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Line 182: + + − + − − − + − Intrinsically, Parada contains eight doshas namely, नाग (naga), वङ्ग (vanga), वह्नि (vahni), मल (mala), चापल्य (chapala), विष (visha), गिरि (giri), असह्याग्नि (asahyagni)+ − Though many Doshas are attributed to Mercury, Naga (Lead), Vanga (Tin) Doshas are considered the major ones.+
→पारदस्य नेसर्गिका दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada
Mercury is available in native and ore forms. Mercury is the only elemental metal that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury is silvery white, slowly tarnishes in moist air, and freezes into a soft solid like tin or lead at −38.83 °C (−37.89 °F). It boils at 356.62 °C (673.91 °F). It is a rather poor conductor of heat but a fair conductor of electricity. It alloys with copper, tin, and zinc to form amalgams, or liquid alloys. An amalgam with silver is used as a filling in dentistry. Mercury does not wet glass or cling to it, and this property, coupled with its rapid and uniform volume expansion throughout its liquid range, made it useful in thermometers.<ref name=":3" />
Mercury is available in native and ore forms. Mercury is the only elemental metal that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury is silvery white, slowly tarnishes in moist air, and freezes into a soft solid like tin or lead at −38.83 °C (−37.89 °F). It boils at 356.62 °C (673.91 °F). It is a rather poor conductor of heat but a fair conductor of electricity. It alloys with copper, tin, and zinc to form amalgams, or liquid alloys. An amalgam with silver is used as a filling in dentistry. Mercury does not wet glass or cling to it, and this property, coupled with its rapid and uniform volume expansion throughout its liquid range, made it useful in thermometers.<ref name=":3" />
According to Ayurveda texts<blockquote>अन्तसुनीलो बहिरुज्ज्वलो यो मध्यान्हसूर्यप्रतिमप्रकाशः । शस्तोऽध धूम्रः परिपाण्डुराश्च चित्रो न योज्यो रसकर्मासिद्धौ ॥ (Rasendramangala and Rasendrasara sangraha 1.9)
According to Ayurveda texts<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><blockquote>अन्तसुनीलो बहिरुज्ज्वलो यो मध्यान्हसूर्यप्रतिमप्रकाशः । शस्तोऽध धूम्रः परिपाण्डुराश्च चित्रो न योज्यो रसकर्मासिद्धौ ॥ (Rasendramangala and Rasendrasara sangraha 1.9)<ref name=":2" />
antasunīlō bahirujjvalō yō madhyānhasūryapratimaprakāśaḥ | śastō’dha dhūmraḥ paripāṇḍurāśca citrō na yōjyō rasakarmāsiddhau || (Rasendramangala and Rasendrasara sangraha 1.9)
antasunīlō bahirujjvalō yō madhyānhasūryapratimaprakāśaḥ | śastō’dha dhūmraḥ paripāṇḍurāśca citrō na yōjyō rasakarmāsiddhau || (Rasendramangala and Rasendrasara sangraha 1.9)
शुद्धः सूतो यतस्त्वन्तः सूनीलो बहिरुञ्ञ्बलः । सूयप्रभश्चाविशुद्धो धुम्रो वा परिपाण्डुरः ।।५॥ (Rasa. Tara. 5.5)
शुद्धः सूतो यतस्त्वन्तः सूनीलो बहिरुञ्ञ्बलः । सूयप्रभश्चाविशुद्धो धुम्रो वा परिपाण्डुरः ।।५॥ (Rasa. Tara. 5.5)<ref name=":1" />
śuddhaḥ sūtō yatastvantaḥ sūnīlō bahiruññbalaḥ | sūyaprabhaścāviśuddhō dhumrō vā paripāṇḍuraḥ ||5|| (Rasa. Tara. 5.5)</blockquote>Parada which is outwardly shinning like the mid-day sun and having the hues of blue color internally is to be used and that Parada having dhumra varna (smoky hue), panduvarna (slight yellow hue) or chitra varna should not be used for preparation of aushadhis.
śuddhaḥ sūtō yatastvantaḥ sūnīlō bahiruññbalaḥ | sūyaprabhaścāviśuddhō dhumrō vā paripāṇḍuraḥ ||5|| (Rasa. Tara. 5.5)</blockquote>Parada which is outwardly shinning like the mid-day sun and having the hues of blue color internally is to be used and that Parada having dhumra varna (smoky hue), panduvarna (slight yellow hue) or chitra varna (mixed colors) should not be used for preparation of aushadhis.
