
|
|
|
|21
|18
|Self Protection
|-
|II
|Adhyakshaprachara
|Authorities
|22
|19
|Arrangement of Villages
|-
|
|
|
|23
|20
|Division of Land
|-
|
|
|
|24
|21
|Construction of Fort
|-
|
|
|
|25
|22
|Buildings within the Fort
|-
|
|
|
|26
|23
|Duties of Treasury Officer
|-
|
|
|
|27
|24
|Collection of Wealth by the collector
|-
|
|
|
|28
|25
|Counting of Coins and Maintenance of Accounts
|-
|
|
|
|29
|26
|Detection of Embezzled Revenue
|-
|
|
|
|30
|27
|Test of the Conduct of Employees
|-
|
|
|
|31
|28
|Procedure for Issuing Writs
|-
|
|
|
|32
|29
|Examination of Gems to be deposited in the Treasury
|-
|
|
|
|33
|30
|Mining Operations
|-
|
|
|
|34
|31
|Superintendent in the Office of Goldsmith
|-
|
|
|
|35
|32
|Goldsmith in the High Road
|-
|
|
|
|36
|33
|Chief of Store House
|-
|
|
|
|37
|34
|Authority of Commerce
|-
|
|
|
|38
|35
|Authority of Forest Producers
|-
|
|
|
|39
|36
|Authority of the Armoury
|-
|
|
|
|40
|37
|Authority of Weights and Measures
|-
|
|
|
|41
|38
|Measurement of Space and Time
|-
|
|
|
|42
|39
|Superintendent of Tolls
|-
|
|
|
|43
|39
|Regulation of Toll Dues
|-
|
|
|
|44
|40
|Superintendent of Weaving
|-
|
|
|
|45
|41
|Superintendent of Agriculture
|-
|
|
|
|46
|42
|Superintendent of Liquor
|-
|
|
|
|47
|43
|Authority of the Slaughter House
|-
|
|
|
|48
|44
|The Superintendent of Prostitutes
|-
|
|
|
|49
|45
|The Superintendent of Ships
|-
|
|
|
|50
|46
|The Superintendent of Cows
|-
|
|
|
|51
|47
|The Superintendent of Horses
|-
|
|
|
|52
|48
|The Superintendent of Elephants
|-
|
|
|
|53
|48
|The Superintendent of Elephants; Training
|-
|
|
|
|54
|49
|The Superintendent of Chariots
|-
|
|
|
|54
|50
|The Superintendent of Infantry
|-
|
|
|
|54
|51
|Duties of the Commander-in-chief
|-
|
|
|
|55
|52
|The Superintendent of Passports
|-
|
|
|
|55
|53
|The Superintendent of Pastures
|-
|
|
|
|56
|54
|The Administrator's Activity
|-
|
|
|
|56
|55
|Activity of the Secret Agents
|-
|
|
|
|57
|56
|The Duty of a City Superintendent
|-
|III
|Dharmastheeyam
|On Laws
|58
|57
|Forms of Agreement
|-
|
|
|
|58
|58
|Legal Disputes
|-
|
|
|
|59
|59
|Concerning the Marriage
|-
|
|
|
|60
|59
|Concerning the Marriage; Duty of a Wife
|-
|
|
|
|61
|59
|Concerning the Marriage
|-
|
|
|
|62
|60
|Division on Inheritance
|-
|
|
|
|63
|60
|Division on Inheritance: Sharing
|-
|
|
|
|64
|60
|Inheritance: Types of Sons
|-
|
|
|
|65
|61
|On Building Residences
|-
|
|
|
|66
|61
|Concerning Houses; Sale of House
|-
|
|
|
|67
|61 & 62
|Destruction of Pastures and Infringement of Agreements
|-
|
|
|
|68
|63
|Recovery of Debts
|-
|
|
|
|69
|64
|Concerning Deposits
|-
|
|
|
|70
|65
|Slaves and Labourers
|-
|
|
|
|71
|66
|On Slavery; Cooperative Undertaking
|-
|
|
|
|72
|67
|Rescission of Purchase and Sale
|-
|
|
|
|73
|68
|Rescission from Promised Sale
|-
|
|
|
|73
|69
|Sale from Ownership
|-
|
|
|
|73
|70
|Ownership of Properties
|-
|
|
|
|74
|71
|Robbery
|-
|
|
|
|75
|72
|Defamation
|-
|
|
|
|76
|73
|Assault
|-
|
|
|
|77
|74
|Gambling and Betting
|-
|
|
|
|77
|75
|Miscellaneous Offences
|-
|IV
|Kantakashodhanam
|Removal of Thorns
|78
|76
|Protection against Artisans
|-
|
|
|
|79
|77
|Protection against Merchants
|-
|
|
|
|80
|78
