Changes

* Honouring one's teachers.  

* Honouring one's teachers.  

<blockquote>स कच्चिद्ब्राह्मणो विद्वान् धर्मनित्यो महाद्युतिः। इक्ष्वाकूणामुपाध्यायो यथावत्तात पूज्यते।।2.100.9।।

<blockquote>स कच्चिद्ब्राह्मणो विद्वान् धर्मनित्यो महाद्युतिः। इक्ष्वाकूणामुपाध्यायो यथावत्तात पूज्यते || २-१००-९

कच्चिद्विनयसम्पन्नः कुलपुत्रो बहुश्रुतः। अनसूयुरनुद्रष्टा सत्कृतस्ते पुरोहितः।।2.100.11।।

कच्चिद्विनयसम्पन्नः कुलपुत्रो बहुश्रुतः। अनसूयुरनुद्रष्टा सत्कृतस्ते पुरोहितः || २-१००-११

इष्वस्त्रवरसम्पन्नमर्थशास्त्र विशारदम्। सुधन्वानमुपाध्यायं कच्चित्त्वं तात मन्यसे।।2.100.14।।</blockquote>In the aforementioned verses, Rama enquires about the honour being accorded to their family preceptor viz. Sage Vashishta, family priest viz. Suyajna (son of Vasistha) and Sudhanva (their archery teacher).

इष्वस्त्रवरसम्पन्नमर्थशास्त्र विशारदम्। सुधन्वानमुपाध्यायं कच्चित्त्वं तात मन्यसे || २-१००-१४</blockquote>In the aforementioned verses, Rama enquires about the honour being accorded to their family preceptor viz. Sage Vashishta, family priest viz. Suyajna (son of Vasistha) and Sudhanva (their archery teacher).

* Holding in high esteem the deities, father (ancestors), mother, teachers, relations equal to one's father, aged people, physicians and brahmanas.

* Holding in high esteem the deities, father (ancestors), mother, teachers, relations equal to one's father, aged people, physicians and brahmanas.

कच्चिद्देवान्पित्रून् मातृ़र्गुरून्पितृसमानपि। वृद्धांश्च तात वैद्यांश्च ब्राह्मणांश्चाभिमन्यसे।।2.100.13।।<ref name=":14">Valmiki Ramayana, IIT Kanpur, Ayodhya Kanda, [https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/sloka?field_kanda_tid=2&language=dv&field_sarga_value=100 Sarga 100]</ref>

<blockquote>कच्चिद्देवान्पित्रून् मातृ़र्गुरून्पितृसमानपि। वृद्धांश्च तात वैद्यांश्च ब्राह्मणांश्चाभिमन्यसे || २-१००-१३<ref name=":14">Valmiki Ramayana, IIT Kanpur, Ayodhya Kanda, [https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/sloka?field_kanda_tid=2&language=dv&field_sarga_value=100 Sarga 100]</ref></blockquote>

* Protecting the capital city, Ayodhya.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>वीरैरध्युषितां पूर्वम् अस्माकं तात पूर्वकैः | सत्यनामां दृढद्वारां हस्त्यश्वरथसङ्कुलाम् || २-१००-४०    ब्राह्मणैः क्षत्रियैर्वैश्यैः स्वकर्मनिरतैः सदा | जितेन्द्रियैर्महोत्साहैर्वृतामार्यैस्सहस्रशः || २-१००-४१  प्रासादैर्विविधाकारैर्वृतां वैद्यजनाकुलाम् | कच्चित् समुदितां स्फीताम् अयोध्यां परिरक्षसि || २-१००-४२</blockquote>This also highlights the features of a capital city, its infrastructure and citizens viz. the city being impregnable, furnished with everything and flourishing, inhabited by heroic ancestors, with fortified gates, endowed with elephants, horses and chariots (military prowess), populated by brahmanas, kshatriyas, vaishyas who are ever engaged in their respective duties, noble citizens who are self-controlled and full of energy, abounding in learned people and endowed with palaces in various shapes.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