=== Panchavidha gati (five movements) of Mercury ===
Rasaratna Samucchaya mentions five movements of Mercury.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":0" />
जलगो जलरूपेण त्वरितो हंसगो भवेत् । मलगो मलरूपेण सधूमो धूमगो भवेत् ॥ ८३॥
अन्या जीवगतीर्दैवी जीवोऽण्डादिव निष्क्रमेत् । स तांश्च जीवयोज्जीवांस्तेन जीवो रसः स्मृतः ॥ ८४ ॥
चतस्रो गतयो दृश्या अदृश्या पंचमी गतिः । मंत्रध्यानादिना तस्य रुध्यते पंचमी गतिः ॥ ८५ ॥ (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.83-85)<ref name=":6" />
jalagō jalarūpēṇa tvaritō haṁsagō bhavēt | malagō malarūpēṇa sadhūmō dhūmagō bhavēt || 83||
anyā jīvagatīrdaivī jīvō’ṇḍādiva niṣkramēt | sa tāṁśca jīvayōjjīvāṁstēna jīvō rasaḥ smr̥taḥ || 84 ||
catasrō gatayō dr̥śyā adr̥śyā paṁcamī gatiḥ | maṁtradhyānādinā tasya rudhyatē paṁcamī gatiḥ || 85 ||
{| class="wikitable"
|+Panchavidha gati (five movements) of Mercury<ref name=":0" />
!S. No
!Gati of Mercury
!Characteristics
|-
|1
|Jala gati
|Loss of Mercury during washing with water as some quantity floats on water
|-
|2
|Mala gati
|Wastage of Mercury along with doshas (impurities)
|-
|3
|Hamsa gati
|Wastage of Mercury due to its chanchalava (quickening)
|-
|4
|Dhuma gati
|Loss of mercury while heating in the form of vapour
|-
|5
|Jiva gati
|Loss due to volatile nature of Mercury
|}
Dhuma gati can be controlled by attaining heat stability in Mercury by processing with Niyamana (stabilizing) process. Jiva gati (volatile nature) is said to be invisible. It can be controlled by Mantra (sacred chanting) and Dhyana (meditation).
== पारदस्य नैसर्गिकस्त्रोताः ॥ Natural Sources of Mercury ==
== पारदस्य नैसर्गिकस्त्रोताः ॥ Natural Sources of Mercury ==
=== Uses of Mercury ===
=== Uses of Mercury ===
Based on the utility of drugs in processing of Parada, they are classified in to Maharasa, Uparasa and Sadharana rasa. Maharasas have wide therapeutic utility and they are used / prescribed along with parada. They are also utilized in various samskaras of parada. Mercurial preparations are used in Pandu (anemia), Shwasa (dysapoea), Kasa (cough), Kamala (jaundice), Jwara (fever), Shula (spasmodic pain), Mutrakriccha (nephritis), Vamana (vomiting), Udara Pida (acute abdominal pain), Krimi Dosha (worm infestation), Atisara (diarrhea), etc.<ref>Sarkar, P.K., Das, Sanjita, Prajapati, P. K. (2010) ''Ancient concept of metal pharmacology based on Ayurvedic Literature'' Ancient Science of Life, Vol. 29, 4; pp1-6</ref>
Based on the utility of drugs in processing of Parada, they are classified in to Maharasa, Uparasa and Sadharana rasa. Maharasas have wide therapeutic utility and they are used / prescribed along with parada. They are also utilized in various samskaras of parada. Mercurial preparations are used in Pandu (anemia), Shwasa (dysapoea), Kasa (cough), Kamala (jaundice), Jwara (fever), Shula (spasmodic pain), Mutrakriccha (nephritis), Vamana (vomiting), Udara Pida (acute abdominal pain), Krimi Dosha (worm infestation), Atisara (diarrhea), etc.<ref>Sarkar, P.K., Das, Sanjita, Prajapati, P. K. (2010) ''Ancient concept of metal pharmacology based on Ayurvedic Literature'' Ancient Science of Life, Vol. 29, 4; pp1-6</ref>
