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Theories about the Origin and Propagation of Sound (Samskrit: शब्दोत्पत्तिः प्रसरणश्च) have well been discussed in many ancient texts of Bharatavarsha.

Theories about the Origin and Propagation of Sound (Samskrit: शब्दोत्पत्तिः प्रसारश्च) have well been discussed in many ancient texts of Bharatavarsha.

* Sankhya siddhanta holds that the ear (श्रोतेन्द्रियं) travels to the source of sound and grasps the sound

* Sankhya siddhanta holds that the ear (श्रोतेन्द्रियं) travels to the source of sound and grasps the sound

* Nyaya and Vaiseshika systems put forth that sound travels like waves in Akasha (ether) and gets perceived in the ear (श्रोतेन्द्रियं).  

* Nyaya and Vaiseshika systems put forth that sound travels like waves in Akasha (ether) and gets perceived in the ear (श्रोतेन्द्रियं).  

==शब्दोत्पत्तिः ॥ Origin of Sound==

==शब्दोत्पत्तिः ॥ Origin of Sound==

Maharshi Kanada explains about the characteristics of various things in the world ([[Padarthas (पदार्थाः)|padarthas]]) in his Vaiseshika Sutras. While explaining that sound is something that is heard (Vais. Sutr. 2.2.21), he identifies the various ways in which sound is produced and concept of Sound arising from Sound, which is one of the fundamental aspects of modern physics, as follows<blockquote>संयोगाद्विभगाच्च शब्दाच्च शब्दनिष्पत्तिः। (Vais. Sutr. 2.2.31)<ref name=":4">Vaiseshika Sutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Full Text])</ref></blockquote>Sound is produced from conjunction (संयोगात्) disjunction (विभागात्) and from sound (शब्दात्) also.  

 

 

Maharshi Kanada explains about the characteristics of various things in the world ([[Padarthas (पदार्थाः)|padarthas]]) in his '''Vaiseshika''' Sutras. While explaining that sound is something that is heard, he identifies the various ways in which sound is produced and concept of Sound arising from Sound, which is one of the fundamental aspects of modern physics, as follows<blockquote>संयोगाद्विभगाच्च शब्दाच्च शब्दनिष्पत्तिः। (Vais. Sutr. 2.2.31)<ref name=":4">Vaiseshika Sutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Full Text])</ref></blockquote>Sound is produced from conjunction (संयोगात्) disjunction (विभागात्) and from sound (शब्दात्) also.  

From conjunction, i.e., from conjunction of the drum and the stick, from disjunction, i.e., when a bamboo stick is being split up and where Sound is produced in a distant flute and such other instruments, Sound is produced.  Such sound reaches the portion of the ether of ear hollow and thereby gets heard.<ref name=":3">Sinha, Nandalal (1923 Second Edition) ''The Vaisesika Sutras of Kanada with the commentary of Sankara Misra''. Allahabad: The Panini Office (Page 86-91)</ref>  

From conjunction, i.e., from conjunction of the drum and the stick, from disjunction, i.e., when a bamboo stick is being split up and where Sound is produced in a distant flute and such other instruments, Sound is produced.  Such sound reaches the portion of the ether of ear hollow and thereby gets heard.<ref name=":3">Sinha, Nandalal (1923 Second Edition) ''The Vaisesika Sutras of Kanada with the commentary of Sankara Misra''. Allahabad: The Panini Office (Page 86-91)</ref>  

Having seen the details about external sounds from instruments etc, we now deal with production of Articulated sounds namely Varnas. They are also called Syllables or independent units of cognizable sounds characterized by having specific vocal location and mechanism of utterance (उच्चारणस्थानानि and वाग्यन्त्राणि). Articulate sentences or speech (Vak) gives birth to a language and plays an exceedingly important role in activating the world; all the more important at the time when Vedas were only transmitted by oral tradition. Thus its not out of place to mention that science of speech was well studied in the vedic times and the texts of [[Shiksha (शिक्षा)|Shiksa]] shastra (among the [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|Shad Vedangas]]) Pratisakhyas and Shiksa granthas deal with the science of words, their production, pronunciation and accent. Perhaps nowhere is such an amount of technical literature available on grammar, phonetics and related topics as in Samskrit. Phonetics is as old as the Vedas.  

Having seen the details about external sounds from instruments etc, we now deal with production of Articulated sounds namely Varnas. They are also called Syllables or independent units of cognizable sounds characterized by having specific vocal location and mechanism of utterance (उच्चारणस्थानानि and वाग्यन्त्राणि). Articulate sentences or speech (Vak) gives birth to a language and plays an exceedingly important role in activating the world; all the more important at the time when Vedas were only transmitted by oral tradition. Thus its not out of place to mention that science of speech was well studied in the vedic times and the texts of [[Shiksha (शिक्षा)|Shiksa]] shastra (among the [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|Shad Vedangas]]) Pratisakhyas and Shiksa granthas deal with the science of words, their production, pronunciation and accent. Perhaps nowhere is such an amount of technical literature available on grammar, phonetics and related topics as in Samskrit. Phonetics is as old as the Vedas.  

