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Surya (सूर्यः) (view source)

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* '''सूर्यलोकः || Surya Loka''' : He offers shelter to about 60,0000 Valakhilyas who surround and meditate upon the Surya Paramatma, in Surya mandala or Loka<ref name=":1" />. According to Nirukta (7.5)<ref>Nirukta ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 7])</ref> : सूर्यः द्युस्थानः । Surya's location is Dyus.

* '''ज्योतिष्यांशाः|| Jyotisha aspects''' : The Brhdaranyaka, Chandogya and Kausitaki Upanishads expound the Atmatattva of Surya and path for the realization of the soul. Surya is the Atmakaraka according to Jyotishashastra and represents the power of sight, right eye and illnesses associated with it. Surya Siddhatanta, is an authoritative text on astronomy and calculations of time prescribed in the field of Jyotisha (Vedanga) of the Vedic period.<ref name=":1" />

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* '''वातावरणांशाः || Climatic aspects''' : सूर्यरश्मयः ||Surya rashmi characteristic seven rays of the Suryarashmi (sun rays) play an important role in sustaining life forms.(Kurma Purana, Purvabhaga, Adhyaya 43)<ref>Kurmapurana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Purvabhaga Adhyaya 43])</ref> Brahmanda Purana, Matsya and Vayu Purana give deep insights about the role of Surya in causing days and nights, seasons, solistices and equinoxes, the heat energy, water cycle and rainfall, thus maintaining life on earth and regulating the heavenly bodies.

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* '''वातावरणांशाः || Climatic aspects''' : सूर्यरश्मयः ||Surya rashmi characteristic seven rays of the Suryarashmi (sun rays) play an important role in sustaining life forms.(Kurma Purana, Purvabhaga, Adhyaya 43)<ref name=":7">Kurmapurana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Purvabhaga Adhyaya 43])</ref> Brahmanda Purana, Matsya and Vayu Purana give deep insights about the role of Surya in causing days and nights, seasons, solistices and equinoxes, the heat energy, water cycle and rainfall, thus maintaining life on earth and regulating the heavenly bodies.

== व्युत्पत्तिः|| Etymology ==

'''[[Amarakosha]]''' defines the following about Surya in व्योमादिवर्ग (Prathama kanda Slokas 29 - 32, Page No 29 of Reference <ref>[http://www.sanskritebooks.org/2009/07/amara-kosa-the-sanskrit-thesaurus-with-notes-index/ Amarakosha]</ref>) <blockquote>सूरसुर्यार्यमादित्यद्वादशात्मदिवाकराः । भास्कराहस्करब्रध्नप्रभाकरदिवाकराः || (Amara 1. व्योमा. 29)</blockquote><blockquote>भास्वद्विस्वत्सप्ताश्वहरिदश्वोष्णरश्मयः । विकर्तनार्कमार्तण्डमिहिरारुणपूषणः || (Amara 1. व्योमा. 30)</blockquote><blockquote>द्युमणिस्तरणिर्मित्रस्चित्रभानुर्विरोचनः । विभावसुर्ग्रहपतिस्त्विषांपतिरहर्पतिः || (Amara 1. व्योमा. 31)</blockquote><blockquote>भानुर्हंसः सहस्रांशुस्तपनः सविता रविः । माठरः पिङ्लो दण्डश्चण्डांशोः पारिपार्श्विकाः || (Amara 1. व्योमा. 32)</blockquote>Synonyms for Surya include Soora, Surya, Yama, Aditya, Dwadashatma, Divakara, Bhaskara, Ahaskara, Martanda, Aruna, Pushana, Tarani, Mitra, Chitrabhanu, Tapana and many others as given above.

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The rotation and revolutions of the planetary systems, Dhruva (son of Uttanapada) mandala (the constellation of Polaris), formation of clouds, precipitation as rains, vishuvats (equinoxes and solisticies), ayanas (uttarayana, daksinayana), winds and movements, and finally division of time are well described in Brahmandapurana (Purvabhaga, Adhyayas 20 to 24)<ref name=":3">Brahmanda Purana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A8 Purvabhaga, Adhyaya 22])</ref>.

