Changes

; 5. '''दृष्टान्तम् ॥ Drshtanta (Example)''': It is something that is directly comprehended, without any need for proof and so is self-evident. It is something which cannot fail to be known or perceived. It can be called as object of cognition (Prameya) but is mentioned separately, because Anumana and Shabda pramanas are both dependent upon it for only through a Drsthanta can they explained. Thus Drshtanta forms the basis on which Reasoning proceeds and is required even to demolish an opponent's position and establish one's stand on a theory.  

; 5. '''दृष्टान्तम् ॥ Drshtanta (Example)''': It is something that is directly comprehended, without any need for proof and so is self-evident. It is something which cannot fail to be known or perceived. It can be called as object of cognition (Prameya) but is mentioned separately, because Anumana and Shabda pramanas are both dependent upon it for only through a Drsthanta can they explained. Thus Drshtanta forms the basis on which Reasoning proceeds and is required even to demolish an opponent's position and establish one's stand on a theory.  

<blockquote>लौकिकपरीक्षकाणां यस्मिनर्थे बुद्धिसाम्यं सः दृष्टान्तः ॥२५॥ {दृष्टान्तलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.25)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

<blockquote>लौकिकपरीक्षकाणां यस्मिनर्थे बुद्धिसाम्यं सः दृष्टान्तः ॥२५॥ {दृष्टान्तलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.25)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

; 6. '''सिद्धान्तम् ॥ Siddhanta (Theory or Accepted Conclusions)''': A proposition or statement of fact asserted in the form "this is so" is called Theory. This also can be an object of cognition but yet is enunciated separately by itself because it is only when there are a number of different theories, and never otherwise, that the three forms of discussion - Discussion, Disagreement and Arguments. There are four kinds of Siddhantas namely

; 6. '''सिद्धान्तम् ॥ Siddhanta (Theory or Accepted Conclusions)''': A proposition or statement of fact asserted in the form "this is so" is called Theory. This also can be an object of cognition but yet is enunciated separately by itself because it is only when there are a number of different theories, and never otherwise, that the three forms of discussion - Discussion, Disagreement and Arguments.  

<blockquote>तन्त्राधिकरणाभ्युपगमसंस्थितिः सिद्धान्तः ॥२६॥{अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}  सः चतुर्विधः सर्वतन्त्रप्रतितन्त्राधिकरणाभ्युपगमसंस्थित्यर्थान्तरभावात्॥२७॥ {तन्त्रभेदौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.27)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>There are four kinds of Siddhantas namely

<blockquote>तन्त्राधिकरणाभ्युपगमसंस्थितिः सिद्धान्तः ॥२६॥{अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}  सः चतुर्विधः सर्वतन्त्रप्रतितन्त्राधिकरणाभ्युपगमसंस्थित्यर्थान्तरभावात्॥२७॥ {तन्त्रभेदौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.27)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

<blockquote>सर्वतन्त्राविरुद्धः तन्त्रे अधिकृतः अर्थः सर्वतन्त्रसिद्धान्तः॥२८॥ {सर्वतन्त्रसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

<blockquote>सर्वतन्त्राविरुद्धः तन्त्रे अधिकृतः अर्थः सर्वतन्त्रसिद्धान्तः॥२८॥ {सर्वतन्त्रसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

<blockquote>समानतन्त्रसिद्धः परतन्त्रासिद्धः प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तः॥२९॥{प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

<blockquote>समानतन्त्रसिद्धः परतन्त्रासिद्धः प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तः॥२९॥{प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

<blockquote>यत्सिद्धौ अन्यप्रकरणसिद्धिः सः अधिकरणसिद्धान्तः॥३०॥ {अधिकरणसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

<blockquote>यत्सिद्धौ अन्यप्रकरणसिद्धिः सः अधिकरणसिद्धान्तः॥३०॥ {अधिकरणसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

<blockquote>अपरीक्षिताभ्युपगमात्तद्विशेषपरीक्षणं अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तः॥३१॥ {अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

<blockquote>अपरीक्षिताभ्युपगमात्तद्विशेषपरीक्षणं अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तः॥३१॥ {अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

; 7. '''अवयवः ॥ Avayavas (Factors of Inference or Premises)''' : When a conclusion has to be made, a number of words or sentences (Statements) have to be used. The Pancha Avayavas (5 types of Statements) that are necessary for the proving of the conclusion are Pratijna and the others which when taken collectively are what have been called as Factors of Inference.  

