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== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==

== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==

The concept of Dharma in the Bharat's conscious is far-reaching and deep. It addresses duties and responsibilities both at the micro (personal) as well as macro (societal) level. Shabdakalpadruma says, <blockquote>धरति लोकान् ध्रियते पुण्यात्मभिरिति वा (धर्मः)। ''dharati lokān dhriyate puṇyātmabhiriti vā (dharmaḥ)।''<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A7 Shabdakalpadruma]</ref></blockquote>Meaning: That which holds the world (binds people together) or that which is upheld by meritorious people is Dharma.  

The concept of [[Dharma (धर्मः)|Dharma]] in the [[Bharatavarsha (भरतवर्षम्)|Bharata's]] conscious is far-reaching and deep. It addresses duties and responsibilities both at the micro (personal) as well as macro (societal) level. Shabdakalpadruma says, <blockquote>धरति लोकान् ध्रियते पुण्यात्मभिरिति वा (धर्मः)। ''dharati lokān dhriyate puṇyātmabhiriti vā (dharmaḥ)।''<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A7 Shabdakalpadruma]</ref></blockquote>Meaning: That which holds the world (binds people together) or that which is upheld by meritorious people is Dharma.  

Therefore, Dharma is not just that which is upheld as a virtue in life, it is also the principle on the foundation of which a society stands. Thus, it could also refer to principles of justice (न्यायः), character (स्वभावः), behaviour (आचारः), etc. And has multiple facets viz. Svadharma (स्वधर्मः । individual), Kautumbika dharma (कौटुम्बिकधर्मः । towards family), Samajika dharma (सामाजिकधर्मः । towards society), [[Varna Dharma (वर्णधर्मः)|Varna dharma]] (वर्णधर्मः), [[Ashrama Dharma (आश्रमधर्मः)|Ashrama dharma]] (आश्रमधर्मः), Rashtra dharma (राष्ट्रधर्मः । towards the nation), Manava dharma (मानवधर्मः । towards mankind), etc.  

Therefore, Dharma is not just that which is upheld as a virtue in life, it is also the principle on the foundation of which a society stands. Thus, it could also refer to principles of justice (न्यायः), character (स्वभावः), behaviour (आचारः), etc. And has multiple facets viz. [[Svadharma (स्वधर्मः)|Svadharma]] (स्वधर्मः । individual), Kautumbika dharma (कौटुम्बिकधर्मः । towards family), Samajika dharma (सामाजिकधर्मः । towards society), [[Varna Dharma (वर्णधर्मः)|Varna dharma]] (वर्णधर्मः), [[Ashrama Dharma (आश्रमधर्मः)|Ashrama dharma]] (आश्रमधर्मः), Rashtra dharma (राष्ट्रधर्मः । towards the nation), Manava dharma (मानवधर्मः । towards mankind), etc.  

== विधिताचरणम् ॥ Prescribed Code of Conduct ==

== विधिताचरणम् ॥ Prescribed Code of Conduct ==

The [[Smrti (स्मृतिः)|Smrti]] texts elaborate on the concept of Dharma keeping in view its wide scope as mentioned above. Therefore, Acharana Dharma incorporates the code of conduct prescribed for mankind in all respects like personal and social hygiene, mutual respect, food and sleep habits for good health and others. Some such guidelines regarding cleanliness (शौचम्), respect (आदरः ), food and sleep (आहारः निद्रा च), etc. enlisted in the Manusmrti are as follows:

The [[Smrti (स्मृतिः)|Smrti]] texts elaborate on the concept of Dharma keeping in view its wide scope as mentioned above. Therefore, Acharana Dharma incorporates the code of conduct prescribed for mankind in all respects like personal and social hygiene, mutual respect, food and sleep habits for good health and others. Some such guidelines regarding cleanliness (शौचम्), respect (आदरः ), food and sleep (आहारः निद्रा च), etc. enlisted in the [[Manusmrti (मनुस्मृतिः)|Manusmrti]] are as follows:

