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→Water Formations
== Water Formations ==
== Water Formations ==
Hydrology involves the study of flowing water bodies, change of water states and
Hydrology involves the study of flowing water bodies, change of water states and other elements of hydrology and water resources as follows
* Hydrologic Cycle
* Precipitation, cloud formation, measurement etc.
* Interception and Infiltration
* Stream flow and Geomorphology
* Ground Water
* Evapotranspiration
* Water Quality
* Water use and conservation.
=== Water Cycle ===
=== Water Cycle ===
The Hydrological or Water Cycle is an important concept in hydroscience. It is the chain of events describing the movement of water involving the total earth system comprising the atmosphere (the gaseous enveiop), the hydrosphere (surface and subsurface water), lithosphere (s0118 & rocks), and the biosphere (plants & animals). In one of the three phases (solid, liquid, and vapour) the water passes through these four parts of the earth system.
A number of mantras in the Rigveda support the fact that our ancient rshis and maharshis have thorough knowledge of the water cycle and process.
The present day theories of how the sun-ray's heat up the water, creating the vapors and how hot air rises to form clouds in the upper atmospheric strata are all clearly mentioned in the texts. Watery vapors closer to the earth in combination with sun's rays ascend upwards into the sky forming clouds. The Vaiseshika Sutras by Kanada clearly mention the interactions of these particles<blockquote>नाड्या वायुसंयोगादारोहणम् । वैशेषिक-५,२.५ ।</blockquote><blockquote>नोदनापीडनात् संयुक्तसंयोगाच्च । वैशेषिक-५,२.६ ।</blockquote><blockquote>वृक्षाभिसर्पणमित्यदृष्टकारितम् । वैशेषिक-५,२.७ ।</blockquote><blockquote>अपां सङ्घातो विलयनं च तेजः संयोगात् । वैशेषिक-५,२.८ ।</blockquote><blockquote>तत्र विस्फूर्जतुर्लिङ्गम् । वैशेषिक-५,२.९ ।</blockquote><blockquote>वायुसयुक्तास्सूर्यरश्मयः अपः भूमिष्ठास्तावदन्तरिक्षमारोहयन्ति ।। (K. S. 5)</blockquote><blockquote>अन्तरिक्षमारूढाः खल्वापः धूमेन ज्योतिषा वायुना च संसृज्यमानाः मेघभावमापद्यन्ते (Form clouds) |</blockquote>Water rising (in the form of vapor) by combining with the smoke, heat (of the sun's rays) and winds (in the upper strata) form the Clouds. When water and <blockquote>जले दिव्यज्योतिस्संयोगे सति विद्युत्प्रकाशः (Lightning) ततो विस्फूर्जथुः (Thunder) | </blockquote>Kalidasa also poetically mentions the formation of clouds in his Meghadoota.<blockquote>धूमज्योतिस्सलिलमरुता सन्निपातः क्व मेघः । (Megh. 5)</blockquote>
The present day theories of how the sun-ray's heat up the water, creating the vapors and how hot air rises to form clouds in the upper atmospheric strata are all clearly mentioned in the texts. Watery vapors closer to the earth in combination with sun's rays ascend upwards into the sky forming clouds. The Vaiseshika Sutras by Kanada clearly mention the interactions of these particles<blockquote>नाड्या वायुसंयोगादारोहणम् । वैशेषिक-५,२.५ ।</blockquote><blockquote>नोदनापीडनात् संयुक्तसंयोगाच्च । वैशेषिक-५,२.६ ।</blockquote><blockquote>वृक्षाभिसर्पणमित्यदृष्टकारितम् । वैशेषिक-५,२.७ ।</blockquote><blockquote>अपां सङ्घातो विलयनं च तेजः संयोगात् । वैशेषिक-५,२.८ ।</blockquote><blockquote>तत्र विस्फूर्जतुर्लिङ्गम् । वैशेषिक-५,२.९ ।</blockquote><blockquote>वायुसयुक्तास्सूर्यरश्मयः अपः भूमिष्ठास्तावदन्तरिक्षमारोहयन्ति ।। (K. S. 5)</blockquote><blockquote>अन्तरिक्षमारूढाः खल्वापः धूमेन ज्योतिषा वायुना च संसृज्यमानाः मेघभावमापद्यन्ते (Form clouds) |</blockquote>Water rising (in the form of vapor) by combining with the smoke, heat (of the sun's rays) and winds (in the upper strata) form the Clouds. When water and <blockquote>जले दिव्यज्योतिस्संयोगे सति विद्युत्प्रकाशः (Lightning) ततो विस्फूर्जथुः (Thunder) | </blockquote>Kalidasa also poetically mentions the formation of clouds in his Meghadoota.<blockquote>धूमज्योतिस्सलिलमरुता सन्निपातः क्व मेघः । (Megh. 5)</blockquote>