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== परिचय || Introduction ==

== परिचय || Introduction ==

Charvaka, also called Lokayata (Sanskrit: Worldly Ones), a quasi-philosophical Indian school of materialists who rejected the notion of an afterworld, karma, liberation (''moksha''), the authority of the sacred scriptures, the Vedas, and the immortality of the self. Of the recognized means of knowledge (''pramana''), the Charvaka recognized only direct perception (''anubhava''). Sources critical of the school depict its followers as hedonists advocating a policy of total opportunism; they are often described as addressing princes, whom they urged to act exclusively in their own self-interest, thus providing the intellectual climate in which a text such as Kautilya’s ''Arthashastra''(The Science of Material Gain) could be written.  

Charvaka, also called Lokayata (Sanskrit: Worldly Ones), a quasi-philosophical Bharat's school of materialists who rejected the notion of an afterworld, karma, liberation (''moksha''), the authority of the sacred scriptures, the Vedas, and the immortality of the self. Of the recognized means of knowledge (''pramana''), the Charvaka recognized only direct perception (''anubhava''). Sources critical of the school depict its followers as hedonists advocating a policy of total opportunism; they are often described as addressing princes, whom they urged to act exclusively in their own self-interest, thus providing the intellectual climate in which a text such as Kautilya’s ''Arthashastra''(The Science of Material Gain) could be written.  

Although Charvaka doctrine had disappeared by the end of the medieval period, its onetime importance is confirmed by the lengthy attempts to refute it found in Dharmic philosophical texts, which also constitute the main sources for knowledge of the doctrine.

Although Charvaka doctrine had disappeared by the end of the medieval period, its onetime importance is confirmed by the lengthy attempts to refute it found in Dharmic philosophical texts, which also constitute the main sources for knowledge of the doctrine.

'''BXXX'''

'''BXXX'''

Charvaka (IAST: Cārvāka), originally known as Lokāyata and Bṛhaspatya, '''is the ancient school of Indian materialism'''. The School of Charvaka (those of sweet-talk) or Lokayata (those of the world) has a

Charvaka (IAST: Cārvāka), originally known as Lokāyata and Bṛhaspatya, '''is the ancient school of Bharat's materialism'''. The School of Charvaka (those of sweet-talk) or Lokayata (those of the world) has a

history of nearly about three thousand years. Thus, the various schools of

history of nearly about three thousand years. Thus, the various schools of

materialism or rationalism which denied a surviving soul and refused to believe

materialism or rationalism which denied a surviving soul and refused to believe

Buddha. The Charvaka was prominent among the materialist schools of the sixth

Buddha. The Charvaka was prominent among the materialist schools of the sixth

century BCE. The influence of this heterodox doctrine is seen in other spheres

century BCE. The influence of this heterodox doctrine is seen in other spheres

of Indian thought.

of Bharat's thought.

* Charvaka holds direct perception as proper sources of knowledge hence they rule out ‘inference’ and ‘testimony’ as the source and criterion of knowledge.

* Charvaka holds direct perception as proper sources of knowledge hence they rule out ‘inference’ and ‘testimony’ as the source and criterion of knowledge.

* Its philosophy embraces philosophical skepticism and rejects Vedas, Vedic ritualism and supernaturalism.

* Its philosophy embraces philosophical skepticism and rejects Vedas, Vedic ritualism and supernaturalism.

The most prominent member of this school during the time of the Buddha was a man named Ajita Kesakambali (Ajita of the Hair Blanket), whose ideas are summarized in a Buddhist Pali text known as Samannaphala Sutta, where he denies the doctrine of transmigration of the soul.

The most prominent member of this school during the time of the Buddha was a man named Ajita Kesakambali (Ajita of the Hair Blanket), whose ideas are summarized in a Buddhist Pali text known as Samannaphala Sutta, where he denies the doctrine of transmigration of the soul.

'''According to D. Chattopadhyaya, from about 10th century B. C. to the beginning of Christian era, when slave system was developing, Indian materialistic philosophy including Lokãyata very much developed as a popular system of philosophy and did exert great iufluence among the traders, craftsmen and other lower castes of the then Indian society.'''   

'''According to D. Chattopadhyaya, from about 10th century B. C. to the beginning of Christian era, when slave system was developing, Bharat's materialistic philosophy including Lokãyata very much developed as a popular system of philosophy and did exert great iufluence among the traders, craftsmen and other lower castes of the then Bharat's society.'''   

The dictionary meaning of Lokāyata (लोकायत) signifies "directed towards, aiming at the world, worldly".

The dictionary meaning of Lokāyata (लोकायत) signifies "directed towards, aiming at the world, worldly".

# All beings are created by male and female sexes.  

# All beings are created by male and female sexes.  

# All men are equal. There is no purity or superiority of caste. Social equality is the supreme philosophy. Lokãyata declared that there was no milk in the veins of a Brahmin and blood only in a Südra. Hence all are equal.

# All men are equal. There is no purity or superiority of caste. Social equality is the supreme philosophy. Lokãyata declared that there was no milk in the veins of a Brahmin and blood only in a Südra. Hence all are equal.