The rasa (taste), Virya (potency) and Vipaka (taste at the end of digestion) of Mercury has been quoted as similar to ambrosia. Mercury is Shadrasa (six tastes) having properties like Tridosha hara (alleviates all morbidities), Snigdha (unctuous), Rasayana (rejuvenative), Yogavahi (fast acting), Maha vrishya (highly aphrodisiac), Drusti prada (good for eyes) and Bala prada (strength promoting). Purified Mercury cures all diseases specifically skin disorders. Mercurial preparations show quick results in small doses. They cause instant Pachana (digestive) and Dipana (appetiser). Mercury possesses all the qualities of Animadi astaguna (eight qualities) which are required for the accomplishments of human life. There is no other thing in the earth than Mercury to attain mukti.<ref name=":0" />
== पारदस्य नेसर्गिका दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada ==
== पारदस्य नेसर्गिका दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada ==
According to Rasatarangini, Parada
Rasaratna Samucchaya mentions that due to the exceptional medicinal qualities of Jeeva (Parada) people did not age (jaraa), die (marana) or become ill due to diseases. They gradually came to have the longevity enjoyed by Indra and other devatas. Jealous of this Indra prayed to Mahadeva Shiva to introduce Kanchuki and other doshas in mercury.<ref name=":6" /> According to Rasatarangini, Parada has impurities as follows<blockquote>नागवङ्गौ वह्निमलौ चापल्यं गरलं गिरिः । असह्याग्निश्च विज्ञेयो दोषा नैसर्गिका रसे ॥७॥ nāgavaṅgau vahnimalau cāpalyaṁ garalaṁ giriḥ | asahyāgniśca vijñēyō dōṣā naisargikā rasē ||7||
नागवङ्गौ वह्निमलौ चापल्यं गरलं गिरिः । असह्याग्निश्च विज्ञेयो दोषा नैसर्गिका रसे ॥७॥ nāgavaṅgau vahnimalau cāpalyaṁ garalaṁ giriḥ | asahyāgniśca vijñēyō dōṣā naisargikā rasē ||7||
नागाद् व्रणं भवेत्कुष्ठं वङ्गात्तापोऽग्निदोषतः । मलाज्जड्यं तु चापल्याद् बोजनाशो विषान्मृतिः ।॥८॥ nāgād vraṇaṁ bhavētkuṣṭhaṁ vaṅgāttāpō’gnidōṣataḥ | malājjaḍyaṁ tu cāpalyād bōjanāśō viṣānmr̥tiḥ |||8||
नागाद् व्रणं भवेत्कुष्ठं वङ्गात्तापोऽग्निदोषतः । मलाज्जड्यं तु चापल्याद् बोजनाशो विषान्मृतिः ।॥८॥ nāgād vraṇaṁ bhavētkuṣṭhaṁ vaṅgāttāpō’gnidōṣataḥ | malājjaḍyaṁ tu cāpalyād bōjanāśō viṣānmr̥tiḥ |||8||
गिरेः स्फोटोऽथ मोहश्च ह्यसह्याग्नेः प्रजायते । एतैर्दोषैर्विहीनञ्च रसेन्द्रमिह योजयेत् ॥ ९॥ girēḥ sphōṭō’tha mōhaśca hyasahyāgnēḥ prajāyatē | ētairdōṣairvihīnañca rasēndramiha yōjayēt || 9|| (Rasa. Tara. 5.7-9)<ref name=":1" />
गिरेः स्फोटोऽथ मोहश्च ह्यसह्याग्नेः प्रजायते । एतैर्दोषैर्विहीनञ्च रसेन्द्रमिह योजयेत् ॥ ९॥ girēḥ sphōṭō’tha mōhaśca hyasahyāgnēḥ prajāyatē | ētairdōṣairvihīnañca rasēndramiha yōjayēt || 9|| (Rasa. Tara. 5.7-9)<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>Intrinsically, Parada contains eight doshas namely, नाग (naga), वङ्ग (vanga), वह्नि (vahni), मल (mala), चापल्य (chapala), विष (visha), गिरि (giri), असह्याग्नि (asahyagni). Though many Doshas are attributed to Mercury, Naga (Lead), Vanga (Tin) Doshas are considered the major ones.
=== Harmful effects of consuming impure Mercury ===
=== Shodhana Process ===
== Mercury Poisoning ==
== Mercury Poisoning ==