===शौचम् ॥ Cleanliness===

===शौचम् ॥ Cleanliness===

*Defecation, brushing of teeth, bathing, applying collyrium to the eyes, anointment and worship the gods must be done early in the morning. (Manu Smrt. 4.152).<ref name=":1">Pt. Girija Prasad Dvivedi (1917), [https://archive.org/details/ManusmrtiHindiTranslationGirijaPrasadDvivediNavalKishore The Manusmriti], Lucknow: Naval Kishore Press.</ref><blockquote>मैत्रं प्रसाधनं स्नानं दन्तधावनं अञ्जनम् । पूर्वाह्ण एव कुर्वीत देवतानां च पूजनम् || ४.१५२ ||<ref name=":0">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 4].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>maitraṁ prasādhanaṁ snānaṁ dantadhāvanaṁ añjanam । pūrvāhṇa eva kurvīta devatānāṁ ca pūjanam || 4.152 ||</blockquote>

*Defecation, brushing of teeth, bathing, applying collyrium to the eyes, anointment and worship the deities must be done early in the morning. (Manu Smrt. 4.152).<ref name=":1">Pt. Girija Prasad Dvivedi (1917), [https://archive.org/details/ManusmrtiHindiTranslationGirijaPrasadDvivediNavalKishore The Manusmriti], Lucknow: Naval Kishore Press.</ref><blockquote>मैत्रं प्रसाधनं स्नानं दन्तधावनं अञ्जनम् । पूर्वाह्ण एव कुर्वीत देवतानां च पूजनम् || ४.१५२ ||<ref name=":0">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 4].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>maitraṁ prasādhanaṁ snānaṁ dantadhāvanaṁ añjanam । pūrvāhṇa eva kurvīta devatānāṁ ca pūjanam || 4.152 ||</blockquote>

*One should always defecate and urinate, wash feet, dispose remnants of food and the liquids from one's body far from the place of sacrifice. One should not intentionally touch things used for cleansing the body, water used for a bath, urine or excreta, blood, mucus or anything spit out or vomited. (Manu Smrt 4.151 and 4.132).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>दूरादावसथान्मूत्रं दूरात्पादावसेचनम् । उच्छिष्टान्ननिषेकं च दूरादेव समाचरेत् || ४.१५१ ||</blockquote><blockquote>उद्वर्तनं अपस्नानं विण्मूत्रे रक्तं एव च । श्लेश्मनिष्ठ्यूतवान्तानि नाधितिष्ठेत्तु कामतः || ४.१३२ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>dūrādāvasathānmūtraṁ dūrātpādāvasecanam । ucchiṣṭānnaniṣekaṁ ca dūrādeva samācaret || 4.151 ||</blockquote><blockquote>udvartanaṁ apasnānaṁ viṇmūtre raktaṁ eva ca । śleśmaniṣṭhyūtavāntāni nādhitiṣṭhettu kāmataḥ || 4.132 ||</blockquote>

*One should always defecate and urinate, wash feet, dispose remnants of food and the liquids from one's body far from the place of sacrifice. One should not intentionally touch things used for cleansing the body, water used for a bath, urine or excreta, blood, mucus or anything spit out or vomited. (Manu Smrt 4.151 and 4.132).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>दूरादावसथान्मूत्रं दूरात्पादावसेचनम् । उच्छिष्टान्ननिषेकं च दूरादेव समाचरेत् || ४.१५१ ||</blockquote><blockquote>उद्वर्तनं अपस्नानं विण्मूत्रे रक्तं एव च । श्लेश्मनिष्ठ्यूतवान्तानि नाधितिष्ठेत्तु कामतः || ४.१३२ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>dūrādāvasathānmūtraṁ dūrātpādāvasecanam । ucchiṣṭānnaniṣekaṁ ca dūrādeva samācaret || 4.151 ||</blockquote><blockquote>udvartanaṁ apasnānaṁ viṇmūtre raktaṁ eva ca । śleśmaniṣṭhyūtavāntāni nādhitiṣṭhettu kāmataḥ || 4.132 ||</blockquote>