Language is born, when a living being desires to express himself. It is that fire that is lit by the coming together of anubhava or experience and vivakshaa or a desire to express.<ref name=":0">[https://www.academia.edu/38924945/Sanskrit_and_Speech_Language_Pathology Sanskrit and Speech Language Pathology] by Dr. Sampadananda Mishra</ref>Paniniya Shiksha gives a deft description of the process involved in uttering a word from the mouth as follows  

Language is born, when a living being desires to express himself. It is that fire that is lit by the coming together of anubhava or experience and vivakshaa or a desire to express.<ref name=":0">[https://www.academia.edu/38924945/Sanskrit_and_Speech_Language_Pathology Sanskrit and Speech Language Pathology] by Dr. Sampadananda Mishra</ref>  

[[File:Shabdotpatti.PNG|thumb|600x600px|Process of Production of Articulate Sounds in a Human]]<blockquote>'''आत्मा''' बुद्ध्या समेत्यार्थान्मनो युङ्क्ते विवक्षया। मनः कायाग्निमाहन्ति स प्रेरयति मारुतम् ।।6।।</blockquote><blockquote>मारुतस्तूरसि चरन्मन्द्रं जनयति स्वरम्। प्रातःसवनयोगं तं छन्दो गायत्रमाश्रितम् ।।7।।</blockquote><blockquote>कण्ठे माध्यन्दिनयुगं मध्यमं त्रैष्टुभानुगम्। तारं तार्तीयसवनं शीर्षण्यं जागतानुगम्।।8।।</blockquote><blockquote>सोदीर्णो मूर्धन्यभिहतो वक्त्रमापद्य मारुतः। वर्णाञ्जनयते तेषां विभागः पञ्चधा स्मृतः।।9।। </blockquote><blockquote>स्वरतः कालतः स्थानात्प्रयत्नानुप्रदानतः। इति वर्णविदः प्राहुर्निपुणं तन्निबोधत ।।10 ।। (Pani. Shik.)<ref name=":1">Paniniya Shiksha ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE Full text])</ref></blockquote>

 

Paniniya Shiksha gives a deft description of the process involved in uttering a word from the mouth as follows  

[[File:Shabdotpatti.PNG|thumb|600x600px|Process of Production of Articulate Sounds in a Human]]<blockquote>आत्मा बुद्ध्या समेत्यार्थान्मनो युङ्क्ते विवक्षया। मनः कायाग्निमाहन्ति स प्रेरयति मारुतम् ।।6।।</blockquote><blockquote>मारुतस्तूरसि चरन्मन्द्रं जनयति स्वरम्। प्रातःसवनयोगं तं छन्दो गायत्रमाश्रितम् ।।7।।</blockquote><blockquote>कण्ठे माध्यन्दिनयुगं मध्यमं त्रैष्टुभानुगम्। तारं तार्तीयसवनं शीर्षण्यं जागतानुगम्।।8।।</blockquote><blockquote>सोदीर्णो मूर्धन्यभिहतो वक्त्रमापद्य मारुतः। वर्णाञ्जनयते तेषां विभागः पञ्चधा स्मृतः।।9।। </blockquote><blockquote>स्वरतः कालतः स्थानात्प्रयत्नानुप्रदानतः। इति वर्णविदः प्राहुर्निपुणं तन्निबोधत ।।10 ।। (Pani. Shik.)<ref name=":1">Paniniya Shiksha ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE Full text])</ref></blockquote>

# The Atman (the inner mind or Antaranga) joins with arthas, which are there within, in the form of samskaras and the Buddhi (vrtti).

# The Atman (the inner mind or Antaranga) joins with arthas, which are there within, in the form of samskaras and the Buddhi (vrtti).

# Then combined with manas puts forth Vivaksha (विवक्षा) an intent of the person to express himself and pushes the Kayagni or the fire in the body (called Jataragni which causes hunger).

# Then combined with manas puts forth Vivaksha (विवक्षा) an intent of the person to express himself and pushes the Kayagni or the fire in the body (called Jataragni which causes hunger).

# This Agni drives the maruta or air in turn while slowly moving in the in the chest thoriacic region generates a low sound.

# Activated जठराग्नि (the fire of hunger) drives the वायु (air) in turn while slowly moving in the in the chest thoriacic region generates a low sound.

# The air pushed upwards and hits the palate and having reached the mouth (vaktram) gets modified in five ways in the vocal tract - vocal cords and articulators.

# The air gets pushed upwards and hits the palate and having reached the mouth (vaktram) gets modified in five ways in the vocal tract - vocal cords and articulators.

# This modified air is called varna are divided into five types and varna is the primary unit of speech.<ref name=":0" />

# This modified air is called varna (वर्ण) are divided into five types and varna is the primary unit of speech.<ref name=":0" />

#  

#  

Thus Atman, Buddhi, Maruta and Articulators are considered to be the prerequisites for speech production.  