; 7. '''अवयवः ॥ Avayavas (Factors of Inference or Premises)''' : When a conclusion has to be made, a number of words or sentences (Statements) have to be used. The Pancha Avayavas (5 types of Statements or Premises) that are necessary for the proving of the conclusion are Pratijna and the others which when taken collectively are what have been called as Factors of Inference.  

<blockquote> प्रतिज्ञाहेतूदाहरणोपनयनिगमनानि अवयवाः ॥३२॥ {अवयवौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.32)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

<blockquote> प्रतिज्ञाहेतूदाहरणोपनयनिगमनानि अवयवाः ॥३२॥ {अवयवौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.32)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

:; 1. Pratijna (प्रतिज्ञा)

:; 1. Pratijna (प्रतिज्ञा)

:: Statement of Conclusion is based on Shabda pramana.

:: Statement of first enunciation to be proved is called Pratijna and is based on Shabda pramana. साध्यनिर्देशः प्रतिज्ञा॥३३॥ {प्रतिज्ञालक्षणम्}

:; 2. Hetu (हेतुः)  

:; 2. Hetu (हेतुः)  

:: Statement of Reasoning is based on Anumana pramana.

:: Statement of Reasoning which establishes the conclusion on the strength of the similarity of the case in hand with known examples or negative instances. It is based on Anumana pramana. उदाहरणसाधर्म्यात्साध्यसाधनं हेतुः॥३४॥ {हेतुलक्षणम्} तथा वैधर्म्यात्॥३५॥ {हेतुलक्षणम्}

:; 3. Udaharana (उदाहरणम्)  

:; 3. Udaharana (उदाहरणम्)  

:: Statement of Instance is Pratyaksha pramana.

:: Statement of Instance (positive or negative illustrative instances) is based on Pratyaksha pramana. साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्तः उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययात्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्}

:; 4. Upanaya (उपनयः)  

:; 4. Upanaya (उपनयः)  

:: Statement of Minor premise is Upamana pramana.

:: Statement of Minor premise (a minor summary) made with support of the Udaharana is thus based on Upamana pramana. उदाहरणापेक्षः तथा इति उपसंहारः न तथा इति वा साध्यस्य उपनयः ॥३८॥ {उपनयलक्षणम्}

:; 5. Nigamana (निगमनम्)  

:; 5. Nigamana (निगमनम्)  

:: Statement of Reassertion of the Conclusion consists in the indication of the capability of the capability of all the aforesaid statements to bear upon the same object or purpose.

:: Statement of the Final Conclusion consists in the indication of the capability of the aforesaid statements to bear upon the same object or purpose. हेत्वपदेशात्प्रतिज्ञायाः पुनर्वचनं निगमनम्॥३९॥{निगमनलक्षणम्} It is this five-fold declaration that constitutes the highest form of reasoning because only when thus stated that the Reasoning succeeds in convincing the nonbeliever.

 

<blockquote> हेत्वपदेशात्प्रतिज्ञायाः पुनर्वचनं निगमनम्॥३९॥{निगमनलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

; 8. '''तर्कः ॥ Tarka (Argumentation)''': It leads to the ascertainment of their validity or invalidity and thus helps in the attaining of true knowledge.

; 8. '''तर्कः ॥ Tarka (Argumentation)''': It leads to the ascertainment of their validity or invalidity and thus helps in the attaining of true knowledge.

<blockquote>अविज्ञाततत्वे अर्थे कारणोपपत्तितः तत्त्वज्ञानार्थं उहः तर्कः॥४०॥{तर्कलक्षणम्}</blockquote>

<blockquote>अविज्ञाततत्वे अर्थे कारणोपपत्तितः तत्त्वज्ञानार्थं उहः तर्कः॥४०॥{तर्कलक्षणम्}</blockquote>