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→Pharmacological Properties
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Sulphur is found in 3 forms:
'''Crystalline sulphur''': It is further divided in 2 Sub types :
1. Octahedral, Rhombic or a-Sulphur
2. Prismatic, Monoclinic or b-Sulphur
'''Amorphous sulphur''': It is further divided in 3 Sub types :
1. Plastic or g-Sulphur
2. White amorphous Sulphur
3. Yellow amorphous Sulphur
'''Colloidal or d-sulphur'''
== Uses of Sulphur ==
== Uses of Sulphur ==
Before making any pharmaceutical preparations, sulphur is exposed to a ''‘shodhana’'' procedure and there are multiple methods of ''‘shodhana’'' as described in different classics. The ''‘shodhana’'' process described in Ayurveda is not merely a purification step, but also a mechanism of transforming the physical structure of a material into a drug by aiding it to adsorb organic and inorganic substances. In the Indian context, the ''‘shodhana’'' process with ghee and cow's milk is the most common method performed for sulphur. Research involving the use of plant extracts such as Eclipta alba in the ''shodhana'' process were undertaken in one study along with a comparison to the laboratory purification method. The authors reported that although the laboratory purification method separates the sulphur from chemical impurities, the Ayurveda ‘''shodhana''’ process converts the sulphur into a state where it is more suitable as a pharmaceutical material by enhancing porosity, fragility as these qualities support to disintegration and blend with other materials during the pharmaceutical manufacturing processes.<ref>Gunaratna, T. A. N. R., Prajapati, P. K., de Silva, K. M. N., & de Silva, W. R. M. (2023). Comparision of traditional and laboratory methods of sulphur processing. ''Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine'', ''14''(4), 100751. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100751</nowiki></ref> Shodhana or the purification process thus removes the physical as well as chemical impurities.<ref name=":3" />
Before making any pharmaceutical preparations, sulphur is exposed to a ''‘shodhana’'' procedure and there are multiple methods of ''‘shodhana’'' as described in different classics. The ''‘shodhana’'' process described in Ayurveda is not merely a purification step, but also a mechanism of transforming the physical structure of a material into a drug by aiding it to adsorb organic and inorganic substances. In the Indian context, the ''‘shodhana’'' process with ghee and cow's milk is the most common method performed for sulphur. Research involving the use of plant extracts such as Eclipta alba in the ''shodhana'' process were undertaken in one study along with a comparison to the laboratory purification method. The authors reported that although the laboratory purification method separates the sulphur from chemical impurities, the Ayurveda ‘''shodhana''’ process converts the sulphur into a state where it is more suitable as a pharmaceutical material by enhancing porosity, fragility as these qualities support to disintegration and blend with other materials during the pharmaceutical manufacturing processes.<ref>Gunaratna, T. A. N. R., Prajapati, P. K., de Silva, K. M. N., & de Silva, W. R. M. (2023). Comparision of traditional and laboratory methods of sulphur processing. ''Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine'', ''14''(4), 100751. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100751</nowiki></ref> Shodhana or the purification process thus removes the physical as well as chemical impurities.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Different procedures of purification of Sulphur.png|thumb|394x394px|Different procedures of purification of Sulphur]]
[[File:Different procedures of purification of Sulphur.png|thumb|394x394px|Different procedures of purification of Sulphur]]