*A Grhastha should not eat, dressed in a single garment, bathe naked and urinate on the road, on ashes, or in a cow-pen. Nor should he urinate ever on a ploughed land, in water, on an altar, mountain, ruins of an old temple, nor on an ant-hill. Nor in holes inhabited by living creatures, while walking or standing, on the banks of a river, nor on the top of a mountain. (Manu Smrt. 4.45, 4.46 and 4.47).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>नान्नं अद्यादेकवासा न नग्नः स्नानं आचरेत् । न मूत्रं पथि कुर्वीत न भस्मनि न गोव्रजे || ४.४५ ||</blockquote><blockquote>न फालकृष्टे न जले न चित्यां न च पर्वते । न जीर्णदेवायतने न वल्मीके कदा चन || ४.४६ ||</blockquote><blockquote>न ससत्त्वेषु गर्तेषु न गच्छन्नपि न स्थितः । न नदीतीरं आसाद्य न च पर्वतमस्तके || ४.४७ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>nānnaṁ adyādekavāsā na nagnaḥ snānaṁ ācaret । na mūtraṁ pathi kurvīta na bhasmani na govraje || 4.45 ||</blockquote><blockquote>na phālakr̥ṣṭe na jale na cityāṁ na ca parvate । na jīrṇadevāyatane na valmīke kadā cana || 4.46 ||</blockquote><blockquote>na sasattveṣu garteṣu na gacchannapi na sthitaḥ । na nadītīraṁ āsādya na ca parvatamastake || 4.47 ||</blockquote>

*A Grhastha should not eat, dressed in a single garment, bathe naked and urinate on the road, on ashes, or in a cow-pen. Nor should he urinate ever on a ploughed land, in water, on an altar, mountain, ruins of an old temple, nor on an ant-hill. Nor in holes inhabited by living creatures, while walking or standing, on the banks of a river, nor on the top of a mountain. (Manu Smrt. 4.45, 4.46 and 4.47).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>नान्नं अद्यादेकवासा न नग्नः स्नानं आचरेत् । न मूत्रं पथि कुर्वीत न भस्मनि न गोव्रजे || ४.४५ ||</blockquote><blockquote>न फालकृष्टे न जले न चित्यां न च पर्वते । न जीर्णदेवायतने न वल्मीके कदा चन || ४.४६ ||</blockquote><blockquote>न ससत्त्वेषु गर्तेषु न गच्छन्नपि न स्थितः । न नदीतीरं आसाद्य न च पर्वतमस्तके || ४.४७ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>nānnaṁ adyādekavāsā na nagnaḥ snānaṁ ācaret । na mūtraṁ pathi kurvīta na bhasmani na govraje || 4.45 ||</blockquote><blockquote>na phālakr̥ṣṭe na jale na cityāṁ na ca parvate । na jīrṇadevāyatane na valmīke kadā cana || 4.46 ||</blockquote><blockquote>na sasattveṣu garteṣu na gacchannapi na sthitaḥ । na nadītīraṁ āsādya na ca parvatamastake || 4.47 ||</blockquote>

*One should not use shoes, clothes, a sacred thread, ornaments, flower garland, or a water pitcher used by others. (Manu Smrt. 4.66).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>उपानहौ च वासश्च धृतं अन्यैर्न धारयेत् । उपवीतं अलङ्कारं स्रजं करकं एव च || ४.६६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>upānahau ca vāsaśca dhr̥taṁ anyairna dhārayet । upavītaṁ alaṅkāraṁ srajaṁ karakaṁ eva ca || 4.66 ||</blockquote>

*One should not use shoes, clothes, a sacred thread, ornaments, flower garland, or a water pitcher used by others. (Manu Smrt. 4.66).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>उपानहौ च वासश्च धृतं अन्यैर्न धारयेत् । उपवीतं अलङ्कारं स्रजं करकं एव च || ४.६६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>upānahau ca vāsaśca dhr̥taṁ anyairna dhārayet । upavītaṁ alaṅkāraṁ srajaṁ karakaṁ eva ca || 4.66 ||</blockquote>

