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→Hedonistic Viewpoint: adding content
(i) '''<span style="color:blue;">seek long term gains</span>''', deny or delay immediate need satisfaction or short term gains,
(i) '''<span style="color:blue;">seek long term gains</span>''', deny or delay immediate need satisfaction or short term gains,
(ii) '''<span style="color:blue;">discern between what is socially acceptable or not</span>''' by perceiving the difference between socially acceptable and unacceptable goals that promise to satisfy his needs,
(ii) '''<span style="color:blue;">discern between what is socially acceptable and what is not</span>''' by perceiving the difference between socially acceptable and unacceptable goals that promise to satisfy his needs,
(iii) '''<span style="color:blue;">set realistic goals to avoid stress</span>''', to select goals that are realistic and within his grasp,
(iii) '''<span style="color:blue;">set realistic goals to avoid stress</span>''', to select goals that are realistic and within his grasp,
(iv) '''<span style="color:blue;"> need based goal setting</span>''', select goals for satisfying his needs e.g., compensation mechanism whereby he substitutes, if necessary, his goals that cannot be satisfied,
(iv) '''<span style="color:blue;">practice need based goal setting</span>''', select goals for satisfying his needs e.g., compensation mechanism whereby he substitutes, if necessary, his goals that cannot be satisfied,
(v) '''<span style="color:blue;">adjustment in nature</span>''', to vary his behaviour as required for a situation,
(v) '''<span style="color:blue;">be accommodative in nature</span>''', to vary his behaviour as required for a situation,
(vi) '''<span style="color:blue;">not indulge in fantasy</span>''', satisfy majority of psychological needs on "reality level" rather than resort frequently to fantasy,
(vi) '''<span style="color:blue;">not indulge in fantasy</span>''', satisfy majority of psychological needs on "reality level" rather than resort frequently to fantasy,
(vii) '''<span style="color:blue;">develop tolerance for frustration</span>''' by making goal-oriented rather than ego-defensive reactions to frustration,
(vii) '''<span style="color:blue;">develop tolerance for frustration</span>''' by making goal-oriented rather than ego-defensive reactions to frustration,
(viii) '''<span style="color:blue;">coping within anxiety limits</span>''' by tolerating a reasonable amount of anxiety so that his behaviour is not disrupted,
(viii) '''<span style="color:blue;">cope with anxiety</span>''' by tolerating a reasonable amount of anxiety so that his behaviour is not disrupted,
(ix) '''<span style="color:blue;">seek alternatives goals to satisfy psychological needs -</span>''' seek variety of goals to satisfy his psychological needs so that socially unacceptable eccentricities in behaviour patterns is prevented,
(ix) '''<span style="color:blue;">seek alternative goals to satisfy psychological needs -</span>''' seek variety of goals to satisfy his psychological needs so that socially unacceptable eccentricities in behaviour patterns is prevented,
(x) '''<span style="color:blue;">accept responsibility and prepare for outcomes</span>''' - accept natural and social outcomes of his behaviour and plans for future accordingly, i.e., profit from experience, re-evaluate the situation and try another approach,
(x) '''<span style="color:blue;">accept responsibility of actions and prepare for outcomes</span>''' - accept natural and social outcomes of his behaviour and plans for future accordingly, i.e., profit from experience, re-evaluate the situation and try another approach,
(xi) '''<span style="color:blue;">maintain healthy relationships</span>''' and develop warm personal relationships with a reasonable number of associates,
(xi) '''<span style="color:blue;">maintain healthy relationships</span>''' and develop warm personal relationships with a reasonable number of associates,
(xii) '''<span style="color:blue;">face future, re-direct his behaviour in terms of past experience,</span>''': not be psychologically paralysed by guilt feelings over past failures, inadequacies and behaviour transgressions, and
(xii) '''<span style="color:blue;">face future, re-direct his behaviour in terms of past experience</span>''' and not be psychologically paralysed by guilt feelings over past failures, inadequacies and behaviour transgressions,
(xiii) '''<span style="color:blue;">self assurance </span>'''measures such as self-report that he feels "happy", "adequate" and so on.
