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Panchanga (पञ्चाङ्गम्) (view source)

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Most of the festivals in our country are based on the luni-solar (or lunar) calendar. Each of these falls on a particular tithi of a specified Paksha (fortnight) in a particular month or day and a few festivals are based on the nakshatras.  
 
Most of the festivals in our country are based on the luni-solar (or lunar) calendar. Each of these falls on a particular tithi of a specified Paksha (fortnight) in a particular month or day and a few festivals are based on the nakshatras.  
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== Contents of a Panchanga ==
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== पञ्चाङ्ग॥ Calculations in Panchanga ==
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In our country, based on the siddhantas handed down from generations people have evolved calculation systems of the Panchangas. They are still being followed in lineages of families. One who calculates and gives the Panchanga is called a Panchangakarta. The mathematical calculations involved in making a panchanga primarily follows two systems
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# Purvapaddhati
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# Drkganita paddhati
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The Purvapaddhati (or Older System) is said to be followed when the Panchangakarta uses principles laid down in ancient texts without taking into consideration, the astronomical corrections. Followers of Drkganita (meaning the mathematical calculations based on what is seen in the sky) take into accord the changing time points based on changing planetary motions over large periods of time. For example, based on the planetary descriptions in Mahabharata, Bhishma chose to leave his body with the arrival of Uttarayana. This day is observed as Bhishma Ekadasi, in the present days it is around February or Magha Masa (Lunar Amanta System). So around the time of Mahabharata Uttarayana was in the time of Magha Masa. Varahamihira mentions that during his time Uttarayana and Makara Sankramana came together. It should be noted that Uttarayana or the movement of the Sun towards the Northern hemisphere started with the Makara Sankramana time (in January in current time) is also mentioned in Surya Siddhanta. However, if we see the present day planetary motions, it is observed that the Sun takes the northern path from Dhanus (December 22) itself denoting the start of Uttarayana.
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== पञ्चाङ्ग-विषयाः ॥ Contents of a Panchanga ==
 
A Panchanga typically gives the microcosmic details of five aspects of the day to day time. They are
 
A Panchanga typically gives the microcosmic details of five aspects of the day to day time. They are
 
# तिथिः॥ Tithi (Lunar Day)
 
# तिथिः॥ Tithi (Lunar Day)
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The coordinates for a day include the tithi present at the time of sunrise, the day of the week, the nakshatra in which the moon is present at the time of sunrise, the yoga and karana at sunrise. Thus the calculations for the day starts with the sunrise. It should be noted that sunrise time changes with the places so the factors become different with change in place.
 
The coordinates for a day include the tithi present at the time of sunrise, the day of the week, the nakshatra in which the moon is present at the time of sunrise, the yoga and karana at sunrise. Thus the calculations for the day starts with the sunrise. It should be noted that sunrise time changes with the places so the factors become different with change in place.
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Apart from the above details, additionally, in a Panchanga one finds the information about the following aspects
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Apart from the above details, additionally, in a Panchanga one finds the information about the following aspects of the usage of a Panchanga. Texts such as jyotisha granthas (phalita) and Muhurta Chintamani elaborate the various ritualistic activities to be undertaken by people during specific days the spiritual gains by performing them.<ref>Panchanga (2020-2021) by Sri. Kuppa Anjaneya Sastry (Siddhanti of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetha)</ref>
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# Systems of calculation involved in constructing a Panchanga
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# Results of the particular year based on planetary configuration on Chaitra Shukla Pratipat (may vary slightly due to regional differences)
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# Navanayakas and Grahachara (movement of grahas)
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# Predicting natural phenomena (rains, heat, tsunamis, natural fires etc) based on planetary positions.
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# Predicting country's (thereby people's) results such as rainfall, crop yield, business development, crime, accidents, diseases etc
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# Establishing important festivals and days (according to sampradayas)
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# Everyday Tithis, monthly Sankrantis, Nakshatras, Adhikamasa/Kshayamasa, Vishuvats and Rashi chakras etc
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# Dharmas to be performed
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# Important and significant Yogas specific to that year
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# Auspicious Muhurtas (for marriages, upanayana, choula samskaras, grhapravesha, starting new business etc)
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# Graha shanti vidhis (ex, during birth of a child, or at death, malefic astrological charts, [[Rajodharma (रजोधर्मः)|rajodharma]] etc)
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# A few details from Dharmashastras (ex, Rig Veda Upakarma is different from Yajurveda Upakarma)
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# Annual/monthly horoscope predictions for people belonging to 12 rashis
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# Svapna shastra and interpretation of dreams
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# Samudrika shastra and interpretation of body marks
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# [[Asoucha (आशौचम्)|Asoucha]] Prakarana and Shraddha vidhis
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# Activities to be performed in various tithis, days of the week, nakshatras, yogas and karanas
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# Vaastu Prakarana
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# Vivaha Prakarana
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# Other kinds of panchangas such as Bhaskara panchanga, Gauri Panchanga
    