*One should not scratch the head with both hands, touch it while impure, nor bathe without wetting the head. (Manu Smrt. 4.82).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>न संहताभ्यां पाणिभ्यां कण्डूयेदात्मनः शिरः । न स्पृशेच्चैतदुच्छिष्टो न च स्नायाद्विना ततः || ४.८२ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>na saṁhatābhyāṁ pāṇibhyāṁ kaṇḍūyedātmanaḥ śiraḥ । na spr̥śeccaitaducchiṣṭo na ca snāyādvinā tataḥ || 4.82 ||</blockquote>

*One should not scratch the head with both hands, touch it while impure, nor bathe without wetting the head. (Manu Smrt. 4.82).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>न संहताभ्यां पाणिभ्यां कण्डूयेदात्मनः शिरः । न स्पृशेच्चैतदुच्छिष्टो न च स्नायाद्विना ततः || ४.८२ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>na saṁhatābhyāṁ pāṇibhyāṁ kaṇḍūyedātmanaḥ śiraḥ । na spr̥śeccaitaducchiṣṭo na ca snāyādvinā tataḥ || 4.82 ||</blockquote>

*One should never bathe in water tanks belonging to others. By doing so, one incurs 1/4th of the sins belonging to the owner of the tank. Rather one should always bathe in rivers, or ponds dug for the gods, lakes, and in waterholes or springs. (Manu Smrt. 4.201 and 203).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>नदीषु देवखातेषु तडागेषु सरःसु च । स्नानं समाचरेन्नित्यं गर्तप्रस्रवणेषु च || ४.२०३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>nadīṣu devakhāteṣu taḍāgeṣu saraḥsu ca । snānaṁ samācarennityaṁ gartaprasravaṇeṣu ca || 4.203 ||</blockquote>

*One should never bathe in water tanks belonging to others. By doing so, one incurs 1/4th of the sins belonging to the owner of the tank. Rather one should always bathe in rivers, or ponds dug for the deities, lakes, and in waterholes or springs. (Manu Smrt. 4.201 and 203).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>नदीषु देवखातेषु तडागेषु सरःसु च । स्नानं समाचरेन्नित्यं गर्तप्रस्रवणेषु च || ४.२०३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>nadīṣu devakhāteṣu taḍāgeṣu saraḥsu ca । snānaṁ samācarennityaṁ gartaprasravaṇeṣu ca || 4.203 ||</blockquote>

===आदरः ॥ Respect===

===आदरः ॥ Respect===

Manusmrti lays emphasizes on respect towards all living beings. It says,

Manusmrti lays emphasizes on respect towards all living beings. It says,

Some other miscellaneous rules prescribed by Manusmrti are as follows:

Some other miscellaneous rules prescribed by Manusmrti are as follows:

*One should never intentionally look at the rising or setting sun, during eclipse, reflected in water, or in the afternoon. (Manu Smrt. 4.37).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>नेक्षेतोद्यन्तं आदित्यं नास्तं यान्तं कदा चन । नोपसृष्टं न वारिस्थं न मध्यं नभसो गतम् || ४.३७ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>nekṣetodyantaṁ ādityaṁ nāstaṁ yāntaṁ kadā cana । nopasr̥ṣṭaṁ na vāristhaṁ na madhyaṁ nabhaso gatam || 4.37 ||</blockquote>

*One should never intentionally look at the rising or setting sun, during eclipse, reflected in water, or in the afternoon. (Manu Smrt. 4.37).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>नेक्षेतोद्यन्तं आदित्यं नास्तं यान्तं कदा चन । नोपसृष्टं न वारिस्थं न मध्यं नभसो गतम् || ४.३७ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>nekṣetodyantaṁ ādityaṁ nāstaṁ yāntaṁ kadā cana । nopasr̥ṣṭaṁ na vāristhaṁ na madhyaṁ nabhaso gatam || 4.37 ||</blockquote>