|Remedies against Calamities
|-
|
|
|
|81
|79
|Protection from Spies
|-
|
|
|
|82
|80
|Exposition of Youths by Ascetic Spies
|-
|
|
|
|83
|81
|Arrest of Criminals on Suspicion
|-
|
|
|
|84
|82
|Examination of Sudden Death
|-
|
|
|
|85
|83
|Trial and Torture to Obtain Confession
|-
|
|
|
|86
|84
|Protection of all Government Departments
|-
|
|
|
|87
|85
|Fine in Leiu of Mutilation of Limbs
|-
|
|
|
|88
|86
|Death with or without Torture
|-
|
|
|
|89
|87
|Defilement of Maidens
|-
|
|
|
|90
|88
|Punishment for Violation of Justice
|-
|V
|Yogavrittam
|The Conduct of Courtiers
|91
|89
|Awards of Punishment
|-
|
|
|
|92
|90
|Replenishment of Treasury
|-
|
|
|
|93
|91
|Maintenance of Servants
|-
|
|
|
|94
|92
|Conduct of Courtiers
|-
|
|
|
|95
|93
|Conventional Practices
|-
|
|
|
|96
|94
|Consolidation of Kingdom
|-
|
|
|
|96
|95
|Absolute Sovereignty
|-
|VI
|Mandalayoni
|The Source of Sovereign States
|97
|96
|Elements of Sovereignty
|-
|
|
|
|98
|97
|Concerning Peace and Effort
|-
|VII
|Shaadgunyam
|The Six Fold Policy
|99
|98
|The Six Fold Policy
|-
|
|
|
|99
|99
|Deterioration, Stagnation and Progression
|-
|
|
|
|100
|100
|Nature of Alliance
|-
|
|
|
|101
|101
|Qualities of Equal, Inferior and Superior Rulers
|-
|
|
|
|101
|102
|Alliance by an Inferior Ruler
|-
|
|
|
|102
|103
|Neutrality after Proclaiming War
|-
|
|
|
|102
|104
|Neutrality after Concluding Peace
|-
|
|
|
|102
|105
|Marching after Proclaiming War
|-
|
|
|
|102
|106
|Marching after Making Peace
|-
|
|
|
|102
|107
|The March of Combined Powers
|-
|
|
|
|103
|108
|March against an Assailable Enemy
|-
|
|
|
|103
|109
|Causing of Dwindling Greed and Disloyalty of Army
|-
|
|
|
|103
|110
|Considerations in combining Forces
|-
|
|
|
|104
|111
|March of Combined Powers
|-
|
|
|
|104
|112
|Treaties with or without Definite Terms and Peace with Renegades
|-
|
|
|
|105
|113
|Peace and War Employing Double Policy
|-
|
|
|
|106
|114
|Attitude of Assailable Enemy
|-
|
|
|
|106
|115
|Friends that Deserve Help
|-
|
|
|
|107
|116
|Agreements for Friend, Gold, Territory and Forts
|-
|
|
|
|108
|116
|Agreements for Peace for Acquisition of Land
|-
|
|
|
|109
|116
|Agreements for Interminable Agreement
|-
|
|
|
|110
|116
|Agreements for Undertaking a Work
|-
|
|
|
|111
|117
|Consideration of an Enemy in the Rear
|-
|
|
|
|112
|118
|Recruitment of Lost Power
|-
|
|
|
|113
|119
|Peace with a Strong and Provoked Enemy
|-
|
|
|
|113
|120
|Attitude of a Conquered Enemy
|-
|
|
|
|114
|121
|Attitude of a Conquered Ruler
|-
|
|
|
|115
|122
|Making Peace
|-
|
|
|
|115
|123
|Breaking Peace
|-
|
|
|
|116
|124
|Conduct of Madhyama King
|-
|
|
|
|116
|125
|Conduct of a Neutral King
|-
|
|
|
|116
|126
|Conduct of Circle of States
|-
|VIII
|Vyasanadhikaranam
|Concerning Vices and Calamities
|117
|127
|Calamities of the Elements of Sovereignty
|-
|
|
|
|118
|128
|Troubles of the King and his Kingdom
|-
|
|
|
|119
|129
|The Troubles of Men
|-
|
|
|
|120
|130
|Molestation
|-
|
|
|
|120
|131
|Obstructions
|-
|
|
|
|120
|132
|Financial Troubles
|-
|
|
|
|121
|133
|Troubles of the Army
|-
|
|
|
|121
|134
|Troubles of a Friend
|-
|IX
|Abhiyaasyatkarma
|Actions of an Invader
|122
|135