Thus Atman, Buddhi, Maruta and Articulators are considered to be the prerequisites for speech production.

Varnas or Speech sounds are generated on the basis of the following 1) Pitch (Svara) 2) Quantity (Kala) 3) Place of articulation (Sthana) 4) Effort (Prayatna) 5) Sound material (Anupradana)

Varnas or Speech sounds are generated on the basis of the following 1) Pitch (Svara) 2) Quantity (Kala) 3) Place of articulation (Sthana) 4) Effort (Prayatna) 5) Sound material (Anupradana)

# Lips (ओष्ठौ)

# Lips (ओष्ठौ)

# Soft palate (तालु)

# Soft palate (तालु)

== शब्दप्रसरणसिद्धान्ताः ॥ Propagation of Sound ==

== शब्दप्रसरणसिद्धान्ताः ॥ Propagation of Sound ==

=== Mimamsa ===

=== Mimamsa ===

According to Dr. Sivasenani Nori, Sabarabhashya on the Jaimini Mimamsa sutra (1.1.13) gives a remarkably identical description of production and propagation of sound as that given by text of modern Physics.<ref>Dr. Sivasenani Nori on [https://www.academia.edu/42172507/Sabarabha%E1%B9%A3ya_on_the_physics_of_sound Sabarabhasya on the physics of sound]</ref>

According to Dr. Sivasenani Nori, Shabarabhashya on the Jaimini Mimamsa sutra (1.1.13) gives a remarkably identical description of production and propagation of sound as that given by text of modern Physics.<ref>Dr. Sivasenani Nori on [https://www.academia.edu/42172507/Sabarabha%E1%B9%A3ya_on_the_physics_of_sound Sabarabhasya on the physics of sound]</ref>

[[File:Shabdashabdaja - Sound produced from sound.PNG|link=http://dharmawiki.org/index.php/File:Shabdashabdaja%20-%20Sound%20produced%20from%20sound.PNG|thumb|400x400px|Sound Waves : Sound is produced in the form of waves, each wave generating the next one.]]

[[File:Shabdashabdaja - Sound produced from sound.PNG|link=http://dharmawiki.org/index.php/File:Shabdashabdaja%20-%20Sound%20produced%20from%20sound.PNG|thumb|400x400px|Sound Waves : Sound is produced in the form of waves, each wave generating the next one.]]

सतः परम् अदर्शनं विषयानागमात्  ॥  MS_१,१.१३ (Mima. Sutr. 1.1.13)

सतः परम् अदर्शनं विषयानागमात्  ॥  MS_१,१.१३ (Mima. Sutr. 1.1.13)

.......

.......

अभिघातेन हि प्रेरिता वायवस्तिमितानि वाय्वन्तराणि प्रतिबाधमानाः सर्वतोदिक्कान् संयोगविभागानुत्पादयन्ति। यावद्वेगमभिप्रतिष्ठन्ते। ते च वायोरप्रत्यक्षत्वात्संयोगविभागा नोपलभ्यन्ते। अनुपरतेष्वेव तेषु शब्द उपलभ्यते नोपरतेषु। अतो न दोषः। अत एव चानुवातं दूरादुपलभ्यते शब्दः ।। (Bhas. Mima. Sutr. 1.1.13)<ref>Shabara Bhashya of Mimasa Sutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7-%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83 Adhyayas 1 to 4])</ref>

अभिघातेन हि प्रेरिता वायवस्तिमितानि वाय्वन्तराणि प्रतिबाधमानाः सर्वतोदिक्कान् संयोगविभागानुत्पादयन्ति। यावद्वेगमभिप्रतिष्ठन्ते। ते च वायोरप्रत्यक्षत्वात्संयोगविभागा नोपलभ्यन्ते। अनुपरतेष्वेव तेषु शब्द उपलभ्यते नोपरतेषु। अतो न दोषः। अत एव चानुवातं दूरादुपलभ्यते शब्दः ।। (Bhas. Mima. Sutr. 1.1.13)<ref name=":6">Shabara Bhashya of Mimasa Sutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7-%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83 Adhyayas 1 to 4])</ref>

As long as compressions and expansions (saṃyogavibhāgau) [of air particles] are present, Śabda is heard. Therefore we say that compressions and expansions are the manifesters of Śabda. If it be said that Śabda is heard after compressions and expansions have stopped, it is not so. The compressions and expansions, from which Śabda is perceived, do not cease. It is only that these compressions and expansions cannot be directly perceived.

As long as compressions and expansions (saṃyogavibhāgau) [of air particles] are present, Śabda is heard. Therefore we say that compressions and expansions are the manifesters of Śabda. If it be said that Śabda is heard after compressions and expansions have stopped, it is not so. The compressions and expansions, from which Śabda is perceived, do not cease. It is only that these compressions and expansions cannot be directly perceived.