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Line 291: − They are defined as follows+ − # '''Dravya''' : '''Vaiseshika defines 9 Dravyas or Substances.''' They are causal in nature, hence called Karana Dravyas. Karya Dravyas are the innumerable effect substances, produced by the combinations of Karana dravyas. + − #* पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं कालो दिगात्मा मन इति द्रव्याणि । वैशेषिक-१,१.५ । pr̥thivyāpastējō vāyurākāśaṁ kālō digātmā mana iti dravyāṇi | vaiśēṣika-1,1.5 |<ref name=":5">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Vaiseshika Sutras]</ref>+ − #*[[Prthvi (पृथ्वी)|Prthvi]], [[Jala (जलम्)|Jala]], Tejas, Vayu, Akasha, [[Kala (कालः)|Kala]], Dik, [[Atman (आत्मन्)|Atman]] and [[Manas (मनः)|Manas]] are the only substances.+ − #* The first five are the [[Panchamahabhutas (पञ्चमहाभूतानि)|Panchabhutas]] (the five elements), Dik (direction), Kala (time) take care of spatial dimensions. Atman and Manas give life to organisms. + − #* Causal substances are considered to be independent and permanent.+ − # '''Gunas''' : '''Guna or quality/attribute are 17 in number as enumerated by Maharshi Kanada.''' Quality is a unique characteristic dependent on the substance or dravya. It cannot exist independently. Quality cannot possess another quality. It is inherent in the substance and cannot be separated, just as sweetness can never be separated from sugar as long as sugar exists. + − #* रुपरसगन्धस्पर्शाः संख्याः परिमाणानि पृथक्त्वं संयोगविभागौ परत्वापरत्वे बुद्धयः सुखदुःखे इच्छाद्वेषौ प्रयत्नाश्च गुणाः । वैशेषिक-१,१.६ । ruparasagandhasparśāḥ saṁkhyāḥ parimāṇāni pr̥thaktvaṁ saṁyōgavibhāgau paratvāparatvē buddhayaḥ sukhaduḥkhē icchādvēṣau prayatnāśca guṇāḥ | vaiśēṣika-1,1.6 |<ref name=":5" />+ − #* Rūpa (Colour), Rasa (Taste), Gandha (Smell), Sparśa (Touch), Saṅkhyā (Number), Parimāṇa (Dimension), Pṛthakatva (Distinctiveness), Saṃyoga (Conjunction), Vibhāga (Disjunction), Paratva (Priority), Aparatva (Posteriority), Buddhi (Knowledge), Sukha (Pleasure), Dukha (Pain), Icchā (Desire), Dveṣa (Aversion), Prayatna (Effort)+ − #* Prasatapada, the 4th century scholar who greatly elaborated on Vaisesika Sutra, added seven more, namely, Gurutva (heaviness); Dravatva (fluidity); Sneha (viscidity); Dharma (merit or virtue); Adharma (demerit or non-virtue); Samskara (tendency); Shabda (sound).+ − #* Ayurveda Acharya Charaka added 17 gunas to gurutva, dravatva and Sneha, making the Qualities as 20 which are most important in practical Ayurveda.+ − # Karma : उत्क्षेपणमवक्षेपणं आकुञ्चनं प्रसारणं गमनमिति कर्माणि । वैशेषिक-१,१.७ ।+ − # Samanya : सामान्यविशेष इति बुद्ध्यपेक्षम् । वैशेषिक-१,२.३ । भावोऽनुवृत्तेरेव हेतुत्वात् सामान्यमेव । वैशेषिक-१,२.४।+ − # Visesha : Proved by inference from above sutra 1.2.4+ − # Samavaya : इहेदमिति यतः कार्यकारणयोः स समवायः । वैशेषिक-७,२.२६ ।+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
→षड्पदार्थाः ॥ Six Categories as per Vaiseshika Siddhanta
dharmaviśēṣa prasūtāt dravyaguṇakarmasāmānya viśēṣasamavāyānāṁ padārthānāṁ sādharmyavaidharmyābhyāṁ tattvajñānānniḥśrēyasam | vaiśēṣika-1,1.4 |</blockquote>
dharmaviśēṣa prasūtāt dravyaguṇakarmasāmānya viśēṣasamavāyānāṁ padārthānāṁ sādharmyavaidharmyābhyāṁ tattvajñānānniḥśrēyasam | vaiśēṣika-1,1.4 |</blockquote>
[[Dravya (द्रव्यम्)|Dravya]] (Substance), Guna (Attribute or Quality), Karma (Action), Samanya (Generality), Visesha (Particularity), Samavaya (Inherence) are the six padarthas whose knowledge leads to [[Nihshreyasa (निःश्रेयसम्)|Nihshreyasa]].
[[Dravya (द्रव्यम्)|Dravya]] (Substance), Guna (Attribute or Quality), Karma (Action), Samanya (Generality), Visesha (Particularity), Samavaya (Inherence) are the six padarthas whose knowledge leads to [[Nihshreyasa (निःश्रेयसम्)|Nihshreyasa]].
A brief introduction each of the six categories is given below.
=== द्रव्याणि ॥ Dravya ===
'''Vaiseshika darshana defines 9 Dravyas or Substances.''' They are causal in nature, hence called Karana Dravyas. Karya Dravyas aree innumerable effect substances, produced by the combinations of Karana dravyas.
* पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं कालो दिगात्मा मन इति द्रव्याणि । वैशेषिक-१,१.५ । pr̥thivyāpastējō vāyurākāśaṁ kālō digātmā mana iti dravyāṇi | vaiśēṣika-1,1.5 |<ref name=":5">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Vaiseshika Sutras]</ref>
*[[Prthvi (पृथ्वी)|Prthvi]], [[Jala (जलम्)|Jala]], Tejas, Vayu, Akasha, [[Kala (कालः)|Kala]], Dik, [[Atman (आत्मन्)|Atman]] and [[Manas (मनः)|Manas]] are the only substances.
* The first five are the [[Panchamahabhutas (पञ्चमहाभूतानि)|Panchabhutas]] (the five elements), Dik (direction), Kala (time) take care of spatial dimensions. Atman and Manas give life to organisms.
* Causal substances are considered to be independent and permanent.
=== गुणाः ॥ Gunas ===
'''Guna or quality/attribute are 17 in number as enumerated by Maharshi Kanada.''' Quality is a unique characteristic dependent on the substance or dravya. It cannot exist independently. Quality cannot possess another quality. It is inherent and static in the substance and cannot be separated, just as sweetness can never be separated from sugar as long as sugar exists.
* रुपरसगन्धस्पर्शाः संख्याः परिमाणानि पृथक्त्वं संयोगविभागौ परत्वापरत्वे बुद्धयः सुखदुःखे इच्छाद्वेषौ प्रयत्नाश्च गुणाः । वैशेषिक-१,१.६ । ruparasagandhasparśāḥ saṁkhyāḥ parimāṇāni pr̥thaktvaṁ saṁyōgavibhāgau paratvāparatvē buddhayaḥ sukhaduḥkhē icchādvēṣau prayatnāśca guṇāḥ | vaiśēṣika-1,1.6 |<ref name=":5" />
* Rūpa (Colour), Rasa (Taste), Gandha (Smell), Sparśa (Touch), Saṅkhyā (Number), Parimāṇa (Dimension), Pṛthakatva (Distinctiveness), Saṃyoga (Conjunction), Vibhāga (Disjunction), Paratva (Priority), Aparatva (Posteriority), Buddhi (Knowledge), Sukha (Pleasure), Dukha (Pain), Icchā (Desire), Dveṣa (Aversion), Prayatna (Effort) are Gunas.
* Prasatapada, the 4th century scholar who greatly elaborated on Vaisesika Sutra, added seven more, namely, Gurutva (heaviness); Dravatva (fluidity); Sneha (viscidity); Dharma (merit or virtue); Adharma (demerit or non-virtue); Samskara (tendency); Shabda (sound).
* Ayurveda Acharya Charaka added 17 gunas to gurutva, dravatva and Sneha, making the Qualities as 20 which are most important in practical Ayurveda.
=== कर्माणि॥ Karmas ===
Recognising Karma or action as a category of reality was a special feature of Vaisesika philosophy. Like the quality or guna, Karma or action also cannot exist on its own. It can exist only in relation to a substance or dravya. However, there is a difference, while quality is a static property of dravya, action is a dynamic property. Kanada recognised only five types of action. They are,
* उत्क्षेपणमवक्षेपणं आकुञ्चनं प्रसारणं गमनमिति कर्माणि । वैशेषिक-१,१.७ ।
* Throwing upwards (utksepanam), throwing downwards (avaksepanam), contraction (akunchanam), expansion (prasaranam), and going or motion (gamanam) mean action (karmani).
* A characteristic of Vaiśesika is the Kriya-vada or the doctrine of action. An individual is governed not only by the physical laws, but also by the moral law of Karma or action. In Kriya-vada the individual soul is active and is affected by pleasure or desire etc. They, in their transmigratory existence in a body, suffer or enjoy depending on the past impressions (activities of the past lives). In the current life, the individual is free and creator of his own destiny. His meritorious or demeritorious acts leave impression on the soul and accordingly, soul will suffer or enjoy in its next incarnation.
=== सामान्यम् ॥ Samanya ===
* सामान्यविशेष इति बुद्ध्यपेक्षम् । वैशेषिक-१,२.३ । भावोऽनुवृत्तेरेव हेतुत्वात् सामान्यमेव । वैशेषिक-१,२.४।
=== विशेष ॥ Visesha ===
* Proved by inference from above sutra 1.2.4
=== समवायः ॥ Samavaya : ===
* इहेदमिति यतः कार्यकारणयोः स समवायः । वैशेषिक-७,२.२६ ।
The above six categories are included under Bhava Padarthas and they are positive. Abhāva (non-existence) or negation was added later as a seventh Padartha. Maharshi Kanada mentions the concept but does not define it as a separate category. According to Navya Nyaya siddhanta, Abhava is classified as Abhava Padartha and is of 4 kinds.
The above six categories are included under Bhava Padarthas and they are positive. Abhāva (non-existence) or negation was added later as a seventh Padartha. Maharshi Kanada mentions the concept but does not define it as a separate category. According to Navya Nyaya siddhanta, Abhava is classified as Abhava Padartha and is of 4 kinds.