8,246
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 293:
Line 293: − + − + − + + + − + + − +
→षड्पदार्थाः ॥ Six Categories as per Vaiseshika Siddhanta
dharmaviśēṣa prasūtāt dravyaguṇakarmasāmānya viśēṣasamavāyānāṁ padārthānāṁ sādharmyavaidharmyābhyāṁ tattvajñānānniḥśrēyasam | vaiśēṣika-1,1.4 |</blockquote>
dharmaviśēṣa prasūtāt dravyaguṇakarmasāmānya viśēṣasamavāyānāṁ padārthānāṁ sādharmyavaidharmyābhyāṁ tattvajñānānniḥśrēyasam | vaiśēṣika-1,1.4 |</blockquote>
[[Dravya (द्रव्यम्)|Dravya]] (Substance), Guna (Attribute or Quality), Karma (Action), Samanya (Generality), Visesha (Particularity), Samavaya (Inherence) are the six padarthas whose knowledge leads to [[Nihshreyasa (निःश्रेयसम्)|Nihshreyasa]].<ref name=":1" />
[[Dravya (द्रव्यम्)|Dravya]] (Substance), Guna (Attribute or Quality), Karma (Action), Samanya (Generality), Visesha (Particularity), Samavaya (Inherence) are the six padarthas whose knowledge leads to [[Nihshreyasa (निःश्रेयसम्)|Nihshreyasa]].<ref name=":1" />
Padarthas are classified into Bhava (positive entities) and Abhava (negative entities) in Vaiseshika. A brief introduction each of the six categories is given below.
All knowledge necessarily points to an object of knowledge and is called a padartha. Padarthas are classified into Bhava (being, positive entities) and Abhava (non-being, negative entities) in Vaiseshika. Six categories come under bhava and the seventh is abhava. A brief introduction each of the six categories is given below.
=== द्रव्याणि ॥ Dravya - Substance ===
=== द्रव्याणि ॥ Dravya - Substance ===
'''Vaiseshika darshana defines nine Dravyas or Substances.''' They are causal in nature, hence called Karana Dravyas. Karya Dravyas are innumerable effect substances, produced by the combinations of Karana dravyas.
'''Vaiseshika darshana defines nine Dravyas or Substances.''' They are causal in nature, hence called Karana Dravyas. Karya Dravyas are innumerable effect substances, produced by the combinations of Karana dravyas. These nine dravyas include material as well as spiritual substances. The Vaisesika philosophy is pluralistic and realistic but not materialistic since it admits spiritual substances (Atman).
* पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं कालो दिगात्मा मन इति द्रव्याणि । वैशेषिक-१,१.५ । pr̥thivyāpastējō vāyurākāśaṁ kālō digātmā mana iti dravyāṇi | vaiśēṣika-1,1.5 |<ref name=":5">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Vaiseshika Sutras]</ref>
* पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं कालो दिगात्मा मन इति द्रव्याणि । वैशेषिक-१,१.५ । pr̥thivyāpastējō vāyurākāśaṁ kālō digātmā mana iti dravyāṇi | vaiśēṣika-1,1.5 |<ref name=":5">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Vaiseshika Sutras]</ref>
*[[Prthvi (पृथ्वी)|Prthvi]], [[Jala (जलम्)|Jala]], Tejas, Vayu, Akasha, [[Kala (कालः)|Kala]], Dik, [[Atman (आत्मन्)|Atman]] and [[Manas (मनः)|Manas]] are the only substances.
*[[Prthvi (पृथ्वी)|Prthvi]], [[Jala (जलम्)|Jala]], Tejas, Vayu, Akasha, [[Kala (कालः)|Kala]], Dik, [[Atman (आत्मन्)|Atman]] and [[Manas (मनः)|Manas]] are the only substances.
* The first five are the [[Panchamahabhutas (पञ्चमहाभूतानि)|Panchabhutas]] (the five elements), Dik (direction), Kala (time) take care of spatial dimensions. Atman and Manas give life to organisms.
* The first five are the [[Panchamahabhutas (पञ्चमहाभूतानि)|Panchabhutas]] (the five elements), Dik (direction), [[Kala (कालः)|Kala]] (time) take care of spatial dimensions. Atman and Manas give life to organisms.
* Akasha, Dik, Kala and Atman are all-pervading and eternal. Atoms, Manas and Atman are infinite in number (hence Vaiseshika is pluralistic). Akasha, Dik and Kala are one each.<ref name=":10">https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/34659/1/Unit-1.pdf</ref>
* Causal substances are considered to be independent and permanent.
* Causal substances are considered to be independent and permanent.
* Dravya or substance is defined as the substratum where actions and qualities subsist.
* Knowledge of Dravya and others leads to Abhyudaya and [[Nihshreyasa (निःश्रेयसम्)|Nihshreyasa]].
* Knowledge of Dravya and others leads to Abhyudaya and [[Nihshreyasa (निःश्रेयसम्)|Nihshreyasa]].
=== गुणाः ॥ Gunas - Qualities ===
=== गुणाः ॥ Gunas - Qualities ===
'''Guna or quality/attribute are seventeen in number as enumerated by Maharshi Kanada.''' [[Gunas or Qualities : An Ayurvedic perspective (आयुर्वेदे गुणाः)|Gunas or Qualities]] is a unique characteristic dependent on the substance or dravya. It cannot exist independently. Quality cannot possess another quality. It is inherent and static in the substance and cannot be separated, just as sweetness can never be separated from sugar as long as sugar exists.