*One should not step over a rope to which a calf is tied, not run when it rains, and not look at one's own image in water; this is the rule of Dharmashastra. (Manu Smrt. 4.38).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>न लङ्घयेद्वत्सतन्त्रीं न प्रधावेच्च वर्षति । न चोदके निरीक्षेत स्वरूपं इति धारणा || ४.३८ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>na laṅghayedvatsatantrīṁ na pradhāvecca varṣati । na codake nirīkṣeta svarūpaṁ iti dhāraṇā || 4.38 ||</blockquote>

*One should not step over a rope to which a calf is tied, not run when it rains, and not look at one's own image in water; this is the rule of [[Dharma Shastras (धर्मशास्त्राणि)|Dharmashastra]]. (Manu Smrt. 4.38).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>न लङ्घयेद्वत्सतन्त्रीं न प्रधावेच्च वर्षति । न चोदके निरीक्षेत स्वरूपं इति धारणा || ४.३८ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>na laṅghayedvatsatantrīṁ na pradhāvecca varṣati । na codake nirīkṣeta svarūpaṁ iti dhāraṇā || 4.38 ||</blockquote>

*One should not live in a village where Adharmis stay or where an epidemic is prevalent; one should not go alone on a journey to far off places, and should not reside for long on a mountain. (Manu Smrt. 4.60).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>नाधर्मिके वसेद्ग्रामे न व्याधिबहुले भृशम् । नैकः प्रपद्येताध्वानं न चिरं पर्वते वसेत् || ४.६० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>nādharmike vasedgrāme na vyādhibahule bhr̥śam । naikaḥ prapadyetādhvānaṁ na ciraṁ parvate vaset || 4.60 ||</blockquote>

*One should not live in a village where Adharmis stay or where an epidemic is prevalent; one should not go alone on a journey to far off places, and should not reside for long on a mountain. (Manu Smrt. 4.60).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>नाधर्मिके वसेद्ग्रामे न व्याधिबहुले भृशम् । नैकः प्रपद्येताध्वानं न चिरं पर्वते वसेत् || ४.६० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>nādharmike vasedgrāme na vyādhibahule bhr̥śam । naikaḥ prapadyetādhvānaṁ na ciraṁ parvate vaset || 4.60 ||</blockquote>

*One should avoid the morning sun, the smoke rising from a burning corpse, and a broken seat. It is not good to cut nails and hair, or bite nails with one's teeth. (Manu Smrt. 4.69).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>बालातपः प्रेतधूमो वर्ज्यं भिन्नं तथासनम् । न छिन्द्यान्नखरोमाणि दन्तैर्नोत्पाटयेन्नखान् || ४.६९ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>bālātapaḥ pretadhūmo varjyaṁ bhinnaṁ tathāsanam । na chindyānnakharomāṇi dantairnotpāṭayennakhān || 4.69 ||</blockquote>

*One should avoid the morning sun, the smoke rising from a burning corpse, and a broken seat. It is not good to cut nails and hair, or bite nails with one's teeth. (Manu Smrt. 4.69).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>बालातपः प्रेतधूमो वर्ज्यं भिन्नं तथासनम् । न छिन्द्यान्नखरोमाणि दन्तैर्नोत्पाटयेन्नखान् || ४.६९ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>bālātapaḥ pretadhūmo varjyaṁ bhinnaṁ tathāsanam । na chindyānnakharomāṇi dantairnotpāṭayennakhān || 4.69 ||</blockquote>

*One should not sit on hair, ashes, bones, potsherds, cotton-seeds and chaff. The life of those who don't sit on these increase. (Manu Smrt. 4.78).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>अधितिष्ठेन्न केशांस्तु न भस्मास्थिकपालिकाः । न कार्पासास्थि न तुषान्दीर्घं आयुर्जिजीविषुः || ४.७८ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>adhitiṣṭhenna keśāṁstu na bhasmāsthikapālikāḥ । na kārpāsāsthi na tuṣāndīrghaṁ āyurjijīviṣuḥ || 4.78 ||</blockquote>

