8,090
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 11:
Line 11: − + Line 19:
Line 19: + − + − + + + + − The present day theories of how the sun-ray's heat up the water, creating the vapors and how hot air rises to form clouds in the upper atmospheric strata are all clearly mentioned in the texts. Watery vapors closer to the earth in combination with sun's rays ascend upwards into the sky forming clouds. The Vaiseshika Sutras by Kanada clearly mention the interactions of these particles<blockquote>नाड्या वायुसंयोगादारोहणम् । वैशेषिक-५,२.५ ।</blockquote><blockquote>नोदनापीडनात् संयुक्तसंयोगाच्च । वैशेषिक-५,२.६ ।</blockquote><blockquote>वृक्षाभिसर्पणमित्यदृष्टकारितम् । वैशेषिक-५,२.७ ।</blockquote><blockquote>अपां सङ्घातो विलयनं च तेजः संयोगात् । वैशेषिक-५,२.८ ।</blockquote><blockquote>तत्र विस्फूर्जतुर्लिङ्गम् । वैशेषिक-५,२.९ ।</blockquote><blockquote>वायुसयुक्तास्सूर्यरश्मयः अपः भूमिष्ठास्तावदन्तरिक्षमारोहयन्ति ।। (K. S. 5)</blockquote><blockquote>अन्तरिक्षमारूढाः खल्वापः धूमेन ज्योतिषा वायुना च संसृज्यमानाः मेघभावमापद्यन्ते (Form clouds) |</blockquote>Water rising (in the form of vapor) by combining with the smoke, heat (of the sun's rays) and winds (in the upper strata) form the Clouds. When water and <blockquote>जले दिव्यज्योतिस्संयोगे सति विद्युत्प्रकाशः (Lightning) ततो विस्फूर्जथुः (Thunder) | </blockquote>Kalidasa also poetically mentions the formation of clouds in his Meghadoota.<blockquote>धूमज्योतिस्सलिलमरुता सन्निपातः क्व मेघः । (Megh. 5)</blockquote>+
water cycle information added
== Water Formations ==
== Water Formations ==
Hydrology involves the study of flowing water bodies, change of water states and other elements of hydrology and water resources as follows
Hydrology involves the study of flowing water bodies, change of water states and other elements of hydrology and water resources as follows
* Hydrologic Cycle
* Hydrologic or Water Cycle
* Precipitation, cloud formation, measurement etc.
* Precipitation, cloud formation, measurement etc.
* Interception and Infiltration
* Interception and Infiltration
* Water Quality
* Water Quality
* Water use and conservation.
* Water use and conservation.
A few of these topics are discussed below.
=== Water Cycle ===
=== Water Cycle ===
The Hydrological or Water Cycle is an important concept in hydroscience. It is the chain of events describing the movement of water involving the total earth system comprising the atmosphere (the gaseous enveiop), the hydrosphere (surface and subsurface water), lithosphere (s0118 & rocks), and the biosphere (plants & animals). In one of the three phases (solid, liquid, and vapour) the water passes through these four parts of the earth system.
The Hydrological or Water Cycle is an important concept in hydroscience. It is the chain of events describing the movement of water involving the total earth system comprising of the atmosphere (the gaseous envelop), the hydrosphere (surface and subsurface water), lithosphere (soils & rocks), and the biosphere (plants & animals). In one of the three phases (solid, liquid, and vapour) the water passes through these four parts of the earth system.
A number of mantras in the Rigveda support the fact that our ancient rshis and maharshis have thorough knowledge of the water cycle and process.
A number of mantras in the Rigveda support the fact that our ancient rshis and maharshis have thorough knowledge of the water cycle and processes involved.
* आदह स्वधामनु पुनर्गर्भत्वमेरिरे। दधाना नाम यज्ञियम्॥४॥ (Rig. Veda. 1.6.4) Water which gets divided in minute particles due to the heat of the sun is carried by wind and after the conversion into cloud it rains again and again. Rigveda (1.19.7) also reiterates the transfer of water from earth to the atmosphere by the wind.
* इन्द्रो दीर्घाय चक्षस आ सूर्यं रोहयद् दिवि। वि गोभिरद्रिमैरयत्॥३॥ (Rig. Veda. 1.7.3) Just as the sun is created and placed such as to illuminate the whole universe, so also as a rule of universe, it extracts water continuously to convert it to cloud and ultimately discharge as rain. Rig veda (1.23.17) also supports this concept.
Yajurveda also discusses the water cycle as follows, the movement of water from from clouds to earth and its flow through channels and storage into oceans and further evaporation.<blockquote>प्र पर्वतस्य वृषभस्य पृष्ठान्नावश्चरन्ति स्वसिचज्ञयानाः । ता आववृत्रन्नधरागुदक्ता अहिं बुध्न्यमनु रीयमाणाः । विष्णोर्विकर्मणम् असि । विष्णोर्विक्रान्तम् असि । विष्णोः क्रान्तम् असि ॥ (Shuk. Yaju. Veda. 10.19)<ref>Shukla Yajurveda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6 Adhyaya 10])</ref></blockquote>Water cycle is described in the Vaiseshika Sutras. Watery vapors closer to the earth in combination with sun's rays ascend upwards into the sky forming clouds. The Vaiseshika Sutras by Kanada clearly mention the interactions of these particles as follows<blockquote>नाड्या वायुसंयोगादारोहणम् । वैशेषिक-५,२.५ । नोदनापीडनात् संयुक्तसंयोगाच्च । वैशेषिक-५,२.६ । वृक्षाभिसर्पणमित्यदृष्टकारितम् । वैशेषिक-५,२.७ । (Vais. Sutr. 5.2.5-7)</blockquote>Further to the rising of water vapour, cloud formation, lightning and thunder are explained in the Vaiseshika sutras and bhashya as follows<blockquote>अपां सङ्घातो विलयनं च तेजः संयोगात् । वैशेषिक-५,२.८ । तत्र विस्फूर्जतुर्लिङ्गम् । वैशेषिक-५,२.९ । वायुसंयुक्तास्सूर्यरश्मयः अपः भूमिष्ठास्तावदन्तरिक्षमारोहयन्ति ।। (Vais. Sutr. 5.2.8-10) </blockquote><blockquote>अन्तरिक्षमारूढाः खल्वापः धूमेन ज्योतिषा वायुना च संसृज्यमानाः मेघभावमापद्यन्ते (Form clouds) | </blockquote>Water rising (in the form of vapor) by combining with the smoke, heat (of the sun's rays) and winds (in the upper strata) form the Clouds. <blockquote>जले दिव्यज्योतिस्संयोगे सति विद्युत्प्रकाशः (Lightning) ततो विस्फूर्जथुः (Thunder) | </blockquote>Kalidasa also poetically mentions the formation of clouds in his Meghadoota.<blockquote>धूमज्योतिस्सलिलमरुता सन्निपातः क्व मेघः । (Megh. 5)</blockquote>Varahamihira's Brhad Samhita extensively discusses about hydrometrology comprising of Pregnancy of clouds (Adhyaya 21), Pregnancy of air (Adhyaya 22) and quantity of rainfall (Adhyaya 23).
=== Groundwater Exploration ===
== Reference ==
== Reference ==
[[Category:Shastras]]
[[Category:Shastras]]
<references />
<references />