* Protecting the capital city, Ayodhya.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>वीरैरध्युषितां पूर्वम् अस्माकं तात पूर्वकैः | सत्यनामां दृढद्वारां हस्त्यश्वरथसङ्कुलाम् || २-१००-४०  ब्राह्मणैः क्षत्रियैर्वैश्यैः स्वकर्मनिरतैः सदा | जितेन्द्रियैर्महोत्साहैर्वृतामार्यैस्सहस्रशः || २-१००-४१  प्रासादैर्विविधाकारैर्वृतां वैद्यजनाकुलाम् | कच्चित् समुदितां स्फीताम् अयोध्यां परिरक्षसि || २-१००-४२</blockquote>This also highlights the features of a capital city, its infrastructure and citizens viz. the city being impregnable, furnished with everything and flourishing, inhabited by heroic ancestors, with fortified gates, endowed with elephants, horses and chariots (military prowess), populated by brahmanas, kshatriyas, vaishyas who are ever engaged in their respective duties, noble citizens who are self-controlled and full of energy, abounding in learned people and endowed with palaces in various shapes.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

* Protecting the citizens of the nation in accordance with righteousnes especially, those who live by the profession of agriculture and cattle-rearing that brings prosperity; nourishing them by affording protection and preventing adversities.

<blockquote>कच्चित् ते दयिताः सर्वे कृषिगोरक्षजीविनः | वार्तायां संश्रितः तात लोको हि सुखम् एधते || २-१००-४७

 

तेषां गुप्तिपरीहारैः कच्चित् ते भरणं कृतम् | रक्ष्या हि राज्ञा धर्मेण सर्वे विषयवासिनः || २-१००-४८<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /></blockquote>

=== मन्त्रणायाः महत्त्वम् ॥ Importance of Counsel ===

=== मन्त्रणायाः महत्त्वम् ॥ Importance of Counsel ===

<blockquote>कच्चिन्निद्रावशं न एषि कच्चित् काले विबुध्यसे | कच्चिच्चापररात्रिषु चिन्तियस्यर्थनैपुणम् || २-१००-१७<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /></blockquote>

<blockquote>कच्चिन्निद्रावशं न एषि कच्चित् काले विबुध्यसे | कच्चिच्चापररात्रिषु चिन्तियस्यर्थनैपुणम् || २-१००-१७<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /></blockquote>

=== निर्णयनीतिः ॥ Decision Making ===

=== निर्णयनीतिः ॥ Decision Making ===

Rama clearly outlines determining endeavours involving a little effort but yielding great results and embarking on their execution without procrastination.<ref name=":14" />

Rama clearly outlines determining endeavours involving a little effort but yielding great results and embarking on their execution without procrastination.<ref name=":14" />

# The Protector of the borders of a kingdom, who also performed the duties of a forester

# The Protector of the borders of a kingdom, who also performed the duties of a forester

# The Judicial Officer

# The Judicial Officer

# The officer entrusted with conservation of waters, hills, forests and tracts difficult of access.|colwidth=20em}}The fifteen functionaries of one's own side are the last fifteen of this very list, omitting the first three; viz. the chief ministers, the family priest and the crown prince.<ref name=":12" />  

# The officer entrusted with conservation of waters, hills, forests and tracts difficult of access.|colwidth=22em}}The fifteen functionaries of one's own side are the last fifteen of this very list, omitting the first three; viz. the chief ministers, the family priest and the crown prince.<ref name=":12" />  

=== सैन्यव्यवहारः ॥ Army Proceedings ===

=== सैन्यव्यवहारः ॥ Army Proceedings ===

Rama emphasizes on

Rama emphasizes on

कालातिक्रमणाच्चैव भक्तवेतनयोर्भृताः | भर्तुः कुप्यन्ति दुष्यन्ति सो अनर्थः सुमहान् स्मृतः || २-१००-३३<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /></blockquote>

कालातिक्रमणाच्चैव भक्तवेतनयोर्भृताः | भर्तुः कुप्यन्ति दुष्यन्ति सो अनर्थः सुमहान् स्मृतः || २-१००-३३<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /></blockquote>

