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===  शिक्षा ॥ Siksha ===  

===  शिक्षा ॥ Siksha ===  

शिक्षा ॥ Siksha deals mainly with स्वरज्ञानम् ॥ swaragnanam (phonetics) and it is the science disciplining the efforts of ear, nose and vocal cords to utter the accurate sound as defined by Vedic mantras. Siksha deals with the origin of sound and teaches one about the production of शुध्दोच्चारणम् ॥ shuddhoccharanam (accurate sound) with ease. In Vedic literature accurate pronunciation of sound (vowels and consonants) is of great importance else the meaning is completely altered, hence Vedas have '''स्वरप्राधान्यम् ॥ swarapraadhanyam'''.             

शिक्षा ॥ Siksha deals mainly with स्वरज्ञानम् ॥ swaragnanam (phonetics) and it is the science disciplining the efforts of ear, nose and vocal cords to utter the accurate sound as defined by Vedic mantras.              

The Siksha attached to तैत्रिय उपनिषद् || Taittriyopanishad extends the applicability as follows :           

Siksha deals with the origin of sound and teaches one about the production of शुध्दोच्चारणम् ॥ shuddhoccharanam (accurate sound) with ease. In Vedic literature accurate pronunciation of sound (vowels and consonants) is of great importance else the meaning is completely altered, hence Vedas have '''स्वरप्राधान्यम् ॥ swarapraadhanyam'''.             

"अथ शिक्षां व्याख्यास्यामः, वर्णः, स्वरः, मात्रा, बलम्, साम, सन्तान, इत्युक्तः शिक्षाध्याः" - "Let us comment about Siksha. Siksha study involves Varna, Swara, Maatra, Balam, Saama, Santana". Where             

 

अथ शिक्षां व्याख्यास्यामः । वर्णः स्वरः । मात्रा बलम् । साम सन्तान। इत्युक्तः शिक्षाध्यायः ॥ (Tait. Aran. 7.2)<ref>Taittirya Aranyakam [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0)/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD Prapathaka 7]</ref>           

 

Meaning : Let us comment about Siksha. Siksha study involves Varna, Swara, Maatra, Balam, Saama, Santana". Where             

# '''Varna''' ॥ वर्णः अकारादिः - Varnas are the letters including Vowels and Consonants             

# '''Varna''' ॥ वर्णः अकारादिः - Varnas are the letters including Vowels and Consonants             

# '''Santana''' ॥ सन्तानो विकर्षणादि                 

# '''Santana''' ॥ सन्तानो विकर्षणादि                 

Classical Sanskrit literature differs from Vedic literature, as it is not highly regulated by the उच्चारणम् ॥ uccharanam (utterance). Hence शिक्षा ॥ '''Siksha''' is of vital importance as an ancillary for vedas, because अशुध्दोच्चारणम् ॥ ashuddhoccharanam (wrongly uttered) of mantras bring about a meaning change which can cause great harm to the यजमणि || yajamani (the performer of the yagna).               

Classical Sanskrit literature differs from Vedic literature, as it is not highly regulated by the उच्चारणम् ॥ uccharanam (utterance). Hence शिक्षा ॥ '''Siksha''' is of vital importance as an ancillary for vedas, because अशुध्दोच्चारणम् ॥ ashuddhoccharanam (wrongly uttered) of mantras bring about a meaning change which can cause great harm to the यजमानः || yajamana (the performer of the yagna).               

