Changes

Upavedas (Samskrit : उपवेदः) or subsidiary Vedas, are said to be four in number forming auxiliaries to the four Vedas as given below<ref name=":0">All About Hinduism, Swami Sivananda, Page 33 </ref>

Upavedas (Samskrit : उपवेदः) or subsidiary Vedas, are said to be four in number forming auxiliaries to the four Vedas as given below<ref name=":0">All About Hinduism, Swami Sivananda, Page 33 </ref>

# Ayurveda (आयुर्वेदः)

# [[Ayurveda (आयुर्वेदः)]]

# Dhanurveda (धनुर्वेदः)

# [[Dhanurveda (धनुर्वेदः)]]

# [[Arthashastra (अर्थशास्त्रम्)]]  

# [[Arthashastra (अर्थशास्त्रम्)|Arthaveda (अर्थवेदः)]]  

# Gandharvaveda (गन्धर्ववेदः)   

# [[Gandharvaveda (गन्धर्ववेदः)]]  

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

Upavedas when treated separately from Vedas and added to the list of Chaturdasha vidyasthanas, form the  Ashtadasha Vidyasthanas as accounted by Vishnupurana.<ref name=":1">Vishnupurana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AC Amsha 3 Adhyaya 6])</ref><ref>[http://vedicheritage.gov.in/upaveda/ Introduction to Upavedas] given in Vedic Heritage Portal</ref> <blockquote>आयुर्वेदो धनुर्वेदो गान्धर्वश्चैव ते त्रयः । अर्थशास्त्र चतुर्थन्तु विद्या ह्मष्टादशैव ताः ।। २९ ।। (Vish. Pura. 3.6.29)</blockquote><blockquote>āyurvēdō dhanurvēdō gāndharvaścaiva tē trayaḥ । arthaśāstra caturthantu vidyā hmaṣṭādaśaiva tāḥ ।। 29 ।। (Vish. Pura. 3.6.29)</blockquote>Shilpaveda (शिल्पवेदः) or Sthapatyaveda (स्थापत्यवेदः) is considered as the Upaveda instead of Arthashastra according to Charanavyuha<ref name=":7">Malladi, Sri. Suryanarayana Sastry (1982) ''Samskruta Vangmaya Charitra, Volume 2 Laukika Vangmayam'' Hyderabad : Andhra Sarasvata Parishad</ref> and Katyayana<ref name=":02">Shri. Kishore Mishra's Article : ''[http://vedicheritage.gov.in/pdf/ved_vedang_gp_13.pdf Vaidik Vangmay ka Shastriya Swaroop]'' in Vedic Heritage Portal.</ref>. The Upavedas supplement the Vedas with more specific applications of Vedic teachings into the cultural field. Upavedas are considered as a part of Veda and hence not as a separate entity by a few scholars, in such case there are Chaturdhasha (14) Vidyasthanas only.<ref name=":03">Raghunathacharya, S. B. (1982) ''[http://ebooks.tirumala.org/Product/Book/?ID=877 Arshavijnana Sarvasvamu, Volume 1 : Vedasamhitalu (Telugu)]'' Tirupati : Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam</ref>