|Knowledge of Power, Place, Time, Strength and Weakness
|-
|
|
|
|122
|136
|The Time of Invasion
|-
|
|
|
|123
|137
|The Time of Recruiting the Army
|-
|
|
|
|123
|138
|The Form of Equipment
|-
|
|
|
|123
|139
|Work of Arraying a Rival Force
|-
|
|
|
|124
|140
|Annoyance in the Rear
|-
|
|
|
|124
|141
|Remedies against Internal and External Trouble
|-
|
|
|
|125
|142
|Loss of Men, Wealth and Profit
|-
|
|
|
|126
|143
|External and Internal Dangers
|-
|
|
|
|127
|144
|Persons Associated with Traitors and Enemies
|-
|
|
|
|128
|145
|Doubts about Wealth and Harm
|-
|
|
|
|128
|146
|Success by Alternative Strategic Means
|-
|X
|Sangramikam
|Relating to War
|129
|147
|Encampment
|-
|
|
|
|130
|148
|March of the Camp
|-
|
|
|
|130
|149
|Protection of the Army in Troubles
|-
|
|
|
|131
|150
|Treacherous Fights
|-
|
|
|
|131
|151
|Encouragement of One's own Army
|-
|
|
|
|131
|152
|Fight between One's own Army and that of the Enemy
|-
|
|
|
|132
|153
|Battle Fields
|-
|
|
|
|132
|154
|Actions of Infantry, Cavalry, Chariots and Elephants
|-
|
|
|
|133
|155
|Array of Troupes in Wings, Flanks and Front
|-
|
|
|
|133
|156
|Strong and Weak Troops
|-
|
|
|
|133
|157
|Battle with Infantry, Cavalry, Chariots and Elephants
|-
|
|
|
|134
|158
|Array of Army like a Staff, Snake, a Circle or in Detached Order
|-
|
|
|
|134
|159
|Array of Army against that of an Enemy
|-
|XI
|Sangavrittam
|The Conduct of Corporations
|135
|160
|Causes of Dissension
|-
|
|
|
|135
|161
|Secret Punishment
|-
|XII
|Aabaleeyasam
|Concerning a Powerful Army
|136
|162
|Duties of a Messenger
|-
|
|
|
|137
|163
|Battle of Intrigue
|-
|
|
|
|138
|164
|Killing of Commander-in-Chief
|-
|
|
|
|138
|165
|Inciting a Circle of States
|-
|
|
|
|139
|166
|Spies with Weapons, Fire and Poison
|-
|
|
|
|139
|167
|Destruction of Supply, Stores and Granaries
|-
|
|
|
|140
|168
|Capture by Secret Means
|-
|
|
|
|140
|169
|Capture by Means of Army
|-
|
|
|
|140
|170
|Complete Victory
|-
|XIII
|Durgalabhopaayaha
|Means to Capture a Fortress
|141
|171
|Sowing the Seeds of Dissension
|-
|
|
|
|142
|172
|Enticement by Secret Contrivances
|-
|
|
|
|143
|173
|Spies at Work
|-
|
|
|
|144
|174
|Operation of Siege
|-
|
|
|
|144
|175
|Storming a Fort
|-
|
|
|
|145
|176
|Restoration of Peace in a Conquered Country
|-
|XIV
|Aupanishadhikam
|Secret Means
|146
|177
|Means to Injure an Enemy
|-
|
|
|
|147
|178
|Delusion with Wonderous Contrivances
|-
|
|
|
|148
|178
|Delusion with Medicines and Mantras
|-
|
|
|
|149
|179
|Remedies against the Injuries of One's own Army
|-
|XV
|Tantrayuktihi
|The Plan of a Treatise
|150
|180
|Division of the Treatise
|}
== अधिकरणसारः ॥ Summary of Adhikaranas ==
The Arthashastra begins with veneration to two great political thinkers Shukra and Brhaspati and Kautilya makes an honest submission of this so as to not take credit all unto himself. He also refers to theories of other authors and well known schools in the field of economics and politics and shastras of the Pre-Kautilyan era which have formed the foundation for the compendium Arthashastra. However, all the previous works were not so exhaustive, authoritative or deep in content and hence, were superseded by the Arthashastra.
