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→पदस्य अर्थः॥ Meanings of Words: added content
#Meaning of the word and object it signifies have a relationship
#Meaning of the word and object it signifies have a relationship
#Different relationships (of word and object) gives different meanings of a particular word.
#Different relationships (of word and object) gives different meanings of a particular word.
==पदस्य अर्थाः ॥ Meanings of Words==
==पदस्य अर्थः ॥ Meanings of Words==
According to Indian thought we find two main approaches to the study of the aspect of अर्थः used in the sense of "meaning": one method in which the word is considered as an autonomous fundamental linguistic unit of thought and sense, language studies are made on the basis of words; second method where the sentence is considered as the concatenation of words and cognition of sentence-meaning (shabdabodha) becomes the basis of language studies. Discussed primarily by the Naiyayikas, in the Nyayasutras, is the nature of individual words only; the factors necessary for understanding of a sentence are found only in later Nyaya-Vaiseshika words. Vaiyakaranas and Niruktakara also were mainly concerned with words and their forms. It is only in Mimamasa where a detailed study of sentences was undertaken to a great extent.
According to Indian thought we find two main approaches to the study of the aspect of अर्थः used in the sense of "meaning": one method in which the word is considered as an autonomous fundamental linguistic unit of thought and sense, language studies are made on the basis of words; second method where the sentence is considered as the concatenation of words and cognition of sentence-meaning (shabdabodha) becomes the basis of language studies. Discussed primarily by the Naiyayikas, in the Nyayasutras, is the nature of individual words only; the factors necessary for understanding of a sentence are found only in later Nyaya-Vaiseshika words. Vaiyakaranas and Niruktakara also were mainly concerned with words and their forms. It is only in Mimamasa where a detailed study of sentences was undertaken to a great extent.
# Nipatas are those which are employed in the sense of more or less. Nipatas according to Sakatayana is used as a filler for the adjustment of meter in prosody. Ex., api is used in the sense of similar, and also as a filler, na is used in the sense of negation etc.<ref name=":4" />
# Nipatas are those which are employed in the sense of more or less. Nipatas according to Sakatayana is used as a filler for the adjustment of meter in prosody. Ex., api is used in the sense of similar, and also as a filler, na is used in the sense of negation etc.<ref name=":4" />
In his Tantravartika (1.3.33), Kumarilabhatta summarizes the opinion of Yaska, stressing on the Nama and Akhyata as the agents of expression. He states that there will be confusion in the meanings of Nipata and Upasarga, which are suggestive of the meaning of their qualified rather than being direct agents of expression.<ref name=":4" />
In his Tantravartika (1.3.33), Kumarilabhatta summarizes the opinion of Yaska, stressing on the Nama and Akhyata as the agents of expression. He states that there will be confusion in the meanings of Nipata and Upasarga, which are suggestive of the meaning of their qualified rather than being direct agents of expression.<ref name=":4" />
=== Categorization based on Behaviour ===
Pāṇini looked at the gamut of śabdas from four angles of their behavior.<ref name=":4" />
'''Jātiśabdaḥ''': The unique, inherent, single and perennial phenomenon that is there in a thing and it is useful in separating a thing from the rest of the things in the universe- gotvam (cowness). A cow is separated by jāti, cowness, from the rest of the things in the universe. Similarly, vṛkṣatvam (treeness), strītvam (womanhood) etc.
'''Guṇaśabdaḥ''': The word that denotes a quality- sthūlaḥ (stout), kṛśaḥ (lean) etc.
'''Kriyāśabdaḥ''': The word that denotes an action- pacati (cooking), paṭhati (reading) etc. It may be noted that kriyā denotes the kāraka and samkhyā (besides tense and mood).
In fact, kriyā is only one- caitramaitraviṣṇumitrāḥ gacchanti (caitra, maitra and viṣṇumitra are going). Here, although the verb gacchanti is in plural it is a single ‘gamanakriyā’ (a single act of going). Rather, the number suggests that the noun or kāraka is in dual/plural. The kāraka and kriyā are bound by mutual expectancy (parasparākāṅkṣā).
'''Samjñāśabdaḥ''': Name or designation- caitra, padmā etc. In terms of Translation, although it is possible some times, one should not try to translate the śabdas denoting samjñā- viṣṇu (all-pervading), pārvatī (the daughter of parvata) etc. On the other hand, the samjñas have to be transliterated and the derivative or literary (basic/simple) meaning may be provided in parenthesis or footnotes or endnotes.
=== Two-Fold Categorization ===
=== Two-Fold Categorization ===