Changes

; 5. '''दृष्टान्तम् ॥ Drshtanta (Example)''': It is something that is directly comprehended, without any need for proof and so is self-evident. It is something which cannot fail to be known or perceived. It can be called as object of cognition (Prameya) but is mentioned separately, because Anumana and Shabda pramanas are both dependent upon it for only through a Drsthanta can they explained. Thus Drshtanta forms the basis on which Reasoning proceeds and is required even to demolish an opponent's position and establish one's stand on a theory.  

; 5. '''दृष्टान्तम् ॥ Drshtanta (Example)''': It is something that is directly comprehended, without any need for proof and so is self-evident. It is something which cannot fail to be known or perceived. It can be called as object of cognition (Prameya) but is mentioned separately, because Anumana and Shabda pramanas are both dependent upon it for only through a Drsthanta can they explained. Thus Drshtanta forms the basis on which Reasoning proceeds and is required even to demolish an opponent's position and establish one's stand on a theory.  

<blockquote>लौकिकपरीक्षकाणां यस्मिनर्थे बुद्धिसाम्यं सः दृष्टान्तः ॥२५॥ {दृष्टान्तलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.25)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

<blockquote>लौकिकपरीक्षकाणां यस्मिनर्थे बुद्धिसाम्यं सः दृष्टान्तः ॥२५॥ {दृष्टान्तलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.25)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

; 6. '''सिद्धान्तम् ॥ Siddhanta (Theory or Accepted Conclusions)''': A proposition or statement of fact asserted in the form "this is so" is called Theory. This also can be an object of cognition but yet is enunciated separately by itself because it is only when there are a number of different theories, and never otherwise, that the three forms of Debate - Discussion, Disagreement and Arguments.  

; 6. '''सिद्धान्तः ॥ Siddhanta (Theory or Accepted Conclusions)''': [[Siddhanta (सिद्धान्तः)]] A proposition or statement of fact asserted in the form "this is so" is called Theory. This also can be an object of cognition but yet is enunciated separately by itself because it is only when there are a number of different theories, and never otherwise, that the three forms of Debate - Discussion, Disagreement and Arguments.  

<blockquote>तन्त्राधिकरणाभ्युपगमसंस्थितिः सिद्धान्तः ॥२६॥ {अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}  (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.27)<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote>

<blockquote>तन्त्राधिकरणाभ्युपगमसंस्थितिः सिद्धान्तः ॥२६॥ {अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}  (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.27)<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote>

; 7. '''अवयवः ॥ Avayavas (Factors of Inference or Premises)''' : When a conclusion has to be made, a number of words or sentences (Statements) have to be used. The Pancha Avayavas (5 types of Statements or Premises) that are necessary to prove a certain conclusion are Pratijna and the others which when taken collectively are called as Factors of Inference.  

; 7. '''अवयवः ॥ Avayavas (Factors of Inference or Premises)''' : When a conclusion has to be made, a number of words or sentences (Statements) have to be used. The [[Pancha Avayavas (पञ्चावयवाः)|Pancha Avayavas (अवयवाः)]] are the 5 types of Statements or Premises that are necessary to prove a certain conclusion are Pratijna and the others which when taken collectively are called as Factors of Inference.  

<blockquote> प्रतिज्ञाहेतूदाहरणोपनयनिगमनानि अवयवाः ॥३२॥ {अवयवौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.32)<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote>

<blockquote> प्रतिज्ञाहेतूदाहरणोपनयनिगमनानि अवयवाः ॥३२॥ {अवयवौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.32)<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote>

; 8. '''तर्कः ॥ Tarka (Argumentation)''': It leads to the ascertainment of their validity or invalidity and thus helps in the attaining of true knowledge. Though a category of the Prameya it is enunciated separately because along with the Pramana it is of use in Debate, both in establishing one's own position and in demolishing the position of the opponent.<ref name=":6" /> Tarka means the deliberation on an unknown thing to discern its real nature. (Page 360 of Reference <ref name=":12" />).

; 8. '''तर्कः ॥ Tarka (Argumentation)''': It leads to the ascertainment of their validity or invalidity and thus helps in the attaining of true knowledge. Though a category of the Prameya it is enunciated separately because along with the Pramana it is of use in Debate, both in establishing one's own position and in demolishing the position of the opponent.<ref name=":6" /> Tarka means the deliberation on an unknown thing to discern its real nature. (Page 360 of Reference <ref name=":12" />).

; 13. '''हेत्वाभासः ॥ Hetvabhasa (Fallacy)''' : [[Hetvabhasa (हेत्वाभासः)]] are so called because they do not possess all the characteristics of the true hetus discussed in 1.1.32, yet they are sufficiently similar to them to appear like them.  

; 13. '''हेत्वाभासः ॥ Hetvabhasa (Fallacy)''' : [[Hetvabhasa (हेत्वाभासः)]] are so called because they do not possess all the characteristics of the true hetus discussed in 1.1.32, yet they are sufficiently similar to them to appear like them.  

<blockquote>सव्यभिचारविरुद्धप्रकरणसमसाध्यसमकालातीताः हेत्वाभासाः ॥४॥ {हेत्वाभासौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.2.4)<ref name=":0" />  </blockquote>

<blockquote>सव्यभिचारविरुद्धप्रकरणसमसाध्यसमकालातीताः हेत्वाभासाः ॥४॥ {हेत्वाभासौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.2.4)<ref name=":0" />  </blockquote>

; 14. '''च्छलः ॥ Chhala (Minor deception)''': It consists in opposing a proposition by assigning to it a meaning other than the one intended. It is of three kinds.

; 14. '''च्छलः ॥ Chhala (Minor deception)''': [[Chhala (छलः)|Chhala (च्छलः)]]  consists in opposing a proposition by assigning to it a meaning other than the one intended. It is of three kinds.

<blockquote>वचनविघातः अर्थविकल्पोपपत्त्या छलम् ॥१०॥{छललक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.2.10)<ref name=":0" /> </blockquote>

<blockquote>वचनविघातः अर्थविकल्पोपपत्त्या छलम् ॥१०॥{छललक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.2.10)<ref name=":0" /> </blockquote>

; 15. '''जातिः ॥ Jati (Refutation)''': Refutation is that objection which is taken on the basis of mere similarity and dissimilarity.

; 15. '''जातिः ॥ Jati (Refutation)''': Refutation is that objection which is taken on the basis of mere similarity and dissimilarity.