== तिथिः॥Tithi ==
 
== तिथिः॥Tithi ==
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The tithis, however, beginning as they do at any hour of the day, do not exactly coincide with solar days, and this gives rise to some little difficulty. The general rule for civil purposes, as well as for some ordinary religious purposes for which no particular time of day happens to be prescribed, is that the tithi current at sunrise of the savana day gives its name and numeral to that day, and is coupled with its week-day. Thus Bhadrapada sukla chaturdasi Sukravara (Friday the 4th of the first or bright fortnight of Bhadrapada) is that civil day at whose sunrise the tithi called the I4th in the bright half or sukla fortnight is current, and its week-day is Friday.<ref>The Indian Calendar (Page 16)</ref>
 
The tithis, however, beginning as they do at any hour of the day, do not exactly coincide with solar days, and this gives rise to some little difficulty. The general rule for civil purposes, as well as for some ordinary religious purposes for which no particular time of day happens to be prescribed, is that the tithi current at sunrise of the savana day gives its name and numeral to that day, and is coupled with its week-day. Thus Bhadrapada sukla chaturdasi Sukravara (Friday the 4th of the first or bright fortnight of Bhadrapada) is that civil day at whose sunrise the tithi called the I4th in the bright half or sukla fortnight is current, and its week-day is Friday.<ref>The Indian Calendar (Page 16)</ref>
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=== चान्द्रमासःNames of Lunar Months ===
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=== चान्द्रमासः ॥ Names of Lunar Months ===
 
It has been previously mentioned that Chandramana is a natural unit of time and so also the naming of lunar months is according to the visible changes in the sky. The name of a lunar month is given based on the nakshatra constellation in which the moon is generally present (or near those nakshatras) on the Purnima day (that lies between two Amavasya days in Amamta system). It must be noted that these names have been used since Vedic times for determining the days when Yajnas have to be conducted.   
 
It has been previously mentioned that Chandramana is a natural unit of time and so also the naming of lunar months is according to the visible changes in the sky. The name of a lunar month is given based on the nakshatra constellation in which the moon is generally present (or near those nakshatras) on the Purnima day (that lies between two Amavasya days in Amamta system). It must be noted that these names have been used since Vedic times for determining the days when Yajnas have to be conducted.   
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# Magha (माघमासः) : Nakshatra = Magha/Makha
 
# Magha (माघमासः) : Nakshatra = Magha/Makha
 
# Phalguna (फाल्गुणमासः) : Nakshatra = Purvaphalguni or Uttaraphalguni}}
 
# Phalguna (फाल्गुणमासः) : Nakshatra = Purvaphalguni or Uttaraphalguni}}
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=== Names of Samvatsaras (Lunar Years) ===
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[[File:Names of Samvatsaras.PNG|thumb|400x400px|Names of Samvatsaras (Chandra Mana)]]
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Each Lunar year is called a Samvatsara. A cycle of 60 samvatsaras is followed by the people. This cycle is five times the Barhaspatya Mana of 12 years. They have specific names and the good or bad effects in a particular year are indicated to a certain extent in the names of these sixty years.
    