The chapters reveal the classified and distilled mind with which Kautilya has scripted such an instructive manual suited to every need of an aggressively disposed monarchy. The entire thesis focusses on two aspects
# Tantra: the protection and welfare of the people and
# Avapa: the security and consolidation of the realm.
Book I to V comprises of 95 Prakaranas dealing only with the Tantra.
Book VI to XIV comprise 84 Prakaranas dealing with Avapa.
* Adhikarana I deals with discipline, training, daily routine of duties and dissemination of Danda by the Ruler and qualifications of the various levels of ministers and their spies.
* Adhikarana II deals with the bureaucratic set up of the administrative block, heirarchy of officials, the duties and responsibilities of various heads of departments, planning of forts and fortified towns and layout of the settlements. Estimation and collection of revenue, maintaining accounts, industrial establishments including state monopoly concerns, regulation of promotion of internal and foreign trade and commerce.
* Adhikarana III deals with civil laws and administration of Justice.
* Adhikarana IV deals with criminal laws and suppression of antisocial elements.
* Adhikarana V deals with action against sedition and treason, pay scales of officals and mechanisms to combat financial crisis.
* Adhikarana VI-VII deal with essential characterisitcs of the state described as Saptangas, the six-fold political expedients in the field of diplomacy among states called as Shadgunya.
* Adhikarana VIII deals with dangers and calamities arising both within or externally due to natural or man-made attempts befalling the ruler or body politic.
* Adhikarana IX-X deal with military campaigns and ancillary problems.
* Adhikarana XI deals with measures to control economic guilds and political corporations.
* Adhikarana XII-XIII deals with methods of intrigue and the employment of secret agencies against enemies and during military expeditions and ameliorative measures to be taken in a conquered country.
* Adhikarana XIV deals with secret recipes designed to remedy afflictions caused by enemy action.
* Adhikarana XV consists of just one prakarana in the form of a glossary of 32 technical terms and verbal contractions used in the text. This is of special significance as the author gives the intended import of the words that can be mis-construed or misinterpreted by later commentators.
== विषयविस्तारः ॥ Subject Matter ==
* Adhikarana 1 : Vinayadhikarana - Book on Discipline.
The Adhikarana begins with salutations to Shukra and Brhaspati. The book deals with overall political and social discipline which can assist in good governance for the country and its people. This adhikarana has one of the most extensive description of the discipline to be cultivated by a Raja. There is explicit mention of various duties of a raja towards his own country, education, vriddhas, learned persons, ministers, and the restraint and control over self and children while managing his conduct and character in the book. Rules regarding varta and dandaniti (punishments) have been codified.<blockquote>पृथिव्या लाभे पालने च यावन्त्यर्थशास्त्राणि पूर्वाचार्यैः प्रस्थापितानि प्रायशस्तानि संहृत्यैकमिदमर्थशास्त्रं कृतम् ।। ०१.१.०१ ।।<ref>Kautiliya Arthashastra, Adhikarana 1, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7 Adhyaya 1]</ref></blockquote>Meaning: This is a single treatise on the science of politics prepared by amalgamating the teachings of many treatises on the Science of Politics as have been composed by ancient teachers for the acquisition and protection of the earth.
Indication of Sciences, Association with the aged, Subjugation of the sense organs (life of a saintly king and abandoning the aggregate of six enemies), Engagement of Councillors and preceptors, Ascertainment of nobility and purity of ministers, Institution of Spies, Maintenance of proper and improper factions in one's own state, Winning over of proper and improper factions from enemy state, Sections on counselling, Employment of messengers, Protection of one-self from the sons of kings, Keeping the prince under restraint, Treatment of one under such restraints, Messenger of kings, Arrangement of the harem, Concern for self protection, etc. are the brief contents of the first chapter dealing with the life of a king concerning discipline.<blockquote>आन्वीक्षिकी त्रयी वार्त्ता दण्डनीतिश्चैति विद्याः ।। ०१.२.०१ ।।<ref>Kautiliya Arthashastra, Adhikarana 1, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8 Adhyaya 2]</ref></blockquote>Anvikshiki, the three vedas and varta (agriculture, cattle breeding, and trade) and Dandaniti (Science of government or political science) are called the four sciences.
