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Grhyasutras (गृह्यसूत्राणि) (view source)

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→‎पाकयज्ञाः ॥ Pakayajnas
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Special attention is given to kamyakarmas done for fulfillment of certain desires, such as desire for prosperity of cattle, achievement of glory, gaining favour of certain people, appease an angry person, and desire to become a king.   
 
Special attention is given to kamyakarmas done for fulfillment of certain desires, such as desire for prosperity of cattle, achievement of glory, gaining favour of certain people, appease an angry person, and desire to become a king.   
   −
== References of Grhyasutras ==
+
== गृह्यकर्माणि ॥ Grhyakarmas ==
−
Like the Vedas, Grhyasutras are also handed down and preserved since ancient times through oral tradition. Transmission of what was studied, memorized and practiced manifested as the tradition or custom, which, was regarded as an authority of these rituals. This was the foundation of [[Sampradayas (सम्प्रदायाः)|Sampradayas]] which are the existing authorities in matters pertaining to Bharatiya culture and dharmas.  
+
While the Shrauta sutras are based on the Shrutis, the Grhyasutras are said to rest on the Smrti texts, thus these grhya-karmani are said to be "Smartha" karmas. The authors of the Grhyasutras treat the subject matter of "grhya" very specifically denoted by their typical expressions such as those of
 +
* Ashvalayana starts with उक्तानि वैतानिकानि गृह्याणि वक्ष्यामः १<ref>Ashvalayana Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Full Text])</ref> meaning "the grhyani as distinguished from the vaitanikani (shrauta) are said"
 +
 
 +
* Shankhayana says अथातः पाकयज्ञान्व्याख्यास्यामः १<ref>Shankhayana Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Full Text])</ref> meaning "now with the discussion of the pakayajnas"
 +
 
 +
* Paraskara says, अथातो गृह्यस्थालीपाकानां कर्म १<ref>Paraskara Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Full Text])</ref> meaning "now of the grhyasthalipakanam karma".
 +
* Baudhayana directly starts with the differentiation of the Pakayajnas into seven and naming them, यथो एतद्धुतः प्रहुत आहुतश्शूलगवो बलिहरणं प्रत्यवरोहणमष्टकाहोम इति सप्त पाकयज्ञसंस्था इति ।१।<ref>Baudhayana Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4% Prashna 1])</ref>
 +
* Apastamba states his purpose succinctly, अथ कर्माण्याचाराद्यानि गृह्यन्ते १<ref>Apastamba Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Patala 1 Khanda 1])</ref> meaning "now the karmani (ceremonies) derived from acharas (customs) and other practices"
 +
* Gobhila states अथातो गृह्यकर्माण्युपदेक्ष्यामः १<ref>Gobhila Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4% Prapathaka 1])</ref> meaning "now the grhya ceremonies are given"
 +
We see from the above that the grhyasutras treat their subject pertaining broadly to grhya-karmani in exactly the same style in which the shrauta yajnas have been treated by the shrautasutras.
 +
 
 +
Like the Vedas, Grhyasutras are also handed down and preserved since ancient times through oral tradition. Transmission of what was studied, memorized and practiced manifested as the tradition or custom, which, came to be regarded as an authority of these rituals. This was the foundation of [[Sampradayas (सम्प्रदायाः)|Sampradayas]] which are the present existing authorities in matters pertaining to Bharatiya culture and dharmas.  
    
=== Vedic References ===
 
=== Vedic References ===
−
The grhyasutras completely depend on the mantras from the [[Samhita (संहिता)|Samhitas]] of [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|the four vedas]] on the occasion of the performance of the Grhya rituals.  
+
The grhyasutras completely depend on the mantras from the [[Samhita (संहिता)|Samhitas]] of [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|the four vedas]] on the occasion of the performance of the Grhya rituals.<ref name=":0" />
 
* Mantras recited during marriage are seen from Rigveda (10.85).
 
* Mantras recited during marriage are seen from Rigveda (10.85).
−
* The term "Pakayajna" is referred to in Taittriya samhita.
+
* The term "Pakayajna" is referred to in Taittriya samhita and the Brahmanas.  
 