== वारः ॥ Vara - Day of the Week ==
 
== वारः ॥ Vara - Day of the Week ==
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# Naga (नाग) : 2nd half of Amavasya tithi
 
# Naga (नाग) : 2nd half of Amavasya tithi
 
# Kimsthugna (किंस्तुघ्नम्) :  : 1st half of Pratipat tithi}}
 
# Kimsthugna (किंस्तुघ्नम्) :  : 1st half of Pratipat tithi}}
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== Solar Calendar ==
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Among the time measurement systems followed in Bharatavarsha, Saura Mana is followed for many purposes such as determining Ayanas (Uttaraayana and Dakshinaayana), Sankrantis etc. The Saura Samvatsara or Solar (sidereal) Year is the time taken by the Sun to go round the ecliptic once with reference to the fixed stars. The Solar Year starts when the Sun enters Mesha rashi i.e., with the Mesha Sankramana of Sun. In the current period Mesha Sankranti in Gregorian calendar falls around April 14 (13 or 15). The solar year is divided into 12 solar months. The length of any particular saura masa is the duration of the stay of the Sun in a particular rashi (of 30° extent) of the rashi chakra.<ref name=":2" />
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The saura masas are named after the rashis which the Sun occupies during these months, as Mesha, Vrshabha, Mithuna etc. However, in usage, the names of the solar months are the same as those of the lunar months, namely, Chaitra, Vaishaka etc. These names are prefixed with "saura" to denote the difference between solar and lunar calendar months. Thus solar year commences with Saura Vaishaka (April 14) and ends with Saura Chaitra. The lunar year commences with Chaitra masa (varying in March and April) and ends with Phalguna masa. The names of the solar months are ambiguous, followed differently in different regions of India, hence according to some scholars, naming solar months after the rashis occupied by the Sun will provide clarity.<ref name=":2" />
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== Role of Panchanga in Bharatiya Traditions ==
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Apart from using the [[Kalamana (कालमानम्)|Kalamana]] for determining macrocosmic time scales and astrological calculations, mostly Saura and Chandra Manas are used to determine the auspicious times for various rituals, yajnas, vratas and samskaras. Most notably the festivals followed in India are based on luni-solar (or lunar) calendar. Each of the festivals falls on a particular tithi or a specified paksha in a particular lunar month. Across many traditions, people follow both kinds of calendars and follow the rituals accordingly. A few prominent examples of Bharatiya festivals are as follows<ref name=":2" />
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{| class="wikitable"
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!Festival Name
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!Lunar Calendar (Amanta System)
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|-
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|Lunar New Year - Chandramana Yugadi
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|Chaitra Shukla Pratipat
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|-
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|Sri Rama Navami
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|Chaitra Shukla Navami
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|-
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|Raksha Bandhan
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|Sravana Purnima
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|-
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|Krishna Janmastami
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|Sravana Krshna Ashtami
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|-
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|Ganesha Chaturthi
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|Bhadrapada Shukla Chaturthi
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|-
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|Mahalaya Amavasya (Pitr Paksha)
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|Bhadrapada Amavasya
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|-
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|Dasara (Dassera or Dusshera) Ten days of Durga Puja, the tenth day called as Vijayadasami
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|Asvayuja Shukla Pratipat to Dashami
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|-
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|Naraka Chaturdasi and Deepavali (Diwali)
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|Asvayuja Krshna Chaturdashi and Amavasya
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|-
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|Kartika Purnima
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|Kartika Purnima
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|-
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|Ratha Saptami
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|Magha Shukla Saptami
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|-
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|Mahashivaratri
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|Magha Krshna Chaturdashi
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|-
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|Holi (Holika Dahana)
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|Phalguna Purnima
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|-
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!Festival Name
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!Solar Calendar
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|-
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|Solar New Year (Assam, Bengal, Odisha, Tamilnadu, Kerala) or Mesha Masa
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|Mesha Sankranti (April 14)
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|-
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|Makara Sankranti or Pongal, Magha Bhihu
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|Makara Sankranti (January 14)
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|-
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!Festival Name
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!Nakshatra
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|-
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|Sri Krshna Jayanti
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|Moon in Rohini Nakshatra in Saura Bhadrapada (August 17 - September 16)
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|-
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|Onam (kerala)
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|Moon in Sravana Nakshatra in Saura Bhadrapada (August 17 - September 16)
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|}
    
== References ==
 
== References ==
 
[[Category:Vedangas]]
 
[[Category:Vedangas]]
 
<references />
 
<references />
Prthvi
367

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