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Panchanga (पञ्चाङ्गम्) (view source)
Revision as of 20:58, 25 December 2020
, 20:58, 25 December 2020planet->graha
== पञ्चाङ्ग॥ Calculations in Panchanga ==
== पञ्चाङ्ग॥ Calculations in Panchanga ==
The mathematical calculations involved in making a panchanga primarily follow two systems
In our country, based on the siddhantas handed down from generations people have evolved calculation systems of the Panchangas. They are still being followed in lineages of families. One who calculates and gives the Panchanga is called a Panchangakarta. The mathematical calculations involved in making a panchanga primarily follows two systems
# Purvapaddhati
# Purvapaddhati
# Drkganita siddhanta
# Drkganita paddhati
The Purvapaddhati (or Older System) is said to be followed when the Panchangakarta uses principles laid down in ancient texts without taking into consideration, the astronomical corrections. Followers of Drkganita (meaning the mathematical calculations based on what is seen in the sky) take into accord the changing time points based on changing planetary motions over large periods of time. For example, based on the planetary descriptions in Mahabharata, Bhishma chose to leave his body with the arrival of Uttarayana. This day is observed as Bhishma Ekadasi, in the present days it is around February or Magha Masa (Lunar Amanta System). So around the time of Mahabharata Uttarayana was in the time of Magha Masa. Varahamihira mentions that during his time Uttarayana and Makara Sankramana came together. It should be noted that Uttarayana or the movement of the Sun towards the Northern hemisphere started with the Makara Sankramana time (in January in current time) is also mentioned in Surya Siddhanta. However, if we see the present day planetary motions, it is observed that the Sun takes the northern path from Dhanus (December 22) itself denoting the start of Uttarayana.
== पञ्चाङ्ग-विषयाः ॥ Contents of a Panchanga ==
== पञ्चाङ्ग-विषयाः ॥ Contents of a Panchanga ==
# Systems of calculation involved in constructing a Panchanga
# Systems of calculation involved in constructing a Panchanga
# Results of the particular year based on planetary configuration on Chaitra Shukla Pratipat (may vary slightly due to regional differences)
# Results of the particular year based on planetary configuration on Chaitra Shukla Pratipat (may vary slightly due to regional differences)
# Navanayakas and Grahachara (movement of planets)
# Navanayakas and Grahachara (movement of grahas)
# Predicting natural phenomena (rains, heat, tsunamis, natural fires etc) based on planetary positions.
# Predicting natural phenomena (rains, heat, tsunamis, natural fires etc) based on planetary positions.
# Predicting country's (thereby people's) results such as rainfall, crop yield, business development, crime, accidents, diseases etc
# Predicting country's (thereby people's) results such as rainfall, crop yield, business development, crime, accidents, diseases etc
# Naga (नाग) : 2nd half of Amavasya tithi
# Naga (नाग) : 2nd half of Amavasya tithi
# Kimsthugna (किंस्तुघ्नम्) : : 1st half of Pratipat tithi}}
# Kimsthugna (किंस्तुघ्नम्) : : 1st half of Pratipat tithi}}
== Solar Calendar ==
Among the time measurement systems followed in Bharatavarsha, Saura Mana is followed for many purposes such as determining Ayanas (Uttaraayana and Dakshinaayana), Sankrantis etc. The Saura Samvatsara or Solar (sidereal) Year is the time taken by the Sun to go round the ecliptic once with reference to the fixed stars. The Solar Year starts when the Sun enters Mesha rashi i.e., with the Mesha Sankramana of Sun. In the current period Mesha Sankranti in Gregorian calendar falls around April 14 (13 or 15). The solar year is divided into 12 solar months. The length of any particular saura masa is the duration of the stay of the Sun in a particular rashi (of 30° extent) of the rashi chakra.<ref name=":2" />
The saura masas are named after the rashis which the Sun occupies during these months, as Mesha, Vrshabha, Mithuna etc. However, in usage, the names of the solar months are the same as those of the lunar months, namely, Chaitra, Vaishaka etc. These names are prefixed with "saura" to denote the difference between solar and lunar calendar months. Thus solar year commences with Saura Vaishaka (April 14) and ends with Saura Chaitra. The lunar year commences with Chaitra masa (varying in March and April) and ends with Phalguna masa. The names of the solar months are ambiguous, followed differently in different regions of India, hence according to some scholars, naming solar months after the rashis occupied by the Sun will provide clarity.<ref name=":2" />
== Role of Panchanga in Bharatiya Traditions ==
Apart from using the [[Kalamana (कालमानम्)|Kalamana]] for determining macrocosmic time scales and astrological calculations, mostly Saura and Chandra Manas are used to determine the auspicious times for various rituals, yajnas, vratas and samskaras. Most notably the festivals followed in India are based on luni-solar (or lunar) calendar. Each of the festivals falls on a particular tithi or a specified paksha in a particular lunar month. Across many traditions, people follow both kinds of calendars and follow the rituals accordingly. A few prominent examples of Bharatiya festivals are as follows<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Festival Name
!Lunar Calendar (Amanta System)
|-
|Lunar New Year - Chandramana Yugadi
|Chaitra Shukla Pratipat
|-
|Sri Rama Navami
|Chaitra Shukla Navami
|-
|Raksha Bandhan
|Sravana Purnima
|-
|Krishna Janmastami
|Sravana Krshna Ashtami
|-
|Ganesha Chaturthi
|Bhadrapada Shukla Chaturthi
|-
|Mahalaya Amavasya (Pitr Paksha)
|Bhadrapada Amavasya
|-
|Dasara (Dassera or Dusshera) Ten days of Durga Puja, the tenth day called as Vijayadasami
|Asvayuja Shukla Pratipat to Dashami
|-
|Naraka Chaturdasi and Deepavali (Diwali)
|Asvayuja Krshna Chaturdashi and Amavasya
|-
|Kartika Purnima
|Kartika Purnima
|-
|Ratha Saptami
|Magha Shukla Saptami
|-
|Mahashivaratri
|Magha Krshna Chaturdashi
|-
|Holi (Holika Dahana)
|Phalguna Purnima
|-
!Festival Name
!Solar Calendar
|-
|Solar New Year (Assam, Bengal, Odisha, Tamilnadu, Kerala) or Mesha Masa
|Mesha Sankranti (April 14)
|-
|Makara Sankranti or Pongal, Magha Bhihu
|Makara Sankranti (January 14)
|-
!Festival Name
!Nakshatra
|-
|Sri Krshna Jayanti
|Moon in Rohini Nakshatra in Saura Bhadrapada (August 17 - September 16)
|-
|Onam (kerala)
|Moon in Sravana Nakshatra in Saura Bhadrapada (August 17 - September 16)
|}
== References ==
== References ==
[[Category:Vedangas]]
[[Category:Vedangas]]
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