*One should not sit on hair, ashes, bones, potsherds, cotton-seeds and chaff. The life of those who don't sit on these increase. (Manu Smrt. 4.78).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>अधितिष्ठेन्न केशांस्तु न भस्मास्थिकपालिकाः । न कार्पासास्थि न तुषान्दीर्घं आयुर्जिजीविषुः || ४.७८ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>adhitiṣṭhenna keśāṁstu na bhasmāsthikapālikāḥ । na kārpāsāsthi na tuṣāndīrghaṁ āyurjijīviṣuḥ || 4.78 ||</blockquote>

*Catching of the hair, as also striking on the head,—these one should avoid; having head bathed, one should touch no limb with oil. (Manu Smrt. 4.83).<ref name=":2" /><blockquote>केशग्रहान्प्रहारांश्च शिरस्येतान्विवर्जयेत् । शिरःस्नातश्च तैलेन नाङ्गं किं चिदपि स्पृशेत् || ४.८३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>keśagrahānprahārāṁśca śirasyetānvivarjayet । śiraḥsnātaśca tailena nāṅgaṁ kiṁ cidapi spr̥śet || 4.83 ||</blockquote>

*Catching of the hair, as also striking on the head,—these one should avoid; having head bathed, one should touch no limb with oil. (Manu Smrt. 4.83).<ref name=":2" /><blockquote>केशग्रहान्प्रहारांश्च शिरस्येतान्विवर्जयेत् । शिरःस्नातश्च तैलेन नाङ्गं किं चिदपि स्पृशेत् || ४.८३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>keśagrahānprahārāṁśca śirasyetānvivarjayet । śiraḥsnātaśca tailena nāṅgaṁ kiṁ cidapi spr̥śet || 4.83 ||</blockquote>

*One should not cross over the shadow of images of the gods, guru, raja, [[Snataka (स्नातकः)|snataka]], acharya, brown cow, and a dikshita in a sacrifice. (Manu Smrt. 4.130).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>देवतानां गुरो राज्ञः स्नातकाचार्ययोस्तथा । नाक्रामेत्कामतश्छायां बभ्रुणो दीक्षितस्य च || ४.१३० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>devatānāṁ guro rājñaḥ snātakācāryayostathā । nākrāmetkāmataśchāyāṁ babhruṇo dīkṣitasya ca || 4.130 ||</blockquote>

*One should not cross over the shadow of images of the deities, guru, raja, [[Snataka (स्नातकः)|snataka]], acharya, brown cow, and a dikshita in a sacrifice. (Manu Smrt. 4.130).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>देवतानां गुरो राज्ञः स्नातकाचार्ययोस्तथा । नाक्रामेत्कामतश्छायां बभ्रुणो दीक्षितस्य च || ४.१३० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>devatānāṁ guro rājñaḥ snātakācāryayostathā । nākrāmetkāmataśchāyāṁ babhruṇo dīkṣitasya ca || 4.130 ||</blockquote>

*One who desires one's own betterment, should never insult a Kshatriya, a snake, and a learned Brahmana, even if they are weak. Because these three, when being insulted destroy the person who caused it; hence a wise person must never insult them. (Manu Smrt. 4.135 and 136).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>क्षत्रियं चैव सर्पं च ब्राह्मणं च बहुश्रुतम् । नावमन्येत वै भूष्णुः कृशानपि कदा चन || ४.१३५ ||</blockquote><blockquote>एतत्त्रयं हि पुरुषं निर्दहेदवमानितम् । तस्मादेतत्त्रयं नित्यं नावमन्येत बुद्धिमान् || ४.१३६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>kṣatriyaṁ caiva sarpaṁ ca brāhmaṇaṁ ca bahuśrutam । nāvamanyeta vai bhūṣṇuḥ kr̥śānapi kadā cana || 4.135 ||</blockquote><blockquote>etattrayaṁ hi puruṣaṁ nirdahedavamānitam । tasmādetattrayaṁ nityaṁ nāvamanyeta buddhimān || 4.136 ||</blockquote>