Upavedas when treated separately from Vedas and added to the list of Chaturdasha vidyasthanas, form the  Ashtadasha Vidyasthanas as accounted by Vishnupurana.<ref name=":1">Vishnupurana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AC Amsha 3 Adhyaya 6])</ref><ref>[http://vedicheritage.gov.in/upaveda/ Introduction to Upavedas] given in Vedic Heritage Portal</ref> <blockquote>आयुर्वेदो धनुर्वेदो गान्धर्वश्चैव ते त्रयः । अर्थशास्त्र चतुर्थन्तु विद्या ह्मष्टादशैव ताः ।। २९ ।। (Vish. Pura. 3.6.29)</blockquote><blockquote>āyurvēdō dhanurvēdō gāndharvaścaiva tē trayaḥ । arthaśāstra caturthantu vidyā hmaṣṭādaśaiva tāḥ ।। 29 ।। (Vish. Pura. 3.6.29)</blockquote>Shilpaveda (शिल्पवेदः) or Sthapatyaveda (स्थापत्यवेदः) is considered as the Upaveda instead of Arthashastra according to Charanavyuha<ref name=":7">Malladi, Sri. Suryanarayana Sastry (1982) ''Samskruta Vangmaya Charitra, Volume 2 Laukika Vangmayam'' Hyderabad : Andhra Sarasvata Parishad</ref> and Katyayana<ref name=":02">Shri. Kishore Mishra's Article : ''[http://vedicheritage.gov.in/pdf/ved_vedang_gp_13.pdf Vaidik Vangmay ka Shastriya Swaroop]'' in Vedic Heritage Portal.</ref>. The Upavedas supplement the Vedas with more specific applications of Vedic teachings into the cultural field. Upavedas are considered as a part of Veda and not as a separate entity according to a few scholars, in such case there are Chaturdhasha (14) Vidyasthanas only.<ref name=":03">Raghunathacharya, S. B. (1982) ''[http://ebooks.tirumala.org/Product/Book/?ID=877 Arshavijnana Sarvasvamu, Volume 1 : Vedasamhitalu (Telugu)]'' Tirupati : Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam</ref>

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=== आयुर्वेदः ॥ Ayurveda ===

=== आयुर्वेदः ॥ Ayurveda ===

Ayurveda is related to the secret of longevity and medicines to cure diseases. Ancient rshis have, with their research and experience, practically shown the way to lead a happy life by protecting and enriching the health of  healthy person (स्वस्थस्य स्वास्थ्यरक्षणम् preventive) and curing the disease of a patient (व्याध्युपसृष्टानां व्याधिरपिमोक्षः curative). Any shastra has two parts - Siddhanta (सिद्धान्तभागः theoretical aspects) which defines the basic rules and Karmabhaga (कर्मभागः practical application) which define the practical usage of those rules. Ayurvedic study involves both the siddhanta and applications in curing the diseases.<ref>Acharya Baldeva Upadhyaya (1969) ''[https://archive.org/details/SamskritaSastronKaItihasBaldevUpadhyaya1969/page/n17 Sanskrit Shastron Ka Itihas.]'' Varanasi : Sharada Mandir</ref> The originator of Ayurveda is supposed to be Dhanwantari, who originated as one of the treasures during samudra-manthan. Apart from him, other prominent names are Aitareya, Kashyapa, Harit, Agnivesha, and Bhedamuni. At present, three important books of Ayurveda are: Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and Vaagbhatta Samhita. These three books are collectively called Brihat-trayi. Patanjali has also authored text on Ayurveda.<ref name=":0" />

[[Ayurveda (आयुर्वेदः)|Ayurveda]] is related to the secret of longevity and medicines to cure diseases. Ancient rshis have, with their research and experience, practically shown the way to lead a happy life by protecting and enriching the health of  healthy person (स्वस्थस्य स्वास्थ्यरक्षणम् preventive) and curing the disease of a patient (व्याध्युपसृष्टानां व्याधिरपिमोक्षः curative). Any shastra has two parts - Siddhanta (सिद्धान्तभागः theoretical aspects) which defines the basic rules and Karmabhaga (कर्मभागः practical application) which define the practical usage of those rules. Ayurvedic study involves both the siddhanta and applications in curing the diseases.<ref>Acharya Baldeva Upadhyaya (1969) ''[https://archive.org/details/SamskritaSastronKaItihasBaldevUpadhyaya1969/page/n17 Sanskrit Shastron Ka Itihas.]'' Varanasi : Sharada Mandir</ref> The originator of Ayurveda is supposed to be Dhanwantari, who originated as one of the treasures during samudra-manthan. Apart from him, other prominent names are Aitareya, Kashyapa, Harit, Agnivesha, and Bhedamuni. At present, three important books of Ayurveda are: [http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.28.2/index.php?title=Charaka_Samhita Charaka Samhita], [http://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/esushruta/index.php Sushruta Samhita] and Ashtanga Hridayam. These three books are collectively called Brihat-trayi. Patanjali has also authored text on Ayurveda.<ref name=":0" />