=== Others ===

=== Others ===

O, Prince! Do you, regally adorned, appear before the people on rising each morning, on the great high way?<blockquote>कच्चिद् दर्शयसे नित्यम् मनुष्याणाम् विभूषितम् | उत्थाय उत्थाय पूर्व अह्णे राज पुत्रो महा पथे || २-१००-५१</blockquote>I hope you greet your teachers, the elderly, the ascetics, the deities; the unexpected visitors, the trees standing at cross roads and all the brahmins of auspicious life and conduct.<blockquote>कच्चिद् गुरूमः च वृद्धामः च तापसान् देवता अतिथीन् | चैत्यामः च सर्वान् सिद्ध अर्थान् ब्राह्मणामः च नमस्यसि || २-१००-६१</blockquote>I hope you do not abrogate virtue by your excessive devotion to wealth or your excessive devotion to wealth or your earthly interests by your over-emphasis on religion or both your religious and secular interests by your self-indulgence in pleasure, greed and gratification of the senses<blockquote>कच्चिद् अर्थेन वा धर्मम् धर्मम् धर्मेण वा पुनः | उभौ वा प्रीति लोभेन कामेन न विबाधसे || २-१००-६२</blockquote>I hope your pursue wealth, religion and the delights of the sense dividing them all according to time, O Jewel among the victorious, the one who is conversant with the proper time and O, the bestower of boons<blockquote>कच्चिद् अर्थम् च धर्मम् च कामम् च जयताम् वर | विभज्य काले कालज्न सर्वान् भरत सेवसे || २-१००-६३</blockquote>I hope that you consult with three or four ministers as mentioned in scriptures any proposal collectively and singly with each of them in secret.<blockquote>मन्त्रिभिस्त्वं यथोद्दिष्टैश्चतुर्भिस्त्रिभिरेव वा | कच्चित्समस्तैर्व्यस्तैश्च मन्त्रं मन्त्रयसे मिथः || २-१००-७१</blockquote>

I hope you greet your teachers, the elderly, the ascetics, the deities; the unexpected visitors, the trees standing at cross roads and all the brahmins of auspicious life and conduct.<blockquote>कच्चिद् गुरूमः च वृद्धामः च तापसान् देवता अतिथीन् | चैत्यामः च सर्वान् सिद्ध अर्थान् ब्राह्मणामः च नमस्यसि || २-१००-६१</blockquote>I hope you do not abrogate virtue by your excessive devotion to wealth or your excessive devotion to wealth or your earthly interests by your over-emphasis on religion or both your religious and secular interests by your self-indulgence in pleasure, greed and gratification of the senses<blockquote>कच्चिद् अर्थेन वा धर्मम् धर्मम् धर्मेण वा पुनः | उभौ वा प्रीति लोभेन कामेन न विबाधसे || २-१००-६२</blockquote>I hope your pursue wealth, religion and the delights of the sense dividing them all according to time, O Jewel among the victorious, the one who is conversant with the proper time and O, the bestower of boons<blockquote>कच्चिद् अर्थम् च धर्मम् च कामम् च जयताम् वर | विभज्य काले कालज्न सर्वान् भरत सेवसे || २-१००-६३</blockquote>I hope that you consult with three or four ministers as mentioned in scriptures any proposal collectively and singly with each of them in secret.<blockquote>मन्त्रिभिस्त्वं यथोद्दिष्टैश्चतुर्भिस्त्रिभिरेव वा | कच्चित्समस्तैर्व्यस्तैश्च मन्त्रं मन्त्रयसे मिथः || २-१००-७१</blockquote>

* Do you renounce the following failings of the Raja namely, anger, neglect of Raja Dharma, procrastination, shunning the wise, laziness, bondage of the five senses, devoting thought to the affairs of the state without seeking the advise of others (Ministers etc.).<blockquote>नास्तिक्यम् अनृतम् क्रोधम् प्रमादम् दीर्घसूत्रताम् | अदर्शनम् ज्नानवताम् आलस्यम् पन्च वृत्तिताम् || २-१००-६५

* Do you renounce the following failings of the Raja namely, anger, neglect of Raja Dharma, procrastination, shunning the wise, laziness, bondage of the five senses, devoting thought to the affairs of the state without seeking the advise of others (Ministers etc.).<blockquote>नास्तिक्यम् अनृतम् क्रोधम् प्रमादम् दीर्घसूत्रताम् | अदर्शनम् ज्नानवताम् आलस्यम् पन्च वृत्तिताम् || २-१००-६५

The tears fallen from those who are the victims of false accusations, O Bharata, destroy their sons and herds of those who are indifferent to justice, merely for the sake of pleasure.