* Atharvaveda gives copious information about Grhya ritual described in Grhyasutras - marriage, Pumsavana, Jatakarma, Upanayana, Antyeshti, Godana, Astaka and so on.
 
* Atharvaveda gives copious information about Grhya ritual described in Grhyasutras - marriage, Pumsavana, Jatakarma, Upanayana, Antyeshti, Godana, Astaka and so on.
−
* Brahmana texts mention a number of rites and rituals found in Grhyasutras.
+
* Brahmana texts mention a number of rites and rituals found in Grhyasutras example, Agrahayana ceremony (Ait. Brah. 7.9, Kaus. Brah. 4.12, Tait. Samh. 5.7.2)
−
* The Grhyagni - the grhya fire, is mentioned in Aitereya Brahmana (8.10) <ref>Aitareya Brahmana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A5%AE_(%E0%A4%85%E0 Panchika 8])</ref>गृहान्पश्चा'''द्गृह्यस्याग्ने'''रुपविष्टायान्वातब्धाय ऋत्विगन्ततः कंसेन चतुर्गृहीतस्तिस्र...।
  −
* The Agrayana ceremony that finds description in the Grhyasutra is mentioned in the Brahmanas (Ait. Brah. 7.9, Kaus. Brah. 4.12, Tait. Samh. 5.7.2)
   
* Sathapatha Brahmana discusses the [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|Panchamahayajnas]], and [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana]], Garbhadhana, Namakarana (of the samskaras) and others such as Soshyantikarman, Ayushyakarman, and Medhajanana.
 
* Sathapatha Brahmana discusses the [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|Panchamahayajnas]], and [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana]], Garbhadhana, Namakarana (of the samskaras) and others such as Soshyantikarman, Ayushyakarman, and Medhajanana.
   −
== Features of Grhyasutras ==
+
=== List of Grhyakarmani ===
−
Grhyasutras discuss about yajnas to be performed in domestic situations for short time periods, unlike the great yajnas like Asvamedha and Sattra yagas which are performed over a long time. According to Vachaspatya<ref>Vachaspatya (See explanation of the word [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8 Pakasanstha])</ref> Haarita describes the yajnas as a source of imperishable Dharma. <blockquote>पाकयज्ञान्यजेन्नित्यं हविर्यज्ञांश्च नित्यशः । सोमांश्च विधिपूर्वेण य इच्छेद्धर्ममव्ययम्।</blockquote>Pakayajnas have to be performed everyday, Haviryajnas constantly, Somayajnas are to be performed according to all vidhis (injunctions) prescribed, by one who desires Dharma in an imperishable form.
+
Grhyakarmas are described elaborately in a the sutras but with a varied terminology from across sutras. In this section an attempt has been made to put together a list of Grhyakarmas and a brief description of the equivalent terms from various grhyasutras where possible. Some of these activities are described as periodical as well as special yajnas both in grhya and shrauta sutras. The broad categories include Samskaras, Panchamahayajnas, Pakayajnas which constitute a whole set of yajnas, Grhapravesa and other house related rites, Agricultural operations including cattle related rites and finally Prayaschittas.
 +
 
 +
==== [[Samskaras (संस्काराः)|संस्काराः ॥ Samskaras]] ====
 +
In most of the Sutras the term Samskara generally signifies a subsidiary act of purification performed at Shrauta or Grhyakarmas. Most of them represent Upanayana by the word Samskara. Further the term was gradually extended to include all domestic rites. Gautama Dharmasutras gives a comprehensive list of 40 samskaras which include the Pakayajnas, Haviryajnas and Somayajnas apart from the rites performed from before conception to the death of an individual. However in the present days the norm is to consider only the body related samskaras pertaining to the individual under this heading. They are according to Gautama
 +
: गर्भाधानपुंसवनसीमन्तो-न्नयनजातकर्म-नामकरणान्नप्राशन-चौड़ोपनयनम् । चत्वारि
 +
: वेदव्रतानि स्नानं सहधर्मचारिणीसंयोगः...
 +
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=width: 600px; font-style: normal;|
 +
* [[Garbhadhanam (गर्भाधानम्)|Garbhadhanam (गर्भाधानम्)]]
 +
* [[Pumsavana (पुंसवनम्)|Pumsavana (पुंसवनम्)]]
 +
* [[Simantam (सीमन्तः)|Simantonnayana (सीमन्तः)]]
 +
* [[Jatakarma (जातकर्म)|Jatakarma (जातकर्म)]]
 +
* [[Namakaranam (नामकरणम्)|Namakarana (नामकरणम्)]]
 +
* [[Annaprasanam (अन्नप्रासनम्)|Annaprasana (अन्नप्रासनम्)]]
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* [[Chaulam (चौलम्)|Chaulam (चौलम्)]]
 +
* [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana (उपनयनम्)]]
 +
* [[Vedavratas (वेदव्रतानि)|Vedavratas (वेदव्रतानि) (4)]]
 +
* [[Samavartana (समावर्तनम्)|Samavartana (समावर्तनम्)]]
 +
* [[Godana (गोदानम्)|Godana (गोदानम्)]]
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* [[Vivaha (विवाहः)|Vivaha (विवाहः)]]
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* [[Antyesti (अन्त्येष्टिः)|Antyesti (अन्त्येष्टिः)]]
 +
}}
 +
 