Kautilya is of the opinion that these four sciences help man to understand righteousness ie. dharma and wealth ie. artha and consequently attain wisdom. While Anvikshiki comprises of the philosophy of Sankhya (arithmetic and numbers), Yoga (physical and mental agility and peace) and Lokayata (materialistic or atheistic), the three vedas would illuminate him of the Dharmic and Adharmic acts. From Varta one can understand Artha and Anartha i.e. wealth and non-wealth as the science is related to commerce, trade and commercial activities, while knowledge of Naya and Apanaya (expedient and inexpedient) can be gained from Dandaniti.
Anvikshiki, has been assigned the highest pedestal as it is the beacon of light to all sciences, means for all action and perennial source of strength to all righteous activities. In order to achieve clarity in thought, action, and intellect and attain calm in prosperity, Anvikshika would be the force to recon with. The vedas give knowledge on academic and social aspects of life. The Rig, Yajus and Saman are the 3 popular forms of vedas but the Atharvaveda and Ithihasa veda are also integral components of vedas. The other ancillary academic subjects of vedas extend to Shiksa (phonetics), Kalpa (rules for ceremonial acts), Vyakarana (grammar), Nirukta (etymological interpretation), Chandoviciti (prosody) and Jyotisha (Astronomy).
From the vedas also emerges learning for social life. The duties of the brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya and shudra (the ancient varna system of the society) is mentioned herein. At the miniature level, a man goes through four phases in life: Early childhood phase (learning, acquiring craft, knowledge, skill), Family life (marriage, children, living, earning and prosperity and enjoyment), Forester (practicing celibacy), Old age conduct (Abstinence from attachment, control over sense organs, sacrificing worldly comforts) are the four phases of human life (duties) which man should religiously practice.
The over-arching framework of vedas, anvikshiki or varta is Dandaniti (Law of Administration). All the progress and prosperity in personal, social, professional or worldly affairs can be best achieved only through the law of punishment pronounced by the government. This explains why students in their Brahmacharya phase underwent rigorous academic training, physical strain and conditioned daily life only to emphasize to them, the importance of discipline should they desire for prosperity through rest of their life. For the protection, enhancement, distribution and obtaining the unobtainable, the course of administration by law has no substitute. Hence, authorities maintain that for universal progress, gain and prosperity there is no substitute for Danda, the instrument of strict administration, to control people at large. However, Kautilya is neither in favour of too harsh a punishment nor too mild; infact, punishments are recommended in proportion to the intensity of the crime. Such a proportionate punishment would protect the oppressed and weak from the strong, discourages mendicants in the forests and encourages people to observe righteousness, earn wealth and enjoy life. <blockquote>विद्याविनय-हेतुरिन्द्रिय-जयः काम-क्रोध-लोभ-मान-मद-हर्ष-त्यागात्कार्यः ।। ०१.६.०१ ।।<ref>Kautiliya Arthashastra, Adhikarana 1, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AC Adhyaya 6]</ref></blockquote>The success of imbibing the learning from sciences and discipline is established only if one can gain control over his sense organs. The control over ear, skin, eyes, tongue and nose is said to be achieved when man shakes away feelings like lust, anger, greed, vanity, haughtiness and excessive joy. It is maintained that a king may have control over the entire bhooloka but on failing to control his senses will eventually meet destruction and history knows of many such kings to have perished with their relatives and kingdom.
In addition to this there is a strong format of discipline to be followed while engaging ministers, counsellors, priests, secret spies and messengers in the cabinet of the royal house and treatment meted to a prince kept under restraint. The royal duties, self protection actions and control of enemy faction also goes by prescribed rules of discipline. From qualifications of the employed servicemen to their routine of performing duties, all the set of activities are governed by set of rules.
* Adhikarana 2 : Adhyakshaprachara - Book on Authorities.
The second book 'The Activity of the Heads of Departments", is a complete encyclopedia on departments that existed then and their functional aspects. There is an elaborate description of almost every authority vested within a state and the modalities of its effective regulation in this Adhikarana. The village, land area and forts are the ground assets of a state and their division for the purpose of construction of forts, buildings and village settlements in the backdrop of an overall layout of the fortified city have been described through the chapters. The space for a centralized granary under the responsibility of director of stores clearly stating his duties have been further elucidated.
Finance is the backbone of the economy. Wealth creation, revenue collection, bullion market and central exchequer have been greatly emphasized as they are the pillars that uplift the economic growth and social status of the state. The duties and responsibilities of the revenue officers in terms of collection, counting, depositing, maintaining perfect financial discipline of records, frequent audits of different types of income and expenditure accounts including coins, gems, jewels, precious stones and recovery of revenue misappropriated by state officers is dealt in the formative chapters of the book.