The tears fallen from those who are the victims of false accusations, O Bharata, destroy their sons and herds of those who are indifferent to justice, merely for the sake of pleasure.

From the aforesaid questions it may be seen that greatest priority was given to doctrine of trivarga. Other questions indicate what are the functions of good Government.

From the aforesaid questions it may be seen that greatest priority was given to doctrine of trivarga. Other questions indicate what are the functions of good Government.

Substance of this has been brought out in the celebrated work “Sitayana” by Dr.K.R.Srinivasa Iyengar in his inimitable language. An excerpt:

Substance of this has been brought out in the celebrated work “Sitayana” by Dr.K.R.Srinivasa Iyengar in his inimitable language. An excerpt:

  “Bharata, commandments of Dharma like nature's laws, admit of no meddling ......... When Dharma’s imperatives determine legitimacy, and say, this is right and thus must you act; it’s wrong to look round for escape routes; All power, Bharata, is like poison; We need the sovereign Grace of the Lord, both to exercise power and be immune from its deadly poison; in our total submission to Dharma, there’s the sure promise of Grace; but those that rely on power alone must perish by its poison.” [p-166-167].

  “Bharata, commandments of Dharma like nature's laws, admit of no meddling ......... When Dharma’s imperatives determine legitimacy, and say, this is right and thus must you act; it’s wrong to look round for escape routes; All power, Bharata, is like poison; We need the sovereign Grace of the Lord, both to exercise power and be immune from its deadly poison; in our total submission to Dharma, there’s the sure promise of Grace; but those that rely on power alone must perish by its poison.” [p-166-167].

The above advice by Rama is of eternal value for all those who exercise political power under any system of government. The meaning is, just as those who handle electric power wear a rubber hand gloves for safety, those who exercise political power must wear the hand gloves of Dharma. The consequence of the exercise of political power disregarding Dharma would be disastrous.<ref name=":0">M.Rama Jois (2004), Trivarga, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</ref>

The above advice by Rama is of eternal value for all those who exercise political power under any system of government. The meaning is, just as those who handle electric power wear a rubber hand gloves for safety, those who exercise political power must wear the hand gloves of Dharma. The consequence of the exercise of political power disregarding Dharma would be disastrous.<ref name=":0">M.Rama Jois (2004), Trivarga, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</ref><blockquote>कच्चिद् अर्थेन वा धर्मम् धर्मम् धर्मेण वा पुनः | उभौ वा प्रीति लोभेन कामेन न विबाधसे || २-१००-६२ कच्चिद् अर्थम् च धर्मम् च कामम् च जयताम् वर | विभज्य काले कालज्न सर्वान् भरत सेवसे || २-१००-६३</blockquote>I hope you do not evade virtue by your excessive devotion to wealth or your earthly interests, by your over-emphasis on religion or both your religious and secular interests, by your self-indulgence in pleasure, greed and gratification of the senses. I hope you pursue wealth, religion and the delights of the sense dividing them all according to time, O Jewel among the victorious, the one who is conversant with the proper time and O, the bestower of boons!

 

 

 

 

 

तेषाम् गुप्ति परीहारैः कच्चित् ते भरणम् कृतम् | रक्ष्या हि राज्ना धर्मेण सर्वे विषय वासिनः || २-१००-४८<blockquote>कच्चिद् अर्थेन वा धर्मम् धर्मम् धर्मेण वा पुनः | उभौ वा प्रीति लोभेन कामेन न विबाधसे || २-१००-६२ कच्चिद् अर्थम् च धर्मम् च कामम् च जयताम् वर | विभज्य काले कालज्न सर्वान् भरत सेवसे || २-१००-६३</blockquote>I hope you do not evade virtue by your excessive devotion to wealth or your earthly interests, by your over-emphasis on religion or both your religious and secular interests, by your self-indulgence in pleasure, greed and gratification of the senses. I hope you pursue wealth, religion and the delights of the sense dividing them all according to time, O Jewel among the victorious, the one who is conversant with the proper time and O, the bestower of boons!

* Self development

* Self development