Following is a methods of purification
Following is a methods of purification<ref name=":3" />
# Swedana with milk for1/2 hr then melted in Ghrit and filtered with a cloth.
# Swedana with milk for1/2 hr then melted in Ghrit and filtered with a cloth.
== Properties of Pure Sulfur ==
== Properties of Pure Sulfur ==
Gandhaka stands next to Pārada (mercury) in the field of Rasa-śāstra. It is considered as Rasāyana, Rakta Śodhaka and Twaka-roganāśaka. Here, the term Rasāyana stands for longevity. Blood is always a symbol of life and being Rakta Śodhaka, definitely Gandhaka and its properties give fortune. It is a unique concept of Ayurveda, which promotes the defense mechanism of the body and helps in the prevention of disease as well as their earlier cure. Gandhaka has also Guṇa-dharma like Kṛmighna, Kuṣṭhaghna, Kaṇḍughna.<ref name=":4" />
Gandhaka stands next to [[Mercury (पारद)]] in the field of Rasa-śāstra. It is considered as Rasāyana, Rakta Śodhaka and Twaka-roganāśaka. Here, the term Rasāyana stands for longevity. Blood is always a symbol of life and being Rakta Śodhaka, definitely Gandhaka and its properties give fortune. It is a unique concept of Ayurveda, which promotes the defense mechanism of the body and helps in the prevention of disease as well as their earlier cure. Gandhaka has also Guṇa-dharma like Kṛmighna, Kuṣṭhaghna, Kaṇḍughna.<ref name=":4" />
Ancient classics mention the therapeutic use of Gandhaka in treating various disorders in different therapeutic dosage forms like Rasāyana, Druti, and Taila for both internal and external uses especially in skin diseases like Kaṇḍu, Visarpa and Dadru. It is indicated in all types of Kuṣṭha (skin diseases), Nadivrana (sinuses) and Koṣṭhagata Roga (GIT disorders). It reduces and dries up the undigested food in GIT and so reduces the chance of poisoning.<ref name=":4" />
Ancient classics mention the therapeutic use of Gandhaka in treating various disorders in different therapeutic dosage forms like Rasāyana, Druti, and Taila for both internal and external uses especially in skin diseases like Kaṇḍu, Visarpa and Dadru. It is indicated in all types of Kuṣṭha (skin diseases), Nadivrana (sinuses) and Koṣṭhagata Roga (GIT disorders). It reduces and dries up the undigested food in GIT and so reduces the chance of poisoning.<ref name=":4" />
=== Pharmacological Properties ===
=== Pharmacological Properties ===
According to Rasaratna Samucchaya,<ref name=":6" /> Gandhaka gunas are as follows
According to Rasaratna Samucchaya,<ref name=":6" /> Gandhaka gunas are as follows<blockquote>शुद्धगन्धो हरेद्रोगान् कुष्ठमृत्युजरादिकान् । अग्निकारी महानुष्णो वीर्यवृद्धिं करोति च ॥ (Rasa. Ratn. 3.45)
śuddhagandhō harēdrōgān kuṣṭhamr̥tyujarādikān | agnikārī mahānuṣṇō vīryavr̥ddhiṁ karōti ca ||
गन्धाश्मातिरसायनः सुमधुरः पाके कटूष्णो मतः । कण्डूकुष्ठविसर्पदद्रुदलनो दीप्तानलः पाचनः ॥
आमोन्मोचनशोषणो विषहरः सुतेंद्र वीर्यप्रदः । प्लीहाध्मानविनाशनः कृमिहरः सत्त्वात्माकः सूतजित् ॥ (Rasa. Ratn. 3.16)<ref name=":6" />
gandhāśmātirasāyanaḥ sumadhuraḥ pākē kaṭūṣṇō mataḥ | kaṇḍūkuṣṭhavisarpadadrudalanō dīptānalaḥ pācanaḥ ||
āmōnmōcanaśōṣaṇō viṣaharaḥ sutēṁdra vīryapradaḥ | plīhādhmānavināśanaḥ kr̥miharaḥ sattvātmākaḥ sūtajit ||</blockquote>Gandhaka is a best rejuvenator, having madhura rasa, katu vipaka and ushna veerya. Apart from acting as a good appetizer and digestive, it is able of curing Kandu, Kushta, Visharpa and Dadru Kustha. It reduces and dries up the undigested food and eradicates the disorders resulting out of poisoning. It overcomes the disorders like Pleeha roga, Adhmana and acts against Krimis (anti-bacterial). It is in the form of satva and capable of performing Parada bandhana, or binding of mercury.<ref name=":7" />
A summary of the properties of sulphur is as follows.<ref name=":3" />
# Rasa – Madhura, Katu, Tikta.
# Guna – Sara, Snigdha, Laghu.
# Virya – Ushna
# Vipaka – Katu / Madhura
# Dosha Karma – Vata Shamaka, kapha Shamaka, Pitta vardhaka.
# Systemic Karma– Deepan, Pachana, Vishaghna, Pleehaghna, Drishti Karaka, Amadoshanashaka, Vrishya, Balya, Rasayana, Yogvahi, Shoshan, Krimighna.