*One who desires one's own betterment, should never insult a Kshatriya, a snake, and a learned Brahmana, even if they are weak. Because these three, when being insulted destroy the person who caused it; hence a wise person must never insult them. (Manu Smrt. 4.135 and 136).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>क्षत्रियं चैव सर्पं च ब्राह्मणं च बहुश्रुतम् । नावमन्येत वै भूष्णुः कृशानपि कदा चन || ४.१३५ ||</blockquote><blockquote>एतत्त्रयं हि पुरुषं निर्दहेदवमानितम् । तस्मादेतत्त्रयं नित्यं नावमन्येत बुद्धिमान् || ४.१३६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>kṣatriyaṁ caiva sarpaṁ ca brāhmaṇaṁ ca bahuśrutam । nāvamanyeta vai bhūṣṇuḥ kr̥śānapi kadā cana || 4.135 ||</blockquote><blockquote>etattrayaṁ hi puruṣaṁ nirdahedavamānitam । tasmādetattrayaṁ nityaṁ nāvamanyeta buddhimān || 4.136 ||</blockquote>

*One should not despise oneself by reason of former failures. Until death, one should seek fortune, and should never think it unattainable. (Manu Smrt. 4.137).<ref name=":2" /><blockquote>नात्मानं अवमन्येत पुर्वाभिरसमृद्धिभिः । आ मृत्योः श्रियं अन्विच्छेन्नैनां मन्येत दुर्लभाम् || ४.१३७ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>nātmānaṁ avamanyeta purvābhirasamr̥ddhibhiḥ । ā mr̥tyoḥ śriyaṁ anvicchennaināṁ manyeta durlabhām || 4.137 ||</blockquote>

*One should not despise oneself by reason of former failures. Until death, one should seek fortune, and should never think it unattainable. (Manu Smrt. 4.137).<ref name=":2" /><blockquote>नात्मानं अवमन्येत पुर्वाभिरसमृद्धिभिः । आ मृत्योः श्रियं अन्विच्छेन्नैनां मन्येत दुर्लभाम् || ४.१३७ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>nātmānaṁ avamanyeta purvābhirasamr̥ddhibhiḥ । ā mr̥tyoḥ śriyaṁ anvicchennaināṁ manyeta durlabhām || 4.137 ||</blockquote>

*One should always take the experience of auspicious things, keep the mind in control, chant mantras like the gayatri and perform sacrifices always. The one who follows good conduct, does chanting and sacrifices, who has control over his indriyas (इन्द्रिय-s । sense organs) obtains bliss in this world and the other world. (Manu Smrt. (4.145 and 146).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>मङ्गलाचारयुक्तः स्यात्प्रयतात्मा जितेन्द्रियः । जपेच्च जुहुयाच्चैव नित्यं अग्निं अतन्द्रितः || ४.१४५ ||</blockquote><blockquote>मङ्गलाचारयुक्तानां नित्यं च प्रयतात्मनाम् । जपतां जुह्वतां चैव विनिपातो न विद्यते || ४.१४६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>maṅgalācārayuktaḥ syātprayatātmā jitendriyaḥ । japecca juhuyāccaiva nityaṁ agniṁ atandritaḥ || 4.145 ||</blockquote><blockquote>maṅgalācārayuktānāṁ nityaṁ ca prayatātmanām । japatāṁ juhvatāṁ caiva vinipāto na vidyate || 4.146 ||</blockquote>