An example of such wrong utterance is typically explained by the legend of Vritrasura's birth:            <blockquote>"मन्त्रो हीनः स्वरतो वर्णतो वा मिथ्या प्रयुक्तो न तमर्थमाह ।"</blockquote><blockquote>"स वाग्वज्रो यजमानं हिनस्ति यथेन्द्रशत्रुः स्वरतोपराधात् ॥"</blockquote>If a mantra is devoid of a वर्ण || varna or letter, or has wrongly utterances or स्वर || swaras, then it does not the give the meaning it is intended to and produces a false meaning. This incorrectly and improperly uttered mantra becomes a वाक्वज्र || vakvajra (word weapon) and is capable of destroying the यजमणि || yajamani (performer of the yagna). Example is the famous story of Indra's enemy, Vrittrasura whose origin was due to स्वरापराध ॥ swarapradha (wrong swara utterance) of a mantra.            <blockquote>"'''वृत्रासुर  जननम्  || Vrittrasura Jananam''' :  त्वष्टा॥ Tvastha angered by Indra's killing of his son विश्वरूप  || Vishwaroopa, initiates an आभिचारिकं यागं  || aabhaicharikam yagam (a yagam performed to cause harm to an intended person) to procure a son to kill Indra. The ऋत्विज  || ritvijas were to utter the mantra "इन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्व" with अन्त उदात्तः ॥ Anta Udaatta or Udaatta swara in the end of the mantra (to mean Prosper Oh ! Enemy of Indra)  instead they used the आद्य उदात्तः ॥ Aadya Udaatta swara in the beginning of the mantra (meaning Oh! Indra, one who has enemies, Prosper). So instead of asking for the rise and prosperity of a son to take revenge on Indra, the ऋत्विज  || ritvijas asked for the prosperity and glory of Indra who destroyed असुर  || Asuras. Thus वृत्रासुर  '''||''' Vrittrasura the son of त्वष्टा ॥ Tvastha was born, an enemy of Indra, but eventually Indra was rewarded with glory in killing वृत्रासुर  '''||''' Vrittrasura."</blockquote>Siksha literature is very widely available based on the different शाखा || shaka (divisions) of different vedas. They are पाणिनीयशिक्षा || Panineeya Siksha  व्यासशिक्षा || Vyasasiksha, भारद्वाजशिक्षा || Bharadwaaja siksha, याज्ञवलक्यशिक्षा || Yaagnvalkya Siksha, पराशरशिक्षा || Paarasharee siksha, वासिष्टीशिक्षा || Vaasishtee siksha, कात्यायनीशिक्षा || Kaatyayanee siksha, माध्यन्दिनीशिक्षा || Maadhyandinee siksha, केशवीशिक्षा || Keshavee siksha, अमोघानन्दिनीशिक्षा || Amoghaanandinee siksha, माण्डव्यशिक्षा || Maandavya siksha, मल्लशर्मशिक्षा || Mallasharma siksha, स्वराकुशशिक्षा || Svaraakusha siksha, षोडशशिक्षा || Shodasha slokee siksha, नारदीयशिक्षा || Naaradeeya siksha, माण्डुकीयशिक्षा || Mandukeeya siksha, स्वरभक्तिलक्षणशिक्षा || Svarabhaktilaskhana siksha, अवसाननिर्णयशिक्षा || Avasaananirnaya siksha, वर्णरत्न प्रदीपिका शिक्षा || Varnaratna pradeepikaa siksha among many others.