'''This epistemological proposition of Charvakas was influential among various schools of in Indian philosophies, by demonstrating a new way of thinking and re-evaluation of past doctrines. Hindu, Buddhist and Jain scholars extensively deployed Charvaka insights on inference in rational re-examination of their own theories.'''

'''This epistemological proposition of Charvakas was influential among various schools of in Bharat's philosophies, by demonstrating a new way of thinking and re-evaluation of past doctrines. Hindu, Buddhist and Jain scholars extensively deployed Charvaka insights on inference in rational re-examination of their own theories.'''

== Comparison with other schools of Hinduism ==

== Comparison with other schools of Hinduism ==

# V.V. Raman (2012), Hinduism and Science: Some Reflections, Zygon - Journal of Religion and Science, 47(3): "Aside from nontheistic schools like the Samkhya, there have also been explicitly atheistic schools in the Hindu tradition. One virulently anti-supernatural system is/was the so-called Charvaka school.", doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01274.x

# V.V. Raman (2012), Hinduism and Science: Some Reflections, Zygon - Journal of Religion and Science, 47(3): "Aside from nontheistic schools like the Samkhya, there have also been explicitly atheistic schools in the Hindu tradition. One virulently anti-supernatural system is/was the so-called Charvaka school.", doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01274.x

# '''Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2011), Studies on the Cārvāka/Lokāyata, Anthem Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0857284334</nowiki>,'''

# '''Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2011), Studies on the Cārvāka/Lokāyata, Anthem Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0857284334</nowiki>,'''

# '''MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Cārvāka Philosophy, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 46(2): 13-16'''

# '''MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Cārvāka Philosophy, Journal of Bharat's and Buddhist Studies, 46(2): 13-16'''

# '''KN Tiwari (1998), Classical Indian Ethical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120816077</nowiki>, Quote: "Of the three heterodox systems, the remaining one, the Cārvāka system, is a Hindu system.";'''

# '''KN Tiwari (1998), Classical Bharat's Ethical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120816077</nowiki>, Quote: "Of the three heterodox systems, the remaining one, the Cārvāka system, is a Hindu system.";'''

# N. V. Isaeva (1 January 1993). Shankara and Indian Philosophy. SUNY Press. p. 27. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7914-1281-7</nowiki>. Retrieved 31 December 2013.

# N. V. Isaeva (1 January 1993). Shankara and Bharat's Philosophy. SUNY Press. p. 27. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7914-1281-7</nowiki>. Retrieved 31 December 2013.

# Sharma, Chandradhar (1987). A critical survey of Indian philosophy (Reprinted. ed.). Delhi''': M. Banarsidass. p. 40. <nowiki>ISBN 9788120803657</nowiki>. Retrieved 7 July 2015. all MB texts R suspect as he is used BY Indologists like wendy doniger'''

# Sharma, Chandradhar (1987). A critical survey of Bharat's philosophy (Reprinted. ed.). Delhi''': M. Banarsidass. p. 40. <nowiki>ISBN 9788120803657</nowiki>. Retrieved 7 July 2015. all MB texts R suspect as he is used BY Indologists like wendy doniger'''

# Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1992). Lokayata: A Study in Ancient Indian Materialism (7th ed.). New Delhi: People's Publishing House. p. 1. <nowiki>ISBN 81-7007-006-6</nowiki>.

# Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1992). Lokayata: A Study in Ancient Bharat's Materialism (7th ed.). New Delhi: People's Publishing House. p. 1. <nowiki>ISBN 81-7007-006-6</nowiki>.

# Haribhadrasūri (Translator: M Jain, 1989), Saddarsanasamuccaya, Asiatic Society, OCLC 255495691

# Haribhadrasūri (Translator: M Jain, 1989), Saddarsanasamuccaya, Asiatic Society, OCLC 255495691

# CV Vaidya (2001). Epic India, Or, India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Asian Educational Services. p. 503. <nowiki>ISBN 978-81-206-1564-9</nowiki>. Quote: These atheistical doctrines existed from the earliest times as their traces are visible even in the Rigveda in some hymns of which Prof Max Muller pointed out the curious traces of an incipient scepticism. (...) Two things are therefore clear that the Brihaspatya tenets also called Charvaka tenets are of a very old standing..."# Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2013), The base text and its commentaries: Problem of representing and understanding the Charvaka / Lokayata, Argument: Biannual Philosophical Journal, Issue 1, Volume 3

# CV Vaidya (2001). Epic India, Or, India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Asian Educational Services. p. 503. <nowiki>ISBN 978-81-206-1564-9</nowiki>. Quote: These atheistical doctrines existed from the earliest times as their traces are visible even in the Rigveda in some hymns of which Prof Max Muller pointed out the curious traces of an incipient scepticism. (...) Two things are therefore clear that the Brihaspatya tenets also called Charvaka tenets are of a very old standing..."# Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2013), The base text and its commentaries: Problem of representing and understanding the Charvaka / Lokayata, Argument: Biannual Philosophical Journal, Issue 1, Volume 3