'''Guna or quality/attribute are seventeen in number as enumerated by Maharshi Kanada.''' [[Gunas or Qualities : An Ayurvedic perspective (आयुर्वेदे गुणाः)|Gunas or Qualities]] is a unique characteristic dependent on the substance or dravya. It cannot exist independently. Quality cannot possess another quality. A quality, therefore, is different from both substance and action. It is inherent and static in the substance and cannot be separated, just as sweetness can never be separated from sugar as long as sugar exists. The qualities are therefore called objective entities. They are not necessarily eternal. They include both material and mental qualities.
* रुपरसगन्धस्पर्शाः संख्याः परिमाणानि पृथक्त्वं संयोगविभागौ परत्वापरत्वे बुद्धयः सुखदुःखे इच्छाद्वेषौ प्रयत्नाश्च गुणाः । वैशेषिक-१,१.६ । ruparasagandhasparśāḥ saṁkhyāḥ parimāṇāni pr̥thaktvaṁ saṁyōgavibhāgau paratvāparatvē buddhayaḥ sukhaduḥkhē icchādvēṣau prayatnāśca guṇāḥ | vaiśēṣika-1,1.6 |<ref name=":5" />
* रुपरसगन्धस्पर्शाः संख्याः परिमाणानि पृथक्त्वं संयोगविभागौ परत्वापरत्वे बुद्धयः सुखदुःखे इच्छाद्वेषौ प्रयत्नाश्च गुणाः । वैशेषिक-१,१.६ । ruparasagandhasparśāḥ saṁkhyāḥ parimāṇāni pr̥thaktvaṁ saṁyōgavibhāgau paratvāparatvē buddhayaḥ sukhaduḥkhē icchādvēṣau prayatnāśca guṇāḥ | vaiśēṣika-1,1.6 |<ref name=":5" />
* Rūpa (Colour), Rasa (Taste), Gandha (Smell), Sparśa (Touch), Saṅkhyā (Number), Parimāṇa (Dimension), Pṛthakatva (Distinctiveness), Saṃyoga (Conjunction), Vibhāga (Disjunction), Paratva (Priority), Aparatva (Posteriority), Buddhi (Knowledge), Sukha (Pleasure), Dukha (Pain), Icchā (Desire), Dveṣa (Aversion), Prayatna (Effort) are Gunas.
* Rūpa (Colour), Rasa (Taste), Gandha (Smell), Sparśa (Touch), Saṅkhyā (Number), Parimāṇa (Dimension), Pṛthakatva (Distinctiveness), Saṃyoga (Conjunction), Vibhāga (Disjunction), Paratva (Priority), Aparatva (Posteriority), Buddhi (Knowledge), Sukha (Pleasure), Dukha (Pain), Icchā (Desire), Dveṣa (Aversion), Prayatna (Effort) are Gunas.
* Prasatapada, the 4th century scholar who greatly elaborated on Vaisesika Sutra, added seven more, namely, Gurutva (heaviness); Dravatva (fluidity); Sneha (softness, stickiness or viscidity); Dharma (merit or virtue); Adharma (demerit or non-virtue); Samskara (tendency, trait, habit); Shabda (sound or signal).<ref name=":7">https://www.academia.edu/35628324/Vai%C5%9Besika_Darshana_The_Vedic_Atomic_Theory</ref>
* Prasatapada, the 4th century scholar who greatly elaborated on Vaisesika Sutra, added seven more, namely, Gurutva (heaviness); Dravatva (fluidity); Sneha (softness, stickiness or viscidity); Dharma (merit or virtue); Adharma (demerit or non-virtue); Samskara (tendency, trait, habit); Shabda (sound or signal).<ref name=":7">https://www.academia.edu/35628324/Vai%C5%9Besika_Darshana_The_Vedic_Atomic_Theory</ref>
* Ayurveda Acharya Charaka added 17 gunas to gurutva, dravatva and Sneha, making the Qualities as 20 which are most important in practical Ayurveda.
* Ayurveda Acharya Charaka added 17 gunas to gurutva, dravatva and Sneha, making the Qualities as 20 which are most important in practical Ayurveda.
* Smell is the quality of earth; taste of water; color of fire; touch of air; and sound of ether. Cognition, pleasure, pain, desire, aversion, volition are the mental qualities which inhere in the self.<ref name=":10" />
=== कर्माणि॥ Karmas - Actions ===
=== कर्माणि॥ Karmas - Actions ===
Recognizing [[Karma (कर्म)|Karma]] or action as a category of reality was a special feature of Vaisesika philosophy. Like the quality or guna, Karma or action also cannot exist on its own. It can exist only in relation to a substance or dravya. However, there is a difference, while quality is a static property of dravya, action is a dynamic property. '''Maharshi Kanada recognized only five types of actions.''' They are,
Recognizing [[Karma (कर्म)|Karma]] or action as a category of reality was a special feature of Vaisesika philosophy. Like the quality or guna, Karma or action belongs to and inheres in a substance and also cannot exist on its own. It can exist only in relation to a substance or dravya. However, there is a difference, while quality is a static property of dravya, action is a dynamic and transient property. Unlike a quality, an action is the cause of conjunction and disjunction. '''Maharshi Kanada recognized only five types of actions.''' They are,
* उत्क्षेपणमवक्षेपणं आकुञ्चनं प्रसारणं गमनमिति कर्माणि । वैशेषिक-१,१.७ । utkṣēpaṇamavakṣēpaṇaṁ ākuñcanaṁ prasāraṇaṁ gamanamiti karmāṇi | vaiśēṣika-1,1.7 |<ref name=":5" />
* उत्क्षेपणमवक्षेपणं आकुञ्चनं प्रसारणं गमनमिति कर्माणि । वैशेषिक-१,१.७ । utkṣēpaṇamavakṣēpaṇaṁ ākuñcanaṁ prasāraṇaṁ gamanamiti karmāṇi | vaiśēṣika-1,1.7 |<ref name=":5" />