 +
A few of these such as Jatakarma comprise of a number of subsidiary acts; important of them are Ayusha-homa, Prashana, Asmaabhimarshana, Medha-janana, and Stana-pradana. The sutras describe the establishment of Sutikagni, a fire kindled and maintained by the father near the southern side of the door in the chamber of the mother and newborn child. Other minor samskaras like Pravasagamana, Aditya and Chandradarshana, Nishkramanika, Karnavedhana for the newborn child are also described in the grhyasutras.
 +
 
 +
==== [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|पञ्चमहायज्ञाः॥ Panchamahayajnas]] ====
 +
These include the five mahayajnas, which are the obligatory nityakarmas of a grhastha. They are the daily rites which have been instituted to remove the papa accrued due to the five household activities.
 +
 
 +
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=width: 600px; font-style: normal;|
 +
* [[Deva Yajna (देवयज्ञः)|Deva Yajna (देवयज्ञः)]]
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* [[Pitru Yajna (पितृयज्ञः) |Pitru Yajna (पितृयज्ञः)]]
 +
* [[Bhuta Yajna (भूतयज्ञः)|Bhuta Yajna (भूतयज्ञः)]]
 +
* [[Brahma Yajna (ब्रह्मयज्ञ:)|Brahma Yajna (ब्रह्मयज्ञ:)]]
 +
* [[Nru Yajna (नृयज्ञः)|Nru Yajna (नृयज्ञः)]]}}
 +
 
 +
==== [[Pakayajnas (पाकयज्ञाः)|पाकयज्ञाः ॥ Pakayajnas]] ====
 +
Now, while Gautama included these yajnas as part of samskaras, these yajnas are gradually fading away with very few people actively conducting them in the present society. Except for the Shraddha related yajnas the rest are rarely seen. Additionally the differences seen in the vidhis as per the veda shakas are not handed down to future generations.
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
|1
 +
|औपासनहोमः ॥ Aupanasa homa
 +
|हुतः ॥ Huta
 +
|अष्टका ॥ Ashtaka
 +
|-
 +
|2
 +
|वैश्वदेवम् ॥ Vaisvedeva
 +
|प्रहुतः ॥ Prahuta
 +
|पार्वणम् ॥ Paarvana
 +
|-
 +
|3
 +
|पार्वणम् ॥ Paarvana
 +
|आहुतः ॥ Ahuta
 +
|श्राद्धम् ॥ Shraddham
 +
|-
 +
|4
 +
|अष्टका ॥ Ashtaka
 +
|शूलगवः ॥ Shulagava
 +
|श्रावणी ॥ Shravani
 +
|-
 +
|5
 +
|मासिश्राद्धम् ॥ Masishraddham
 +
|बलिहरणम् ॥ Baliharana
 +
|आग्रहायणी ॥ Aagrahayani
 +
|-
 +
|6
 +
|सर्पबलिः ॥ Sarpabali
 +
|प्रत्यवरोहण ॥ Pratyavarohana
 +
|चैत्र्यी ॥ Chaitri
 +
|-
 +
|7
 +
|ईशानबलिः ॥ Ishanabali
 +
|अष्टकाहोमः ॥ Ashtaka homa
 +
|आश्वयुजी ॥ Asvayuji
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
==== Agriculture and Cattle Related Yajnas ====
 +
In the age of the sutra literature, a greater part of the people earned their livelihood by agriculture and cattle breeding. This is amply reflected in the rites connected to agriculture, krshaka, varsha and pashusampada were highly respected for they provide food to all beings. All aspects of agriculture find mention in these texts, namely, the earth, ploughs, start and end of the agricultural activities, implements, barns and storage, furrowing, sowing, reaping and thrashing of grains, cattle, birds and moles, deities of the rains, winds, and nakshatras. A few related yajnas were<ref name=":0" />
 +
* Bali (बलिः) to the earth and skies
 +
* Halabhiyoga (हलाभियोगः) a ceremony of yolking the plough
 +
* Sita Yajna (सीतायज्ञः) involved offerings at the time of furrowing
 +
* Pravapana was done at the time of sowing
 +
* Pralavana at the time of reaping the crop
 +
* Khala yajna was at the time of threshing
 +
* Prayayana was at the time of putting the corn into the barns
 +
* Offerings to Akhuraja (the moles)
 +
* Agrayana (आग्रयाणम्) or Nava-yajna is the offering of first fruits of the season in Tretagni or Grhyagni
 +
* Vrshotsarga was done to let loose a stud-bull for the purpose of breeding
 +
* Shulagava (one of the Pakayajnas) is performed by offering of an ox to Rudra for attaining good cattle progeny, sons and fulfillment of all desires.
 +
 
