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Pramana (Samskrit : प्रमाणम्) is the means or the special source of pramaa (Samskrit : प्रमा) or right knowledge. The questions of who and what created the world sprang up out of an urge for investigation into the real state of things (Tatvajignasa). This investigation led to identifying the criterion of what constitutes valid knowledge and how it is cognized. It is that which gives a subject valid knowledge and only valid knowledge of objects.
Pramana (Samskrit : प्रमाणम्) is the means or chief instrument of knowing valid knowledge (pramaa (प्रमा)). From the questions like who and what created the universe, determining the nature of objects, sprang an urge for investigation into the real state of things (Tatvajignasa). This investigation led to identifying the criterion of what constitutes valid knowledge and the ways by which objects or things can be cognized. Pramana is a subject that arose from the need to recognize valid knowledge and various theories have been proposed to describe the same.<ref>Harh, Amal Kumar. (1994) Ph. D Thesis Title : [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/137453/7/07_chapter_02.pdf The Means of knowing a negative fact a critical study on the theory of Anupalabdhi in Indian philosophy] University of North Bengal</ref>
When reality reveals true knowledge it is called prama or valid knowledge, and when this revelation is false it is called aprama or invalid knowledge.
== Introduction ==
All thinkers in general have given their attention to the problem of cognition for a long time. When reality reveals true knowledge it is called prama or valid knowledge, and when this revelation is false it is called aprama or invalid knowledge.
==Etymology==
==Etymology==
#The Prama or Pramiti : the valid knowledge (of an object), the right understanding
#The Prama or Pramiti : the valid knowledge (of an object), the right understanding
#The Prameya : the knowable, the object to be known, the object of valid knowledge
#The Prameya : the knowable, the object to be known, the object of valid knowledge
#The Pramaana : the chief instrument with which Prameya is evaluated and known and is the chief instrument of valid knowledge
#The Pramana : the chief instrument with which Prameya is evaluated and known and is the chief instrument of valid knowledge
#The Pramaata : the knower of object, the cognizer of valid knowledge, one who uses pramana.
#The Pramaata : the knower of object, the cognizer of valid knowledge, one who uses pramana.
Thus a Pramaata (knower of object) validates the Prama (right understanding) of a Prameya (the object to be known) through the means of Pramana (the instrument of that knowledge). All these four are required for the completion of Arthatattva.
Thus a Pramaata (knower of object) validates the Prama (right understanding) of a Prameya (the object to be known) through the means of Pramana (the instrument of that knowledge). All these four are required for the completion of Arthatattva.