Other crucial authorities forming the backbone of the economy other than finance mentioned in the text are trade and commerce to include mining, bullion, trade, forestry, armory (defence), scales, weights, standards and measures of time and space, tolls, weaving, agriculture, liquor, prostitutes, ships, cows, horses, elephants, chariots and infantry. The duties and engagements of all the state officers in the hierarchy belonging to each of these avenues like superintendents, supervisors, controllers and directors have been mentioned systematically. Commandments are mentioned even for passports, pastures, secret services, administration, city and army which are executed through individual superintendents handling each domain.
* Adhikarana 3: Dharma<nowiki/>stheeya - Book on Laws
One cannot deny that the over-archaic structure needed to regulate any authority within a state is its legal system. The third book 'Concerning Judges', is a book on the laws that existed in the Mauryan empire with respect to its societal concerns varying over marriage, inheritance, property purchase, sale, destruction and infringements of agreements, debts and deposits, slavery, labour, robbery, defamation, assault, gambling, betting and other miscellaneous offences. Indulging in cruel activities, like killing cows and Brahmanas, inflicting pain and injury or the use of harsh words are punishable crimes as the text say. Legal disputes and resolution mechanisms relating to these matters have been elucidated for peace and harmony to prevail in the society. The forms of punishment are of the nature of monetary fine or physical as the offence may be. The modes of payment of fine with interest rates have been described in various prakaranas.
* Adhikarana 4: Kan<nowiki/>takashodhana - Book on Removal of Thorns
The removal of thorns refers to suppression of criminal activities within the state at an individual level or collective level. It also refers to protection of common man from evil minds and corrupt actions. The book thrusts on those situations or conditions that may be created by man or nature for which the state must be prepared to tackle with an alert mind. Planning and foresight of such sudden occurrences can reduce the impact of damage for individuals and state.
It deals with Karukarakshana that is the protection of artisans, spies, keeping a watch on traders, protection and remedial measures that need to be taken before and during natural calamities. It talks of secret agents who need to detect criminals disguised as holy men and the arrest of those who are found suspicious of possessing stolen articles and secret means of income and prescribes a watch on officers of all departments to protect the wealth of various authorities of the state.
There are also sections that look at Ashumrtakapariksha (interrogation in the case of an untimely or sudden death), involving torture or cross examination during a trial, to elicit the truth or in certain cases capital punishments if required. Hence, punitive action of varying degrees is a consequence as the nature of crime heightens. Other punishments are prescribed such as mutilation of limbs or fine in lieu. Severe punishments have been codified in the text for transgression, Kanyaprakarma (atrocities committed on girls who have yet to reach puberty through sexual intercourse ), and any other violation of virtues or improper food for maidens. These are the constituents of the fourth book 'The Suppression of Criminals'.
* Adhikarana 5: Yogavritta - Book on The Conduct of Courtiers
The fifth book concerning with the conduct of courtiers mentions punishment for courtiers moving against the state or the king. Confidants are liable to be punished if found resorting to three means: secrecy, openness, and treachery. Courtiers are expected to maintain traditional rules, help the king to retain absolute sovereignty and control over his kingdom by subjugating vassals and allow sustainability of his rule. Courtiers are expected to keep employees well motivated with gifts to earn their confidence. It specifies the proper behaviour and conduct of courtiers, their conduct towards a dependent, and replenishment of the treasury (Koshabhisamharana) and salaries of state employees.
* Adhikarana 6: Mandalayoni - Book on Sovereignty of States.
This Adhikarana is a treatise on Sovereignty of States, its sources and elements. It deals with excellence of the constituent elements concerning peace and prosperity of the people in all respects (Prakrti Sampad), by engaging in fruitful actions/efforts towards its attainment.
* Adhikarana 7: Shaadgunya - Book on The Six Fold Policy
This Adhikarana enumerates The Six Fold Policy of the state. This book is especially important and a lengthy one detailing alliances, treaties, conquer, enemy states, power, peace and precautions. It can be treated as a foreign policy for the state. The policies address measures to determine deterioration, stable condition, stagnation and progression of the state and to recruit lost or decreased power.