# Therapeutic uses– Kushtha, Kandu, Visarpa, Dadru, Krimi, Jwara, Kasa, Shwasa, Kshaya, Amajeerna, Garvisha-har.
== Dosage and Diet ==
== Dosage and Diet ==
Pure sulfur should be given from 1 Ratti to 8 Ratti. If any disorder arises in the body after consuming Sulphur, then drinking 100 grams of Ghoghrit and Mishri in 1 liter of milk for 2 weeks calms down the pain caused by Sulfur disorder. At the time of consumption of gandhak, one should eat diet consisting of wild animals-birds and Chaag meat. Cow's milk, cow's ghee, wheat, rice, sandhava, sugar candy, clean and pure cool water should be included in the diet. Excessive salt, acid, bitter foods, vegetable, (leaf vegetable) and pulses are unhealthy. Kshar and Kanji should not be consumed. One should not board a fast-moving vehicle and be with women.<ref name=":1" />
Pure sulfur should be given from 1 Ratti to 8 Rattis as mentioned in Rasatarangini.<blockquote>रक्तिकातः समारभ्य रक्तिकाष्टकसम्मितम् । प्राणाचार्यः प्रयुञ्जीत गन्धकं तु विशोधितम् ॥ (Rasa. Tara. 8.39)<ref>Kashinath Shastri (1986 reprint) ed., ''Ras Tarangini Of Sadananda Sharma With Prasadani Explanation Of Haridatt Shastri And Ras Vigyan Hindi Tika Of Dharmanand Shastri''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas (pp. 182)</ref>
raktikātaḥ samārabhya raktikāṣṭakasammitam | prāṇācāryaḥ prayuñjīta gandhakaṁ tu viśōdhitam ||</blockquote>'''Anupana''': Milk, Ghee, Honey, Bhringaraja swarasa, Dhatri (Amla) swarasa, Triphala Kwath etc.<ref name=":3" />
If any disorder arises in the body after consuming Sulphur, then drinking 100 grams of Ghoghrit and Mishri in 1 liter of milk for 2 weeks calms down the pain caused by sulphur disorder.
'''Diet''': At the time of consumption of gandhak, one should eat diet consisting of wild animals-birds and Chaag meat. Cow's milk, cow's ghee, wheat, rice, sandhava, sugar candy, clean and pure cool water should be included in the diet.
'''Apathya''': Excessive salt, acid, bitter foods, vegetable, (leaf vegetable) and pulses are unhealthy. Kshar and Kanji should not be consumed. One should not board a fast-moving vehicle and be with women.<ref name=":1" />
== Ayurvedic formulations from pure sulfur ==
== Ayurvedic formulations from pure sulfur ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=width: 800px; font-style: italic;|
Gandhak has most important role in the preparation of mercurial formulations. It enhances the qualities and reduces the toxicity of Parada (mercury). Amlasar Gandhak having yellow colour is the best among four types. Rasa-Sindoor, Makardhwaj are the most popular prepations of Gandhak. Pure sulphur has no effect on skin, but when mixed with greasy substances, it converts into sulphide form, and is probably responsible for the therapeutic effects.<ref name=":3" />{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=width: 800px; font-style: italic;|
# Arshakuthar ras
# Arshakuthar ras
# Rasparpati
# Rasparpati
== Sulpha allergies ==
== Sulpha allergies ==
Modern medicine has brought a new revolution in the medical world by inventing medicines called "Sulfadrug" in "Allopathy".
Modern medicine has brought a new revolution in the medical world by inventing medicines called "Sulfadrug" in "Allopathy". Sulfur is useful in killing bacteria and destroying fungus. As one of the earliest developed antimicrobial classes, '''sulfonamides''' remain important therapeutic options for the empiric and definitive treatment of various infectious diseases. In the general population, approximately 3–8% of patients are reported to experience a sulfonamide allergy. Sulfonamide allergies can result in various physical manifestations; however, rash is reported as the most frequently observed. Sulfonamides are associated with various side effects, such as nausea, hematopoietic disorders, porphyria, and hypersensitivity reactions. Only some of these side effects are mediated by specific immune responses and can be classified as true allergic reactions.
Whether caused by a true allergy or drug intolerance, sulfa reactions happen at a rate similar to other types of antibiotics, including penicillin. Sulfonamides treat conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), infections of the skin, eye, and vagina, burns, and malaria. The most common sulfa drug associated with sulfa allergy is sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra, and others). Certain people may develop anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening, whole-body allergy that can lead to shock, coma, respiratory or heart failure, and death if left untreated. On the other hand, '''sulfites''' are compounds containing sulfuric acid used as preservatives in packaged foods and wine. They can cause reactions in some people but are not related to sulfonamides.
== References ==
== References ==
[[Category:Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Ayurveda]]