Changes

=== Education is a continuous process ===

=== Education is a continuous process ===

Once learnt in studentship education was either continued lifelong by a certain set of students of Vedas and many others progressed to learn other shastras and professional education. Thus we see that development of memory played a very important role and it was stipulated that every dvija graduate should recapitulate daily a portion of what he had learnt under the guidance of the Guru. At the time of Samavartana (end of studies or convocation) he is reminded not to neglect his duty of daily revision or Svadhyaya, as extolled in the famous Taittriya Upanishad Shikshavalli given below.<blockquote>स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः। ... स्वाध्यायप्रवचनाभ्यां न प्रमदितव्यम् । (Tait. Upan. 1.11.1)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>During rainy season every graduated student was expected to devote extra time to his studies for more practical reasons that he cannot go out for his work when rains are heavy.   

Once learnt in studentship education was either continued lifelong by a certain set of students of Vedas and many others progressed to learn other shastras and professional education. Thus we see that development of memory played a very important role and it was stipulated that every dvija graduate should recapitulate daily a portion of what he had learnt under the guidance of the Guru. At the time of Samavartana (end of studies or convocation) he is reminded not to neglect his duty of daily revision or Svadhyaya, as extolled in the famous Taittriya Upanishad Shikshavalli given below.<blockquote>स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः। ... स्वाध्यायप्रवचनाभ्यां न प्रमदितव्यम् । (Tait. Upan. 1.11.1)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>During rainy season every graduated student was expected to devote extra time to his studies for more practical reasons that he cannot go out for his work when rains are heavy.<ref name=":0" />  

=== Education involves active student cooperation ===

=== Education involves active student cooperation ===

Manu views gentle persuasion of a student is a good way but eventually mild physical punishment is permitted. (2.159-61)   

Manu views gentle persuasion of a student is a good way but eventually mild physical punishment is permitted. (2.159-61)   

Gautama supports Manu's views but adds the legal perspective that stern punishment by a teacher attracts legal prosecution. (1.2.48.53)  <blockquote>शिष्यशिष्टिरवधेन ॥  अशक्तौ रज्जुवेणुविदलाभ्यां तनुभ्याम् ॥</blockquote>A guru should discipline a shisya by verbal remonstration

Gautama supports Manu's views but adds the legal perspective that stern punishment by a teacher attracts legal prosecution.<ref name=":7">Pandey, Umesh Chandra (1966 First Edition) ''Gautama Dharma-Sutra With the Mitakshara Sanskrit Commentary of Haradatta''. Varanasi : Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, ([https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.429882/page/n91 Page 27])</ref>   <blockquote>शिष्यशिष्टिरवधेन ॥  अशक्तौ रज्जुवेणुविदलाभ्यां तनुभ्याम् ॥ (Gaut. Dhar. Sutr. 1.2.48-49)</blockquote><blockquote>वधस्ताडनम् । अताडयता गुरुणा भर्त्सनादिभिः शिष्यः शास्यः॥ (Mita. Bhas. for Gaut. Dhar. Sutr. 1.2.48)</blockquote>Summary : A guru should discipline a shisya by such verbal criticism and remonstration without physical punishment. If a shishya cannot be brought under control by remonstration then using a thin bamboo stick or string he can be punished.<blockquote>अन्येन घ्नन् राज्ञा शास्यः ॥ (Gaut. Dhar. Sutr. 1.2.50)</blockquote><blockquote>हस्तादिना क्रोधवशेन ताडयन् राज्ञा शास्य आचार्यः । एवं शिष्यस्य गुरुकुले वास उक्तः ॥ (Mita. Bhas. for Gaut. Dhar. Sutr. 1.2.50)</blockquote>By other measures such as beating (with hands in anger) to discipline the shishsya attracts persecution of the Acharya by Raja (higher authority).<ref name=":7" />

=== Importance of habits, routine, imitation and association ===

=== Importance of habits, routine, imitation and association ===