The components of the book talks of the nature of alliances and adherence to policies with equal, superior and inferior kings and their qualities. It talks about permanent and immediate enemy and the march against an assailable enemy and combined forces. The causing of dwindling greed and disloyalty among people in the context of studying characteristics of a well founded state is analysed. The neutrality and marching after proclaiming war and concluding peace alongside the march of combined powers has been scripted in depth. There may be treaties reached with or without definite terms, such have been discussed. There are provisions relating to peace and war employing double policy. It provides precautions on having provoked a powerful enemy and process to buy peace with such a force.
The sections indicate attitude of the king towards assailable conquered enemy, towards the victor if he is conquered, consideration of an enemy in the rear. There are agreements pertaining to gold, territory and forts, peace for acquisition of land, interminable agreement, undertaking a work for those friends that deserve help and provision for upkeep of the agreement at all costs. The conduct of madhyama king, neutral king and circle of states has also been discussed.
'''Chapter 23'''
* '''Adhikaranam VIII 'Vyasanadhikarikam''''
Book VIII is a treatise on the 'Vices and Calamities' emerging in a state from various quarters. The king and his kingdom may be facing an overall challenge or the elements of sovereignty may be running risk. The common men (molestation), the army (बलव्यसनवर्गः), ally (मित्रव्यसनवर्गः) and finances (refusal to pay to the treasury) (कोशसङ्गवर्गः) may aggregate in the form of group obstruction. Such group vices and hindrances have been discussed. A group obstruction is always more risky and damaging than an individual impediment.
'''Chapter 24.'''
* '''Adhikaranam IX ' Abhiyaasyatkarma''''
Book IX is a treatise on the "Actions of an Invader<nowiki>''</nowiki>. This book stresses on revolts and enemy invasion and the associated preparations and preparedness required to mitigate or combat such dangers and uncertainty. It is crucial for the state and king to have शक्तिदेशकालबलाबलज्ञानं i.e. the knowledge of one's power, place, time, strength and weakness. This is to be complemented with other infrastructure such as arrangement of armoury and equipment keeping , the strength of the enemy force in mind. A prepared mind is half battle won as it is said is aptly described in the book. It is important to ascertain internal and external dangers and guard against people associated with traitors and enemies. There is also a parallel need to consider the advantages and disadvantages of income, expenditures, losses and gains while combating such situations (success by alternative strategic means). There are means and mechanisms to deal with such dangers, uncertainties, and risks. It involves the work of employing appropriate and adequate troops against enemy troops, employing counter measures against risings of constituents in the rear, outer or interior regions and ascertaining the merits of equipping different kinds of troops for the war. The different means to ascertain, assess, avoid, and combat such risings, revolts and dangers constitute this book ' The activity of the king about the march'.
'''Chapter 25'''
* '''Adhikaranam X ' Sangramikam''''
Book X is a treatise on ‘Acts relating to the War’. The book is more on war strategy. It details the positioning strategy of the troops, elephants, chariots and cantonment as such. The book emphasizes on the positioning strategy which can greatly assist in winning wars over enemies. There is a clear cut description of the array of troops (पक्षकक्षोर स्यानां बलाग्रुतो व्यूहविभागः) while encounter in wings, flanks and front depending on the strength of the troops, and the arrangement pattern (दण्डभोगमण्डलासंहतव्यूहव्यूहनम् of the army like a staff, snake, circle or in diffused form. It depicts the complete look and feel of the battle field and also the modes of fighting. It describes strategies (covert and overt ) related to treacherous fights, fight between one's own army and that of the enemy, encouragement and protection of it while in trouble including actions of and battle with infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants.
'''Chapter 26'''
* '''Adhikaranam XI 'Sangavrittam''''
Book XI is a treatise on "The Conduct of Corporations". The book deals with ways of resorting to the policy of sowing dissensions and forms of (उपान्षुदण्डः) secret punishment. This book is dedicated to dissensions ( भेदो पदानानि ) .
'''Chapter 48'''
* '''Adhikaranam XII 'Aabaleeyasam''''
Book XII is a treatise "Concerning a Powerful Army". The complete victory over the enemy is the ultimate aim of a battle. However if the enemy is strong and powerful conquering him is not easy. It involves fights with weapons of diplomacy मन्त्रयुद्धम् or with शस्त्राग्निनरसप्र णिधयः, secret use of weapons like fire or poison, or engagement with spies and messengers दूतकर्म or secret contrivances or victory over enemy using force or torture. Other strategies to conquering include destruction of the granaries, stores and supply of the enemy, killing of the commander-in-chief of the enemy forces or through incitement of a circle of states.