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=== Water Cycle ===

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=== जलपरिवर्त्तनक्रमम् || Water Cycle ===

<blockquote>ध्रुवेणाधिष्टितश्चैव सूर्योऽपो गृह्य वर्षति ।। तदेष दीप्त किरणः स कालग्निर्दिवाकरः ।। २२.१२ ।।</blockquote><blockquote>परिवर्त्तक्रमाद्विप्रा भाभिरालोकयन् दिशः ।। सूर्यः किरणजालेन वायुयुक्तेन सर्वशः ।। २२.१३ ।। </blockquote><blockquote>जगतो जलमादत्ते कृत्स्नस्य द्विजसत्तमाः ।। आदित्यपीतं सकलं सोमः संक्रमते जलम् ।। २२.१४ ।।</blockquote>Meaning : Presided over by Dhruva, surya (sun) takes up water and showers it. This sun whose rays are ablaze, is the fire of the destruction of the universe. In the course of his revolution, Oh Brahmanas, he illuminates the दिशः quarters. With the mass of his rays and accompanied by the wind, the sun takes away the water of the entire world, Oh Brahmanas. The moon transmits the entire water drunk by the sun. <ref>Tagare, G. V. (2000 Reprint) [https://archive.org/stream/BrahmandaPurana/BrahmandaPuI#page/n291/mode/2up The Brahmanda Purana, Part 1.] Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. (Page No 292) </ref>

The importance of Surya rashmi or sun's rays is portrayed in this Purana.<blockquote>ह्रियन्हरिस्तैर्हरिभिस्तुरंगमैर्हरत्यथापः किरणैर्हरिद्भिः ।। विसर्गकाले विसृजंश्च ताः पुनर्बिभर्त्ति शश्वत्सविता चराचरम् ।। २३.४२ ।।</blockquote>Meaning: Surya is led by green horses. At that time, he removes (evaporates) water by means of his green rays. By discharging and releasing water, he sustains the animate and inanimate beings.<ref name=":4" />

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=== सप्तरश्मयाः || Seven Rays ===

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Kurma Purana beautifully describes the names of the seven rays of Surya and their functions. Surya's rays are सर्वलोकप्रदीपकाः || illuminators of the worlds and of them सप्त रश्मयो ग्रहयोनयः || seven rays are the sources of planets. <blockquote>सुषुम्नो हरिकेशश्च विश्वकर्मा तथैव च । विश्वश्रवाः पुनश्चान्यः संयद्वसुरतः परः ।। ४३.३ (Kurm. Pura. Purv. 43.3)<ref name=":7" /></blockquote><blockquote>अर्वावसुरिति ख्यातः स्वरकः सप्त कीर्तिताः । सुषुम्नः सूर्यरश्मिस्तु पुष्णाति शिशिरद्युतिम् ।। ४३.४ (Kurm. Pura. Purv. 43.4)</blockquote>Meaning : Sushumna, Harikesa, Visvakarma, Visvasravas, Samyadvasu, Arvavasu, and Svaraka are the glorified seven rays (of Surya).

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The seven rays and their functions are listed below as given in Kurmapurana.<ref>Tagare, Ganesh Vasudeo. (1981) ''[https://archive.org/stream/KurmaPurana.Vol.1/Kurma%20Purana.%20Vol.%201#page/n331/mode/1up The Kurma Purana, Part 1]'' Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</ref>

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# सुषुम्ना || Sushumna : Light of the cool-lustured (Moon)

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# हरिकेशः || Harikesa : Nourisher of the lustre of the stars.

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# विश्वकर्मा || Visvakarma : Nourishes Budha (Mercury).

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# विश्वश्रवाः || Visvasravas : Nourishes Sukra (Venus).

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# संयद्वसु || Samyadvasu : Nourishes Lohitam (Mars).

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# अर्वावसु || Arvavasu : Nourishes Brihaspati (Jupiter).

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# स्वरकः || Svaraka : Nurtures Sanaischara (Saturn).

=== सूर्यरथः || Surya's Chariot ===

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Surya (सूर्यः) (view source)

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