*One should always take the experience of auspicious things, keep the mind in control, chant mantras like the gayatri and perform sacrifices always. The one who follows good conduct, does chanting and sacrifices, who has control over his indriyas (इन्द्रिय-s । sense organs) obtains bliss in this world and the other world. (Manu Smrt. (4.145 and 146).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>मङ्गलाचारयुक्तः स्यात्प्रयतात्मा जितेन्द्रियः । जपेच्च जुहुयाच्चैव नित्यं अग्निं अतन्द्रितः || ४.१४५ ||</blockquote><blockquote>मङ्गलाचारयुक्तानां नित्यं च प्रयतात्मनाम् । जपतां जुह्वतां चैव विनिपातो न विद्यते || ४.१४६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>maṅgalācārayuktaḥ syātprayatātmā jitendriyaḥ । japecca juhuyāccaiva nityaṁ agniṁ atandritaḥ || 4.145 ||</blockquote><blockquote>maṅgalācārayuktānāṁ nityaṁ ca prayatātmanām । japatāṁ juhvatāṁ caiva vinipāto na vidyate || 4.146 ||</blockquote>

*By studying the Vedas diligently, observing the rules of purity, doing japa and having love towards all created beings, one gains the memory of his former births. One who, recollecting his former births, continues to study the Veda, gains endless bliss by the continual study of the Veda. (Manu Smrt. 4.148 and 149).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>वेदाभ्यासेन सततं शौचेन तपसैव च । अद्रोहेण च भूतानां जातिं स्मरति पौर्विकीम् || ४.१४८ ||</blockquote><blockquote>पौर्विकीं संस्मरन्जातिं ब्रह्मैवाभ्यस्यते पुनः । ब्रह्माभ्यासेन चाजस्रं अनन्तं सुखं अश्नुते || ४.१४९ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>vedābhyāsena satataṁ śaucena tapasaiva ca । adroheṇa ca bhūtānāṁ jātiṁ smarati paurvikīm || 4.148 ||</blockquote><blockquote>paurvikīṁ saṁsmaranjātiṁ brahmaivābhyasyate punaḥ । brahmābhyāsena cājasraṁ anantaṁ sukhaṁ aśnute || 4.149 ||</blockquote>

*By studying the Vedas diligently, observing the rules of purity, doing japa and having love towards all created beings, one gains the memory of his former births. One who, recollecting his former births, continues to study the Veda, gains endless bliss by the continual study of the Veda. (Manu Smrt. 4.148 and 149).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>वेदाभ्यासेन सततं शौचेन तपसैव च । अद्रोहेण च भूतानां जातिं स्मरति पौर्विकीम् || ४.१४८ ||</blockquote><blockquote>पौर्विकीं संस्मरन्जातिं ब्रह्मैवाभ्यस्यते पुनः । ब्रह्माभ्यासेन चाजस्रं अनन्तं सुखं अश्नुते || ४.१४९ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>vedābhyāsena satataṁ śaucena tapasaiva ca । adroheṇa ca bhūtānāṁ jātiṁ smarati paurvikīm || 4.148 ||</blockquote><blockquote>paurvikīṁ saṁsmaranjātiṁ brahmaivābhyasyate punaḥ । brahmābhyāsena cājasraṁ anantaṁ sukhaṁ aśnute || 4.149 ||</blockquote>

*A Brahmana who, being learned in the lore of the Vedas, conducts himself in this manner and nullifies his sins, will be exalted in the brahmaloka. (Manu Smrt. 4.260).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>अनेन विप्रो वृत्तेन वर्तयन्वेदशास्त्रवित् । व्यपेतकल्मषो नित्यं ब्रह्मलोके महीयते || ४.२६० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>anena vipro vr̥ttena vartayanvedaśāstravit । vyapetakalmaṣo nityaṁ brahmaloke mahīyate || 4.260 ||</blockquote>

*A Brahmana who, being learned in the lore of the [[Vedas (वेदाः)|Vedas]], conducts himself in this manner and nullifies his sins, will be exalted in the brahmaloka. (Manu Smrt. 4.260).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>अनेन विप्रो वृत्तेन वर्तयन्वेदशास्त्रवित् । व्यपेतकल्मषो नित्यं ब्रह्मलोके महीयते || ४.२६० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>anena vipro vr̥ttena vartayanvedaśāstravit । vyapetakalmaṣo nityaṁ brahmaloke mahīyate || 4.260 ||</blockquote>

== References ==

== References ==