 

 

According to Sushruta Samhita and भावप्रकाशः Ayurveda is Upaveda of Atharvaveda<blockquote>इह खल्वायुर्वेदं नामोपाङ्गमथर्ववेदस्यानुत्पाद्यैवप्रजाः श्लोकशत सहस्र-मध्यायसहस्रं च कृतवान् स्वयम्भूः ततोऽल्पायुष्ट्वमल्पमेध स्त्वं चालोक्य नराणां भूयोऽष्टधा प्रणीतवान् ६ (Sush. Samh. 1.6)<ref>Sushruta Samhita ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB Sutrasthana Adhyaya 1])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>विधाताथर्व्वसर्वस्वमायुर्वेदं प्रकाशयन्। स्वनाम्ना संहितां चक्रे लक्षश्लोकमयीमृजुम्” इति भावप्रकाशोक्तेः । (Bhavaprakasha)</blockquote><blockquote>''iha khalvāyurvedaṁ nāmopāṅgamatharvavedasyānutpādyaivaprajāḥ ślokaśata sahasra-madhyāyasahasraṁ ca kr̥tavān svayambhūḥ tato'lpāyuṣṭvamalpamedha stvaṁ cālokya narāṇāṁ bhūyo'ṣṭadhā praṇītavān 6''</blockquote><blockquote>''vidhātātharvvasarvasvamāyurvedaṁ prakāśayan। svanāmnā saṁhitāṁ cakre lakṣaślokamayīmr̥jum" iti bhāvaprakāśokteḥ ।''</blockquote>According to Charanavyuha of Shaunaka it is Upaveda of Rigveda <blockquote>चरणव्यूहमते ऋग्वेदस्योपवेदः आयुर्वेदः{{Citation needed}}</blockquote><blockquote>''caraṇavyūhamate r̥gvedasyopavedaḥ āyurvedaḥ''</blockquote>

=== धनुर्वेदः ॥ Dhanurveda ===

=== धनुर्वेदः ॥ Dhanurveda ===

=== गन्धर्ववेदः॥ Gandharvaveda ===

=== गन्धर्ववेदः॥ Gandharvaveda ===

Gandharva veda is the science of music, derived from the Sama-Veda as evidenced by the list of pravartakas seen in Samaveda Anukramanikas. Starting from Ranaayani to Jaimini, 13 seers have given gandharva vidya in Bharatavarsha, later developed by maharshi Jaimini and his students. That this ancient veda was the root of Ganavidya which now spread as traditional musical notes and tradition as evident in Narada shiksha. Yamalashtaka tantra describes the existence of Gandharvaveda (containing 36000 slokas), but it is unavailable. At present Gandharvaveda is treated as a part of [[64 Kalas (चतुःषष्टिः कलाः)|64 Kalas]].<ref name=":7" />

Gandharva veda is the science of music, derived from the Sama-Veda as evidenced by the list of pravartakas seen in Samaveda Anukramanikas. Starting from Ranaayani to Jaimini, 13 seers have given gandharva vidya in Bharatavarsha, later developed by maharshi Jaimini and his students. This ancient veda was the root of Ganavidya which gave musical notes and spread as classical musical tradition is evident from Narada shiksha. Yamalashtaka   tantra (यामळाष्टक तन्त्रम्) describes the existence of Gandharvaveda (containing 36000 slokas), but it is at present unavailable. Gandharvaveda is treated and studied as a part of [[64 Kalas (चतुःषष्टिः कलाः)|64 Kalas]] in the present ages.<ref name=":7" />