# A. K. Sinha (1994), Traces of Materialism in Early Vedic Thought: A Study, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 75, No. 1/4

# A. K. Sinha (1994), Traces of Materialism in Early Vedic Thought: A Study, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 75, No. 1/4

# Bhattacharya, Ramkrishna. Materialism in India: A Synoptic View. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

# Bhattacharya, Ramkrishna. Materialism in India: A Synoptic View. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

# Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2010), What the Cārvākas Originally Meant?, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 38(6)

# Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2010), What the Cārvākas Originally Meant?, Journal of Bharat's Philosophy, 38(6)

# D Chatterjee (1977), Skepticism and Indian philosophy, Philosophy East and West, 27(2)

# D Chatterjee (1977), Skepticism and Bharat's philosophy, Philosophy East and West, 27(2)

# Original Sanskrit version:Sarva-darsana-sangraha; English version: The Charvaka System with commentary by Madhava Acharya, Translators: Cowell and Gough (1882)

# Original Sanskrit version:Sarva-darsana-sangraha; English version: The Charvaka System with commentary by Madhava Acharya, Translators: Cowell and Gough (1882)

# Joshi, Dinkar. Glimpses of Indian Culture. Star Publications (P) Ltd, Delhi. P. 37. <nowiki>ISBN 81-7650-190-5</nowiki>.

# Joshi, Dinkar. Glimpses of Bharat's Culture. Star Publications (P) Ltd, Delhi. P. 37. <nowiki>ISBN 81-7650-190-5</nowiki>.

# Shanti Parva, Chapter XXXIX The Mahabharata, KM Ganguli (Translator)

# Shanti Parva, Chapter XXXIX The Mahabharata, KM Ganguli (Translator)

# Satischandra Chatterjee and Dhirendramohan Datta. An Introduction to Indian Philosophy. Eighth Reprint Edition. (University of Calcutta: 1984)

# Satischandra Chatterjee and Dhirendramohan Datta. An Introduction to Bharat's Philosophy. Eighth Reprint Edition. (University of Calcutta: 1984)

# Bhatta, Jayarashi. Tattvopaplavasimha (Status as a Carvaka text disputed)

# Bhatta, Jayarashi. Tattvopaplavasimha (Status as a Carvaka text disputed)

# Bhattacharya, Ramakrishna (2002). "Cārvāka Fragments: A New Collection". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 30 (6)

# Bhattacharya, Ramakrishna (2002). "Cārvāka Fragments: A New Collection". Journal of Bharat's Philosophy. 30 (6)

# '''Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1959) Lokayata: A Study in Ancient Indian Materialism. New Delhi: People's Publishing House.'''

# '''Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1959) Lokayata: A Study in Ancient Bharat's Materialism. New Delhi: People's Publishing House.'''

# '''Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1964) Indian Philosophy: A Popular Introduction. New Delhi: People's Pub. House.'''

# '''Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1964) Bharat's Philosophy: A Popular Introduction. New Delhi: People's Pub. House.'''

# '''Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1994). Carvaka/Lokayata: An Anthology of Source Materials and Some Recent Studies. New Delhi: People's Publishing House.'''

# '''Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1994). Carvaka/Lokayata: An Anthology of Source Materials and Some Recent Studies. New Delhi: People's Publishing House.'''

# Gokhale, Pradeep P. The Cārvāka Theory of Pramāṇas: A Restatement, Philosophy East and West (1993).

# Gokhale, Pradeep P. The Cārvāka Theory of Pramāṇas: A Restatement, Philosophy East and West (1993).

# '''Koller, John M. Skepticism in Early Indian Thought, Philosophy East and West (1977).'''

# '''Koller, John M. Skepticism in Early Bharat's Thought, Philosophy East and West (1977).'''

# '''Nambiar, Sita Krishna (1971). Prabodhacandrodaya of Krsna Misra. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.'''

# '''Nambiar, Sita Krishna (1971). Prabodhacandrodaya of Krsna Misra. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.'''

# Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli and Moore, Charles (1957). A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 0-691-01958-4</nowiki>.

# Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli and Moore, Charles (1957). A Source Book in Bharat's Philosophy. Princeton University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 0-691-01958-4</nowiki>.

# Salunkhe, A. H. Aastikashiromani Chaarvaaka (in Marathi).

# Salunkhe, A. H. Aastikashiromani Chaarvaaka (in Marathi).

# '''Sen, Amartya (2005). The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity. London: Allen Lane. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7139-9687-0</nowiki>.'''

# '''Sen, Amartya (2005). The Argumentative Bharat's: Writings on Bharat's History, Culture and Identity. London: Allen Lane. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7139-9687-0</nowiki>.'''

# '''Jayarāśi, a 9th-century Indian philosopher associated with Cārvāka / Lokāyata school, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2011)'''

# '''Jayarāśi, a 9th-century Bharat's philosopher associated with Cārvāka / Lokāyata school, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2011)'''

# '''Lokāyata/Cārvāka – Indian Materialism (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)'''

# '''Lokāyata/Cārvāka – Bharat's Materialism (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)'''

[[Category:Darshanas]]

[[Category:Darshanas]]