 +
==== [[Prayaschitta|Prayaschittas]] ====
 +
 
 +
==== Other Grhyakarmas ====
   −
=== '''पाकयज्ञः'''  Pakayajna ===
+
== Shrauta and Grhyasutras ==
−
The technical term Pakayajna is used to refer to Grhyayajnas to distinguish them from the Shrauta yajnas. This term has been mentioned in Brahmana texts of the Vedas in a similar sense.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>...'''पाकयज्ञा''' इळामेवानु ये केच '''पाकयज्ञास्ते''' सर्वेऽग्निष्टोममपियन्ति सायम्प्रातरग्निहोत्रं जुह्वति सायम्प्रातर्व्रतम्प्रयछन्ति स्वाहाकारेणाग्निहोत्रं जुह्वति...। (Aite. Brah. 3.40)<ref>Aiteraya Brahmana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A5%A9_(%E0%A4%A4%E0 Panchika 3])</ref> Sat. Brah. 1.4.2.10 </blockquote><blockquote>Tait. Samh. 1.7.1.3</blockquote>
+
Grhyasutras discuss about yajnas to be performed in domestic situations for short time periods, unlike the great yajnas like Asvamedha and Sattra yagas which are performed over a long time. Here we summarize how they differ from the Shrauta yajnas in many ways.  
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{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+Differences between Shrauta and Grhya Karmas
 +
!
 +
!Shrauta
 +
!Grhya
 +
|-
 +
|1
 +
|Derived from Shrutis
 +
|Derived from Smrtis
 +
|-
 +
|2
 +
|Involve complex Shrauta yajnas
 +
|Involve simple Grhya yajnas
 +
|-
 +
|3
 +
|Entirely based on the Brahmanas
 +
|Founded on Brahmanas to a certain extent
 +
|-
 +
|4
 +
|Majority of shrauta yajnas extend over a long time period (years more than ten)
 +
|Grhya yajnas typically are of short duration (days)
 +
|-
 +
|5
 +
|Scope includes broad section of the society
 +
|Scope is limited to individual and his family
 +
|-
 +
|6
 +
|Ceremonies pertaining to welfare of the society at large
 +
|Ceremonies pertaining to welfare of the individual (samskaras)
 +
|-
 +
|7
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|Rtviks of upto sixteen are required for the conduct of these yajnas
 +
|Yajamana himself performs the grhyakarmas
 +
|-
 +
|8
 +
|These are mostly optional, kamyakarmas performed with an intent
 +
|These are mostly obligatory nityakarmas while some are kamya karmas.
 +
|}
    
== References ==
 
== References ==
 
<references />
 
<references />
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