Changes

  The Vaiseshika sutras<ref name=":3">Gupta, B. (2012). ''An introduction to Indian philosophy: Perspectives on Reality, Knowledge, and Freedom''. Routledge.</ref>, define and explain the nature of dravya or substance, and classifies all dravyas or things of the world into nine: Earth, water, fire, air, ether/space, time, space, atman and manas (mind).

  The Vaiseshika sutras<ref name=":3">Gupta, B. (2012). ''An introduction to Indian philosophy: Perspectives on Reality, Knowledge, and Freedom''. Routledge.</ref>, define and explain the nature of dravya or substance, and classifies all dravyas or things of the world into nine: Earth, water, fire, air, ether/space, time, space, atman and manas (mind).

   

   

  पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं कालो दिगात्मा मन इति द्रव्याणि । १,१.४ । Vais. Sutr. 1.1.4<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83) Vaiseshika Sutras]</ref>

  पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं कालो दिगात्मा मन इति द्रव्याणि । १,१.४ । Vais. Sutr. 1.1.4<ref name=":0">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83) Vaiseshika Sutras]</ref>

Among these nine, the first four, namely, earth, water, fire and air are considered to be atomic in nature. Each element has own class of atoms with particular attributes by which they can be differentiated, i.e., qualitatively. Maharshi Kanada recognized them as four kinds of atoms each having a unique quality or guna<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":1">Ray, P. (1956) ''History of Chemistry in Ancient and Medieval India, incorporating the History of Hindu Chemistry by Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray.'' Calcutta: Indian Chemical Society</ref><ref name=":5">Narayan, R. (2007). ''Nyaya-Vaisheshika: The Indian Tradition of Physics''. <nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/1880033</nowiki></ref>

Among these nine, the first four, namely, earth, water, fire and air are considered to be atomic in nature. Each element has own class of atoms with particular attributes by which they can be differentiated, i.e., qualitatively. Maharshi Kanada recognized them as four kinds of atoms each having a unique quality or guna<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":1">Ray, P. (1956) ''History of Chemistry in Ancient and Medieval India, incorporating the History of Hindu Chemistry by Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray.'' Calcutta: Indian Chemical Society</ref><ref name=":5">Narayan, R. (2007). ''Nyaya-Vaisheshika: The Indian Tradition of Physics''. <nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/1880033</nowiki></ref>

#kshiti or earth - smell

#kshiti or earth - smell

* faculty

* faculty

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Apa has the qualities of kshiti with the exception of smell, instead of which viscidity is present; its special quality is taste. Tejas has all the qualities of kshiti with the exception of taste, smell, and weight; its special quality is colour. Vayu has the qualities of kshiti, excepting colour, taste and smell; touch is its special quality.  

Apa has the qualities of kshiti with the exception of smell, instead of which viscidity is present; its special quality is taste. Tejas has all the qualities of kshiti with the exception of taste, smell, and weight; its special quality is colour. Vayu has the qualities of kshiti, excepting colour, taste and smell; touch is its special quality. Maharshi Kanada outlines the special qualities of the five elements (including Akasha) as follows<ref name=":0" />

रूपरसगन्धस्पर्शवती पृथिवी । २,१.१ । Prithvi has the qualities of form, taste, smell and touch

रूपरसगन्धस्पर्शवती पृथिवी । २,१.१ । rūparasagandhasparśavatī pṛthivī | 2,1.1 | Prithvi or earth has the qualities of form, taste, smell and touch

रूपरसस्पर्शवत्य आपो द्रवाः स्निग्धाश्च । २,१.२ ।  

रूपरसस्पर्शवत्य आपो द्रवाः स्निग्धाश्च । २,१.२ । rūparasasparśavatya āpo dravāḥ snigdhāśca | 2,1.2 | Apa or water has form, taste, and touch; it has the characteristic of fluidty and viscidity

तेजो रूपस्पर्शवत् । २,१.३ ।

तेजो रूपस्पर्शवत् । २,१.३ । tejo rūpasparśavat | 2,1.3 | Tejas or fire has form and touch

वायुः स्पर्शवान् । २,१.४ ।

वायुः स्पर्शवान् । २,१.४ । vāyuḥ sparśavān | 2,1.4 | Vayu is known by touch

त आकाशे न विद्यन्ते । २,१.५ ।

त आकाशे न विद्यन्ते । २,१.५ । ta ākāśe na vidyante | 2,1.5 | None of these exist in Akasha or ether

Each atom has its individual characteristics, and it combines with other atoms to form the larger entities similar to molecules.<ref name=":1" />

Each atom has its individual characteristics, and it combines with other atoms to form the larger entities similar to molecules.<ref name=":1" />

In second type of change i.e. Chemical Change once the nature of the substance changes it cannot be reversed. For example, Milk turns into curd, and iron turns into rust etc.<ref name=":6">Jena, D. (2021). Concept of chemical science in Vedic literature. ''International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development'', ''5''(4), 43. <nowiki>https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41144.pdf</nowiki></ref>

In second type of change i.e. Chemical Change once the nature of the substance changes it cannot be reversed. For example, Milk turns into curd, and iron turns into rust etc.<ref name=":6">Jena, D. (2021). Concept of chemical science in Vedic literature. ''International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development'', ''5''(4), 43. <nowiki>https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41144.pdf</nowiki></ref>

== Samkhya Theory of Matter ==

== Samkhya Theory of Matter ==