An example of such wrong utterance is typically explained by the legend of Vrttrasura's birth:            <blockquote>मन्त्रो हीनः स्वरतो वर्णतो वा मिथ्या प्रयुक्तो न तमर्थमाह । स वाग्वज्रो यजमानं हिनस्ति यथेन्द्रशत्रुः स्वरतोपराधात् ॥</blockquote>If a mantra is devoid of a वर्ण || varna or letter, or has wrongly utterances or स्वर || swaras, then it does not the give the meaning it is intended to and produces a false meaning. This incorrectly and improperly uttered mantra becomes a वाक्वज्र || vakvajra (word weapon) and is capable of destroying the यजमानः || yajamana (performer of the yagna). Example is the famous story of Indra's enemy, Vrttrasura whose origin was due to स्वरापराध ॥ swarapradha (wrong swara utterance) of a mantra.            <blockquote>'''वृत्रासुर  जननम्  || Vrttrasura Jananam''' :  </blockquote><blockquote>तत्त्वष्टाहवनीयमुप प्रावर्तयत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति यदवर्तयत्तद्वृत्रस्य वृत्रत्वं यदब्रवीत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति तस्मादस्येन्द्रः शत्रुरभवत् (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref>Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>त्वष्टा॥ Tvastha angered by Indra's killing of his son विश्वरूप  || Vishwaroopa, initiates an आभिचारिकं यागं  || aabhaicharikam yagam (a yagam performed to cause harm to an intended person) to procure a son to kill Indra. The ऋत्विज  || ritvijas were to utter the mantra "इन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्व" with अन्त उदात्तः ॥ Anta Udaatta or Udaatta swara in the end of the mantra (to mean Prosper Oh ! Enemy of Indra)  instead they used the आद्य उदात्तः ॥ Aadya Udaatta swara in the beginning of the mantra (meaning Oh! Indra, one who has enemies, Prosper). So instead of asking for the rise and prosperity of a son to take revenge on Indra, the ऋत्विज  || ritvijas asked for the prosperity and glory of Indra who destroyed असुर  || Asuras. Thus वृत्रासुर  '''||''' Vrttrasura the son of त्वष्टा ॥ Tvastha was born, an enemy of Indra, but eventually Indra was rewarded with glory in killing वृत्रासुर  '''||''' Vrttrasura.</blockquote>Siksha literature is very widely available based on the different शाखा || shaka (divisions) of different vedas. They are पाणिनीयशिक्षा || Panineeya Siksha  व्यासशिक्षा || Vyasasiksha, भारद्वाजशिक्षा || Bharadwaaja siksha, याज्ञवलक्यशिक्षा || Yaagnvalkya Siksha, पराशरशिक्षा || Paarasharee siksha, वासिष्टीशिक्षा || Vaasishtee siksha, कात्यायनीशिक्षा || Kaatyayanee siksha, माध्यन्दिनीशिक्षा || Maadhyandinee siksha, केशवीशिक्षा || Keshavee siksha, अमोघानन्दिनीशिक्षा || Amoghaanandinee siksha, माण्डव्यशिक्षा || Maandavya siksha, मल्लशर्मशिक्षा || Mallasharma siksha, स्वराकुशशिक्षा || Svaraakusha siksha, षोडशशिक्षा || Shodasha slokee siksha, नारदीयशिक्षा || Naaradeeya siksha, माण्डुकीयशिक्षा || Mandukeeya siksha, स्वरभक्तिलक्षणशिक्षा || Svarabhaktilaskhana siksha, अवसाननिर्णयशिक्षा || Avasaananirnaya siksha, वर्णरत्न प्रदीपिका शिक्षा || Varnaratna pradeepikaa siksha among many others.

=== कल्पः ॥ Kalpa ===

=== कल्पः ॥ Kalpa ===

"कल्पो वेदविहितानां कर्मणामानुपूर्व्येण कल्पनाशास्त्रम्" -  "Kalpa sastra is a guideline for all the actions laid down in Veda (such as yagnas and yaagas)". There are 4 types of Kalpa sutras

"कल्पो वेदविहितानां कर्मणामानुपूर्व्येण कल्पनाशास्त्रम्" -  "Kalpa sastra is a guideline for all the actions laid down in Veda (such as yagnas and yaagas)". There are 4 types of Kalpa sutras

# '''श्रौत सूत्र || Shrouta sutras''' - explain the दर्शपोउर्नमास यज्ञ || Darshapournamaasa Yagas and others as defined by श्रुति || Shruti  

# '''श्रौत सूत्र || Srauta sutras''' - explain the दर्शपोउर्नमास यज्ञ || Darshapournamaasa Yagas and others as defined by श्रुति || Shruti  

# '''धर्म सूत्र || Dharma sutras''' - extensively gives the धार्मिक || dharmika rules for general people and the rulers

# '''धर्म सूत्र || Dharma sutras''' - extensively gives the धार्मिक || dharmika rules for general people and the rulers

# '''गृह्य सूत्र || Grhya sutras''' - explains the यज्ञ || yaagas to be followed by the ब्राह्मण || brahmana, क्षत्रिय || kshatriya and वैश्य || vaishyas

# '''गृह्य सूत्र || Grhya sutras''' - explains the यज्ञ || yaagas to be followed by the ब्राह्मण || brahmana, क्षत्रिय || kshatriya and वैश्य || vaishyas

# '''सुल्ब सूत्र || Sulba sutras''' - शास्त्र || Shastra for measurements, includes the रेखागणितं || rekhaganitam (geometrical principles) laid down for vedic constructions.