(xiii) '''<span style="color:blue;">promote self assurance </span>'''measures such as self-report that he feels "happy", "adequate" and,
(xiv) '''<span style="color:blue;">identify stressful situations and </span>'''adopt measures to cope with them without paying a price or getting damaged.<ref name=":4" />
(xiv) '''<span style="color:blue;">identify stressful situations and </span>'''adopt measures to cope with them without paying a price or getting damaged mentally and physically.<ref name=":4" />
=== Maladjustment ===
=== Maladjustment ===
Indian society is an amalgamation of the materialistic perspective (hedonistic) at one end, the spiritual perspective (transcendental) at the opposite end along and the various blends of materialistic and spiritual perspectives which is the collectivist perspective.<ref name=":2" />
Indian society is an amalgamation of the materialistic perspective (hedonistic) at one end, the spiritual perspective (transcendental) at the opposite end along and the various blends of materialistic and spiritual perspectives which is the collectivist perspective.<ref name=":2" />
=== Hedonistic Viewpoint ===
=== Charvaka Philosophy - Hedonistic Viewpoint ===
An exclusively materialist view, Charvaka or Lokaayata philosophy advocates that the fulfillment of desires, particularly of sensory nature, is the sole criterion of well being that leads to pleasure orientation.
An exclusively materialist view, Charvaka or Lokaayata philosophy was based on hedonistic perspective which advocates that the fulfillment of desires, particularly of sensory nature, is the sole criterion of well being that leads to pleasure orientation. The followers of this philosophy adopted a totally worldly way of living, and were "sweet-tongued", probably because they supported what most human beings generally think viz., that pleasure is the ultimate aim of life.<ref name=":2" />
This philosophy founded on positivism, admits the reality of whatever we can perceive with our senses and deny the reality of whatever cannot be perceived. Thus many [[Sanatana Dharma (सनातनधर्मः)|Sanatana Dharma]] based paradigms such as [[Atman (आत्मन्)|Atman]], [[Karma (कर्म)|Karma]], Punarjanma, [[Dharma (धर्मः)|Dharma]] and [[Vedas (वेदाः)|Veda]] [[Pramana (प्रमाणम्)|pramana]] etc. are rejected lock, stock and barrel according to this philosophy. Atman was that consciousness that was peculiar to living human body, which lasts as long as the deha-svasthya was maintained. Mind's function was totally directed outwards to know the world through the senses.<ref name=":2" />
Svasthya according to them was physical health and sensual pleasure. It affirmed the view that life belongs only to this world and ends in this world and therefore one should try to make the best of this life. Man should do whatever is possible to enhance pleasure and avoid pain and any action done for the sake of pleasure is justified. Since pleasure is not possible without wealth (artha), one could beg, borrow or steal or even murder, to have more wealth and more pleasure.<ref name=":2" />
However, in contemporary times we see that there are many indicators to say that this philosophy is taking hold of the Indian psyche. Under the influence of scientific and technological innovations, industrialization, modernisation, open trade policy, westernization and globalisation there is increased consumerism and ‘credit’ cards are becoming popular. It reminisces the famous statement of Chaarvaaka: rnam krtva grtam pibheth, which means one should drink ghee (2) (clarified butter) even if one has to take credit.<ref name=":2" />
=== Vedic and Upanishadic Philosophy - Transcendent Viewpoint ===
On the other end of the psychological spectrum lies the ideal view of reality upheld across Indian traditions. Svasthya as well as Ananda (happiness) are purely subjective and do not depend on any objective conditions of reality, including one's state of body-mind-sense complex. This view is rooted in all paradigms
=== Philosophy of Purusharthas - Collectivist Viewpoint ===
While the Charvaka philosophy follows an out and out principle of sensual satiety, the [[Grhyasutras (गृह्यसूत्राणि)|Grhyasutras]], [[Dharmashastras (धर्मशास्त्राणि)|Dharmashastras]], Smriti granthas and other texts, established principles of a social framework and ground rules for good life, to ensure the well-being of all. This third perspective lies in between the hedonistic Charvaka philosophy and transcendent ideals of the Vedic texts. <ref name=":2" />
=== Ayurvedic Viewpoint ===
== स्वास्थ्ये प्रभावकारक तत्त्वानि ॥ Factors Influencing Svasthya ==
== स्वास्थ्ये प्रभावकारक तत्त्वानि ॥ Factors Influencing Svasthya ==