=== अर्थशास्त्रम् ॥ Arthashastra  ===

=== अर्थशास्त्रम् ॥ Arthashastra  ===

Dr. R. Shamasastry, who first translated Kautilya's Arthashastra<ref name=":2">Dr. R. Shamasastry. (1915 First Edition, 1929 Third Edition) ''[https://archive.org/details/KautilyasArthasastra/page/n3 Kautilya's Arthasastra.]'' Mysore : Weslevan Mission Press</ref>, elaborately discusses in his preface about the authorship of Arthashastra and mentions the different versions given in various works like Vishnupurana (4.24), Nitisara of Kamandaka, Shakuntaka of Kalidasa, Dandi's work, Kadambari of Bana, Panchatrantra etc. Kautilya also known as Vishnugupta and Chanakya, has been ascribed to the authorship of Arthashastra, though there is little clarity whether all these names belong to one person.  

Dr. R. Shamasastry, who first translated Kautilya's Arthashastra<ref name=":2">Dr. R. Shamasastry. (1915 First Edition, 1929 Third Edition) ''[https://archive.org/details/KautilyasArthasastra/page/n3 Kautilya's Arthasastra.]'' Mysore : Weslevan Mission Press</ref>, elaborately discusses, in the preface to his translation, the authorship of Arthashastra and mentions the different aspects given in various works like Vishnupurana (4.24), Nitisara of Kamandaka, Shakuntaka of Kalidasa, Dandi's work, Kadambari of Bana, Panchatrantra etc. Kautilya also known as Vishnugupta and Chanakya, has been ascribed to the authorship of Arthashastra, though there is little clarity whether all these names refer to one person.  

Nevertheless, the work itself is a masterpiece that covers a whole gamut of topics covered in 15 Adhikaranas and 150 Adhyayas (total of 6000 slokas). Kautilya in his opening statement offering salutations to Sukra and Brhaspati mentions that<blockquote>''"This Arthashastra is made as a compendium of almost all the Arthasastras, which, in view of acquisition and maintenance of the earth, have been composed by ancient teachers."''<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>Topics dealt with include discipline, restraint of sense organs, creation of Councillors and priests, institution of spies, ministers, duties of a raja, maharaja, his duty to protect his parivara (harem) and personal safety, duties of the government incharges and superintendents, sovereignty, formation of villages, division of land, construction of forts, revenue, armoury, treasury, agriculture, weaving, slaughter-houses, forest produce, ships, chariots, infantry, resolution of legal disputes, recovery of debts, cooperative undertakings, rules for slaves and laborers, dealing with betting and gambling, robbery, defamation among many other laws and policies relating to war, invasion, army, strategic planning and secret punishments.  

Nevertheless, the work itself is a masterpiece that covers a whole gamut of topics covered in 15 Adhikaranas and 150 Adhyayas (total of 6000 slokas). Kautilya in his opening statement offering salutations to Sukra and Brhaspati mentions that<blockquote>''"This Arthashastra is made as a compendium of almost all the Arthasastras, which, in view of acquisition and maintenance of the earth, have been composed by ancient teachers."''<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>Topics dealt with include discipline, restraint of sense organs, creation of Councillors and priests, institution of spies, ministers, duties of a raja, maharaja, his duty to protect his parivara (harem) and personal safety, duties of the government incharges and superintendents, sovereignty, formation of villages, division of land, construction of forts, revenue, armoury, treasury, agriculture, weaving, slaughter-houses, forest produce, ships, chariots, infantry, resolution of legal disputes, recovery of debts, cooperative undertakings, rules for slaves and laborers, dealing with betting and gambling, robbery, defamation among many other laws and policies relating to war, invasion, army, strategic planning and secret punishments.  

==References==

==References==

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[[Category:Vaidika Vangamaya]]

[[Category:Vaidika Vangamaya]]