# '''सुल्ब सूत्र || Sulba sutras''' - शास्त्र || Shastra for measurements, includes the रेखागणितं || rekhaganitam (geometrical principles) laid down for vedic constructions.

'''श्रौत सूत्र ||''' '''Shrouta Sutras''' vividly describe the procedures for दर्शपोउर्नमास यज्ञ || Darshapournamaasa yagna and other यज्ञ || yagnas such as अग्निहोत्रं || Agnihotram, पशुययज्ञ || Pashuyagam, and सोमयज्ञ् || Somayagam among others as set forth in Shruti literature.  Thus, it can be said that in श्रौत सूत्र || Shrouta Sutras the explanations given in different वैदिक ब्राह्मण || Vaidika Braahamanas regarding श्रौताग्नि यज्ञ || Shroutagni yagaas are dealt with in an orderly manner.  

'''श्रौत सूत्र ||''' '''Srauta Sutras''' vividly describe the procedures for दर्शपोउर्नमास यज्ञ || Darshapournamaasa yagna and other यज्ञ || yagnas such as अग्निहोत्रं || Agnihotram, पशुययज्ञ || Pashuyagam, and सोमयज्ञ् || Somayagam among others as set forth in Shruti literature.  Thus, it can be said that in श्रौत सूत्र || Srauta Sutras the explanations given in different वैदिक ब्राह्मण || Vaidika Braahamanas regarding श्रौताग्नि यज्ञ || Srautagni yagaas are dealt with in an orderly manner.  

Of the available Shrouta sutras the important ones are - अश्वलयन || Ashvalayana, शाखायन || Shaakhayana , मानव || Maanava , बौधायन || Boudhayana, आपस्तम्भ || Aapasthamba, हिरन्यकेषि || Hiranyakeshi, जैमिनीय || Jaimineeya, कात्यायन || Kaatyayana, वैतान || Vaitaana, लात्यायन || Laatyayana, द्राह्यान || Draahyaana श्रौत सूत्र || Shrouta sutras.

Of the available Srauta sutras the important ones are - अश्वलयन || Ashvalayana, शाखायन || Shaakhayana , मानव || Maanava , बौधायन || Boudhayana, आपस्तम्भ || Aapasthamba, हिरन्यकेषि || Hiranyakeshi, जैमिनीय || Jaimineeya, कात्यायन || Kaatyayana, वैतान || Vaitaana, लात्यायन || Laatyayana, द्राह्यान || Draahyaana श्रौत सूत्र || Srauta sutras.

'''धर्म सूत्र ||''' '''Dharma Sutras''' expound the rules of Dharma and the actions (activities) to be performed by a person in general as well as the king or the ruler. A complete set of rules to be followed by the different people of different occupations and for those in the four आश्रम || ashramaas (ब्रह्मचार्य || brahmacharya, गृहस्थ || grihastha, वानप्रस्थ || vaanaprastha and सन्यास || sanyas) are described in these sutras. Thus it can be said that the topics related to the spiritual world, this material world, society and social activities, and all righteous activities are described in a holistic manner. Available important Dharma sutras include वासिष्ट || Vasishta, गौतम || Goutama, बौधायन || Boudhayana, आपस्तम्भ || Aapasthamba, मानव || Maanava धर्म सूत्र || Dharma sutras.

'''धर्म सूत्र ||''' '''Dharma Sutras''' expound the rules of Dharma and the actions (activities) to be performed by a person in general as well as the king or the ruler. A complete set of rules to be followed by the different people of different occupations and for those in the four आश्रम || ashramaas (ब्रह्मचार्य || brahmacharya, गृहस्थ || grihastha, वानप्रस्थ || vaanaprastha and सन्यास || sanyas) are described in these sutras. Thus it can be said that the topics related to the spiritual world, this material world, society and social activities, and all righteous activities are described in a holistic manner. Available important Dharma sutras include वासिष्ट || Vasishta, गौतम || Goutama, बौधायन || Boudhayana, आपस्तम्भ || Aapasthamba, मानव || Maanava धर्म सूत्र || Dharma sutras.