'''Chapter 49'''
'''Adhikaranam XIII 'Durgalabhopaayaha''''
Book XIII is a treatise on 'Means to Capture a Fortress'. The capture of a fortress means capturing one's kingdom and hence the king is taken into custody to ensure his inaction in future. In this there can be योगवामनम् employment of stratagems to draw out the enemy to come out of the fort. This book again talks on उपजापःdissension like instigation to sedition and employing secret agents to work in the enemy camp. The work of laying siege to a fort पुर्युपासनकर्म , storming a fort to imply a successful siege operation अवमर्दः and pacification of the conquered territory by restoring peace within it are logical steps of action necessary to take over a country.
'''Chapter 50'''
'''Adhikaranam XIV 'Aupanishadhikam''''
Book XIV is a treatise on "Secret Means". This piece is an extension of war strategies specifically focusing on secret means used to destroy, kill or capture enemies. It describes occult practices to deceive the enemy troops (medicine or mantra).and counter measures to protect one's own army against injuries while injuring the enemy through secret practices (परघातप्रयोगः) .
'''Chapter 51'''
'''Adhikaranam XV ' Tantrayuktihi''''
Book XV is "The Plan of a Treatise" तन्त्रयुक्तयः dividing the contents under various chapters and sections. The enumeration of the contents of the science amounts to 15 Adhikaranas, 150 Adhyayas, 180 Prakaranas, and 6000 shlokas while each shloka stands for 32 syllabic units in verse or prose. This treatise is easy to comprehend, precise in doctrine, sense and word, free from prolixity of text , thus has this work on science been composed by Kautilya.
Book III : On Laws
== Arthashastra and Contemporary Management Theories ==
== Arthashastra and Contemporary Management Theories ==
'''''Glimpses of Health and Medicine in the Mauryan Empire <ref>'''''Dr. D. V. Subba Reddy'''''</ref>'''''
'''''Glimpses of health and medicine in the mauryan empire Dr. D. V. Subba Reddy, - pp79''''',
Thus human personality (maharaja) must manifest multi-dimensional adaptive roles at different times by demonstrating extraordinary intuition, self control, vision, accurate prediction, confidence in decisions taken, combating venom attacks etc. Such qualities are no differently to be enumerated by a successful management expert.
Thus human personality (maharaja) must manifest multi-dimensional adaptive roles at different times by demonstrating extraordinary intuition, self control, vision, accurate prediction, confidence in decisions taken, combating venom attacks etc. Such qualities are no differently to be enumerated by a successful management expert.
'''Creating a B-Line Leader/ Corporate Succession Plan /Successor''' Most corporate houses lack a sound legacy in leadership though the forefathers may have given birth to a legacy. The newer generation and their thought process do not sync with the value systems and organization culture resulting in conflicting views while decision making on matters relating to policy creation, execution, employee-employer relationship, administrative inefficiency and ultimately financial losses. The new blood introduced in the corporate vein obviously lacks expertise, competence and wisdom to learn and earn on whatever has been created, protected and preserved thus far. To enable successive generations to carry out the responsibilities of running a business empire with the same grit, ingenuity, and crafty intelligence demands i. Identifying such a capable body and mind ii. Constant training of such a body and mind, iii Finally creating emotional and psychological immunity to business and personal adversaries so that the mind and body of the individual '''(SS pp 89/108)''' is well prepared to take up the associated challenges during one's corporate engagements.
'''Creating a B-Line Leader/ Corporate Succession Plan /Successor''' Most corporate houses lack a sound legacy in leadership though the forefathers may have given birth to a legacy. The newer generation and their thought process do not sync with the value systems and organization culture resulting in conflicting views while decision making on matters relating to policy creation, execution, employee-employer relationship, administrative inefficiency and ultimately financial losses. The new blood introduced in the corporate vein obviously lacks expertise, competence and wisdom to learn and earn on whatever has been created, protected and preserved thus far. To enable successive generations to carry out the responsibilities of running a business empire with the same grit, ingenuity, and crafty intelligence demands i. Identifying such a capable body and mind ii. Constant training of such a body and mind, iii Finally creating emotional and psychological immunity to business and personal adversaries so that the mind and body of the individual '''(SS pp 89/108)''' is well prepared to take up the associated challenges during one's corporate engagements.
'''Corporate Vision:'''
'''Corporate Vision'''
'''Offensive and Defensive Strategies''' Corporate aggressive strategies are sometimes surgical and this mostly happens during a disruptive innovation.
'''Offensive and Defensive Strategies''' Corporate aggressive strategies are sometimes surgical and this mostly happens during a disruptive innovation.