Changes

#Meaning of the word and object it signifies have a relationship

#Meaning of the word and object it signifies have a relationship

#Different relationships (of word and object) gives different meanings of a particular word.

#Different relationships (of word and object) gives different meanings of a particular word.

==पदस्य अर्थाः ॥ Meanings of Words==

==पदस्य अर्थः ॥ Meanings of Words==

According to Indian thought we find two main approaches to the study of the aspect of अर्थः used in the sense of "meaning": one method in which the word is considered as an autonomous fundamental linguistic unit of thought and sense, language studies are made on the basis of words; second method where the sentence is considered as the concatenation of words and cognition of sentence-meaning (shabdabodha) becomes the basis of language studies. Discussed primarily by the Naiyayikas, in the Nyayasutras, is the nature of individual words only; the factors necessary for understanding of a sentence are found only in later Nyaya-Vaiseshika words. Vaiyakaranas and Niruktakara also were mainly concerned with words and their forms. It is only in Mimamasa where a detailed study of sentences was undertaken to a great extent.

According to Indian thought we find two main approaches to the study of the aspect of अर्थः used in the sense of "meaning": one method in which the word is considered as an autonomous fundamental linguistic unit of thought and sense, language studies are made on the basis of words; second method where the sentence is considered as the concatenation of words and cognition of sentence-meaning (shabdabodha) becomes the basis of language studies. Discussed primarily by the Naiyayikas, in the Nyayasutras, is the nature of individual words only; the factors necessary for understanding of a sentence are found only in later Nyaya-Vaiseshika words. Vaiyakaranas and Niruktakara also were mainly concerned with words and their forms. It is only in Mimamasa where a detailed study of sentences was undertaken to a great extent.

Patanjali has drawn attention to the concept that there are many words with same sense; like for Indra, Shakra, Puruhuta and Purandara apply as synonyms. Again one and same word is also found to have different senses, for example, aksha (means the "die" in gambling as well as "axle"), pada, masha are seen in his Mahabhashya.<blockquote>बहवो हि शब्दा एकार्था भवन्ति । तद्यथा--इन्द्रः शक्रः पुरुहूतः पुरन्दरः । कन्दुः कोष्ठः कुसूल इति । एकश्च शब्दो बह्वर्थः । तद्यथा--अक्षाः पादा माषा इति ।(Mahabhashya under Panini Sutra 1.3.1)<ref>Mahabhashya ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5 Adhyaya 1 Pada 3])</ref></blockquote>Yaska's explanation in this regard may be taken as one of the explanations for the presence of synonyms and homonyms in a language. According to him all nouns are derived from verbal roots and different etymologies are offered for a single word when its meaning becomes different.

Patanjali has drawn attention to the concept that there are many words with same sense; like for Indra, Shakra, Puruhuta and Purandara apply as synonyms. Again one and same word is also found to have different senses, for example, aksha (means the "die" in gambling as well as "axle"), pada, masha are seen in his Mahabhashya.<blockquote>बहवो हि शब्दा एकार्था भवन्ति । तद्यथा--इन्द्रः शक्रः पुरुहूतः पुरन्दरः । कन्दुः कोष्ठः कुसूल इति । एकश्च शब्दो बह्वर्थः । तद्यथा--अक्षाः पादा माषा इति ।(Mahabhashya under Panini Sutra 1.3.1)<ref>Mahabhashya ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5 Adhyaya 1 Pada 3])</ref></blockquote>Yaska's explanation in this regard may be taken as one of the explanations for the presence of synonyms and homonyms in a language. According to him all nouns are derived from verbal roots and different etymologies are offered for a single word when its meaning becomes different.

In case of the nanartha shabdas (homonyms) or in homophones there is a possibility of doubt as to the exact meaning intended. When a word denotes several primary meanings and out of them, in an ambiguous expression, one has to determine the exact meaning that fits in the given context. Bhartrhari in his Vakyapadiyam describes a list of certain conditions that serve to bring out the intended meaning of that particular word in an ambiguous expression. The [[Deciding Factors of Meaning|deciding factors of meaning]] include Association, Dissociation, Company etc.   

In case of the nanartha shabdas (homonyms) or in homophones there is a possibility of doubt as to the exact meaning intended. When a word denotes several primary meanings or in the case of ambiguous expressions, one needs[[Arthaviveka (अर्थविवेकः)]] or the ability to discern the meaning based on certain factors, to determine the exact meaning that fits in the given context. It is an important concept used especially in areas such as poetics. In Brhddevata, the rules regarding the meaning of a Vedic mantra, as well as that of an ordinary sentence are said to be governed by at least six factors. Bhartrhari in his Vakyapadiyam describes a list of conditions that serve to bring out the intended meaning of that particular word in an ambiguous expression. The deciding factors of meaning include Association, Dissociation, Company etc.   

== पदजातानि ॥ Word Categories ==

== पदजातानि ॥ Word Categories ==

# Nipatas are those which are employed in the sense of more or less. Nipatas according to Sakatayana is used as a filler for the adjustment of meter in prosody. Ex., api is used in the sense of similar, and also as a filler, na is used in the sense of negation etc.<ref name=":4" />

# Nipatas are those which are employed in the sense of more or less. Nipatas according to Sakatayana is used as a filler for the adjustment of meter in prosody. Ex., api is used in the sense of similar, and also as a filler, na is used in the sense of negation etc.<ref name=":4" />

In his Tantravartika (1.3.33), Kumarilabhatta summarizes the opinion of Yaska, stressing on the Nama and Akhyata as the agents of expression. He states that there will be confusion in the meanings of Nipata and Upasarga, which are suggestive of the meaning of their qualified rather than being direct agents of expression.<ref name=":4" />

In his Tantravartika (1.3.33), Kumarilabhatta summarizes the opinion of Yaska, stressing on the Nama and Akhyata as the agents of expression. He states that there will be confusion in the meanings of Nipata and Upasarga, which are suggestive of the meaning of their qualified rather than being direct agents of expression.<ref name=":4" />

=== Two-Fold Categorization ===

=== Two-Fold Categorization ===