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→Determination of the Meaning: added content and references
* Vyanjana denotes the suggested meaning
* Vyanjana denotes the suggested meaning
=== शक्तिग्रहोपायनिरूपणम् ॥ Learning the Meanings of Words ===
=== शक्तिग्रहोपायनिरूपणम् ॥ Knowing the Meanings of Words ===
Now, that classification of meanings is understood, the next question to be answered is how do we grasp the meanings of words (शक्तिग्रह:)? How does a child understand that "this word means this"? According to Vishvanatha Panchanana Bhatt, Saktigraha or grasping the significative meaning of a word is by five ways<ref name=":7" /><ref>Swami Madhavananda, (1954 Second Edition) ''Bhasa-Pariccheda with Siddhanta Muktavali by Visvanatha Nyaya-Panchanana. (English Translation)'' Almora: Advaita Ashram (Pages 149 - 154)</ref> <blockquote>शक्तिग्रहं व्याकरणोपमानकोशाप्तवाक्याद्व्यवहारतश्च। (Sidd. Mukt. Shabdakhanda)<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>The elders say that there are five different ways in which the knowledge of denotative meaning of a word is grasped. Briefly discussed they are
Now, that classification of meanings is understood, the next question to be answered is how do we grasp the meanings of words (शक्तिग्रह:)? How does a child understand that "this word means this"? According to Vishvanatha Panchanana Bhatt, Saktigraha or grasping the significative meaning of a word is by five ways<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2">Swami Madhavananda, (1954 Second Edition) ''Bhasa-Pariccheda with Siddhanta Muktavali by Visvanatha Nyaya-Panchanana. (English Translation)'' Almora: Advaita Ashram (Pages 149 - 156)</ref> <blockquote>शक्तिग्रहं व्याकरणोपमानकोशाप्तवाक्याद्व्यवहारतश्च। (Sidd. Mukt. Shabdakhanda)<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>The elders say that there are five different ways in which the knowledge of denotative meaning of a word is grasped. Briefly discussed they are
# धातुप्रकृतिप्रत्ययादीनां शक्तिग्रहो व्याकरणाद्भवति। From the vyakarana aspects such as Dhatu (verbal roots), Prakrti and Pratyaya (suffixes) the meaning of the word is apprehended.
# धातुप्रकृतिप्रत्ययादीनां शक्तिग्रहो व्याकरणाद्भवति। From the vyakarana aspects such as Dhatu (verbal roots), Prakrti and Pratyaya (suffixes) the meaning of the word is apprehended.
# उपमानाद्यथा शक्तिग्रहः..। Through comparisons (upamanas) the meaning of the word is apprehended.
# उपमानाद्यथा शक्तिग्रहः..। Through comparisons (upamanas) the meaning of the word is apprehended.
=== Determination of the Meaning ===
=== Determination of the Meaning ===
शक्तं पदम्। तच्चतुर्विधम्। क्वचिद्यौगिकं, क्वचिद्रूढं, क्वचिद्योगरूढं क्वचिद्यौगिकरूढम्। (Sidd. Mukt. Shabdakhanda)<ref name=":1" />
Words are divided into four kinds according to the different ways in which their meaning is determined from grammatical or conventional methods or from a combination of both. A word denotes it meaning and it is of four kinds.<ref name=":2" /><blockquote>शक्तं पदम्। तच्चतुर्विधम्। क्वचिद्यौगिकं, क्वचिद्रूढं, क्वचिद्योगरूढं क्वचिद्यौगिकरूढम्। (Sidd. Mukt. Shabdakhanda)<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>Sometimes it is derivative (यौगिकम् । yaugikam) sometimes conventional (रूढम् । rūḍham) sometimes derivatively conventional (योगरूढम् । yogarūḍham) and sometimes both derivative and conventional (यौगिकरूढम् । yaugikarūḍham).
A word is called derivative or yaugika when its meaning is solely determined by those of its component parts or avayavas (यत्राऽवयवार्थ एव बुद्ध्यते) such as root and the prefix or suffix (the dhatu and upasargas or pratyayas), as in example Paachaka (पाचका) or cook.
A word is called conventional or rūḍha when its meaning is determined independently by collective denotation (समुदायशक्तिमात्रेण बुद्ध्यते), irrespective of the meaning given by the component parts. Example, words such as गो-मण्डला, here grammatically derived meaning of गो (Go) is given as one who goes (Gacchati) but that is excluded and गो (Go) is denoted as Cow (independent of the derived grammatical meaning). Mandala means circle.
A word is called derivatively conventional (योगरूढम् । yogarūḍham) when its meaning is determined by component parts or avayavas having the aspect of collective denotation (अवयवशक्तिविषये समुदायशक्तिरप्यस्ति). Example, words such as पङ्कजा (lotus) where by avayava sakti it reflects something that grows in the mud and by samudaya sakti it conveys the idea of flower named lotus by implication. Further detailed explanation is not presented here due to the extensiveness of the subject.
A word is called derivative and conventional (यौगिकरूढम् । yaugikarūḍham) when its meaning is determined independently of each other, by both Yaugika and Rudha meanings (यौगिकार्थरूढ्यर्थयो: स्वातन्त्र्येण बोध:). Example, the words such as उद्भिदादिपदम्। It denotes that which sprouts such as the trees and shrubs, as also a particular kind of yaga.
== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />