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Prashastapada, the commentator of Vaiseshika Sutras, mentions three common characteristic features for Padartha. <ref name=":1" /><blockquote>षण्णामपि पदार्थानामस्तित्वाभिधेयत्वज्ञेयत्वानि । ṣaṇṇāmapi padārthānāmastitvābhidhēyatvajñēyatvāni |</blockquote>He states that the six categories or Padarthas have three characteristic features in common, viz.,

Prashastapada, the commentator of Vaiseshika Sutras, mentions three common characteristic features for Padartha. <ref name=":1" /><blockquote>षण्णामपि पदार्थानामस्तित्वाभिधेयत्वज्ञेयत्वानि । ṣaṇṇāmapi padārthānāmastitvābhidhēyatvajñēyatvāni |</blockquote>He states that the six categories or Padarthas have three characteristic features in common, viz.,

# '''अस्तित्वम् ॥ Astitva (Existence)''' : Every Padartha should have existence. There is no purpose without astitvam.  

# '''अस्तित्वम् ॥ Astitva (Existence)''' : Every Padartha should have existence. There is no purpose without astitvam. It is subject to valid knowledge and excludes imagination.

# '''आभिदेयत्वम् ॥ Abhidheyatvam (Nomenclature)''' : Every padartha which exists should have a name which denotes only that padartha specifically. So all padarthas have their unique names.

# '''आभिदेयत्वम् ॥ Abhidheyatvam (Nominality)''' : Every padartha which exists should have a name which denotes only that padartha specifically. So all padarthas have their unique names and can be described using words or expressions. Ex - A black horse is running.

# '''ज्ञेयत्वम् ॥ Jneyatva (Knowability)''' : The knowledge about every padartha, which exists, is obtained through its nomenclature only.  

# '''ज्ञेयत्वम् ॥ Jneyatva (Knowability)''' : The knowledge about every padartha, which exists, is obtained through its nomenclature only. It is perceivable either directly or indirectly through the senses. When it is not directly perceivable, it is known through other pramanas such as inference or other's observation.

== Division, Classification and Number of Padarthas ==

== Division, Classification and Number of Padarthas ==

There are different schools of thought regarding the division, classification and number of padarthas.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Joglekar, Aishwarya & Bhojani, Meera. (2022). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361305639_Padartha Padartha]. DOI -10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.099. </ref>

There are different schools of thought regarding the division, classification and number of padarthas.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Joglekar, Aishwarya & Bhojani, Meera. (2022). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361305639_Padartha Padartha]. DOI -10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.099. </ref>

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

|+Classification of Padarthas as per different schools

|+Classification of Padarthas as per different schools<ref name=":2" />

! colspan="2" |Text/Darshana/Author

! colspan="2" |Text/Darshana/Author

!Number of Padarthas

!Number of Padarthas

|Charaka

|Charaka

|2

|2

|Cha.Sa. SutraSthana 11/17

|Charaka Samhita SutraSthana 11/17

|Bhava Padartha, Abhava Padartha

|Bhava Padartha, Abhava Padartha

|-

|-

|}

|}

When true knowledge of the Padarthas is attained, the Mithyajnana (मिथ्याज्ञानम्  । wrong notions) disappear; on whose disappearance the Doshas (।) disappear; followed by the disappearance of Prvrtti (।). When activity ceases, there is no Punarjanma, when there is no birth there is no pain. Cessation of pain leads to Jivanmukti which itself is Nihshreyasa (Moksha). (PDF Page number 34 of Reference <ref name=":6" />)

When true knowledge of the Padarthas is attained, the Mithyajnana (मिथ्याज्ञानम्  । wrong notions) disappear; on whose disappearance the Doshas disappear; followed by the disappearance of Prvrtti. When activity ceases, there is no Punarjanma, when there is no birth there is no pain. Cessation of pain leads to Jivanmukti which itself is Nihshreyasa (Moksha).<ref name=":6" />

The process of Reasoning proceeds by three steps, Enunciation, Definition and Examination.

The process of Reasoning proceeds by three steps, Enunciation, Definition and Examination.

In Vaiseshika Darshana, Visesha Padarthas were described specially and specifically. Hence it is called Vaiseshika Darshana. Maharshi Kanada, the author of Vaiseshika Darshana, describes six Padarthas namely, <blockquote>धर्मविशेष प्रसूतात् द्रव्यगुणकर्मसामान्य विशेषसमवायानां पदार्थानां साधर्म्यवैधर्म्याभ्यां तत्त्वज्ञानान्निःश्रेयसम् । वैशेषिक-१,१.४ ।

In Vaiseshika Darshana, Visesha Padarthas were described specially and specifically. Hence it is called Vaiseshika Darshana. Maharshi Kanada, the author of Vaiseshika Darshana, describes six Padarthas namely, <blockquote>धर्मविशेष प्रसूतात् द्रव्यगुणकर्मसामान्य विशेषसमवायानां पदार्थानां साधर्म्यवैधर्म्याभ्यां तत्त्वज्ञानान्निःश्रेयसम् । वैशेषिक-१,१.४ ।

dharmaviśēṣa prasūtāt dravyaguṇakarmasāmānya viśēṣasamavāyānāṁ padārthānāṁ sādharmyavaidharmyābhyāṁ tattvajñānānniḥśrēyasam | vaiśēṣika-1,1.4 |</blockquote>Dravya (Substance), Guna (Attribute or Quality), Karma (Action), Samanya (Generic concommitance),  

dharmaviśēṣa prasūtāt dravyaguṇakarmasāmānya viśēṣasamavāyānāṁ padārthānāṁ sādharmyavaidharmyābhyāṁ tattvajñānānniḥśrēyasam | vaiśēṣika-1,1.4 |</blockquote>

 

Dravya (Substance), Guna (Attribute or Quality), Karma (Action), Samanya (Generality), Visesha (Particularity), Samavaya (Inherence) are the six padarthas whose knowledge leads to [[Nihshreyasa (निःश्रेयसम्)|Nihshreyasa]].

They are defined as follows

They are defined as follows

Dravya : पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं कालो दिगात्मा मन इति द्रव्याणि । वैशेषिक-१,१.५ ।

# '''Dravya''' : Vaiseshika defines 9 Dravyas or Substances. They are causal in nature, Karana Dravyas. Karya Dravyas are the innumerable effect substances, produced by the combinations of Karana dravyas.

 

#* पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं कालो दिगात्मा मन इति द्रव्याणि । वैशेषिक-१,१.५ । pr̥thivyāpastējō vāyurākāśaṁ kālō digātmā mana iti dravyāṇi | vaiśēṣika-1,1.5 |

Gunas : रुपरसगन्धस्पर्शाः संख्याः परिमाणानि पृथक्त्वं संयोगविभागौ परत्वापरत्वे बुद्धयः सुखदुःखे इच्छाद्वेषौ प्रयत्नाश्च गुणाः । वैशेषिक-१,१.६ ।

 

Karma : उत्क्षेपणमवक्षेपणं आकुञ्चनं प्रसारणं गमनमिति कर्माणि । वैशेषिक-१,१.७ ।

# '''Gunas''' :  

 

#* रुपरसगन्धस्पर्शाः संख्याः परिमाणानि पृथक्त्वं संयोगविभागौ परत्वापरत्वे बुद्धयः सुखदुःखे इच्छाद्वेषौ प्रयत्नाश्च गुणाः । वैशेषिक-१,१.६ ।

Samanya : सामान्यविशेष इति बुद्ध्यपेक्षम् । वैशेषिक-१,२.३ । भावो ऽनुवृत्तेरेव हेतुत्वात् सामान्यमेव । वैशेषिक-१,२.४ ।

# Karma : उत्क्षेपणमवक्षेपणं आकुञ्चनं प्रसारणं गमनमिति कर्माणि । वैशेषिक-१,१.७ ।

 

# Samanya : सामान्यविशेष इति बुद्ध्यपेक्षम् । वैशेषिक-१,२.३ । भावोऽनुवृत्तेरेव हेतुत्वात् सामान्यमेव । वैशेषिक-१,२.४।

Visesha : Proved by inference from above sutra 1.2.4

# Visesha : Proved by inference from above sutra 1.2.4

Samavaya : इहेदमिति यतः कार्यकारणयोः स समवायः । वैशेषिक-७,२.२६ ।

The above six categories are included under Bhava Padarthas and they are positive. Abhāva (non-existence) or negation was added later as a seventh Padartha. Maharshi Kanada mentions the concept but does not define it as a separate category. According to Navya Nyaya siddhanta, Abhava is classified as Abhava Padartha and is of 4 kinds.

== षड्पदार्थाः ॥ Six Categories as per Ayurveda ==

== षड्पदार्थाः ॥ Six Categories as per Ayurveda ==

* '''Bhati Siddha''': This category encompasses '''Samanya (universal), Vishesha (particular), and Samavaya''' '''(inherence)'''. These Padartha possess an inferential or indirect existence and cannot be physically demonstrated. They are also known as 'ashrayeePadartha,' as they depend on other factors for their existence.

* '''Bhati Siddha''': This category encompasses '''Samanya (universal), Vishesha (particular), and Samavaya''' '''(inherence)'''. These Padartha possess an inferential or indirect existence and cannot be physically demonstrated. They are also known as 'ashrayeePadartha,' as they depend on other factors for their existence.

* '''Satta Siddha''': This category includes '''Dravya (substance), Guna (quality), and Karma (action)'''. These Padartha possess a direct existence and can be proved or demonstrated. They are also known as 'ashraya Padartha,' as they form the foundation or basis for other aspects.

* '''Satta Siddha''': This category includes '''Dravya (substance), Guna (quality), and Karma (action)'''. These Padartha possess a direct existence and can be proved or demonstrated. They are also known as 'ashraya Padartha,' as they form the foundation or basis for other aspects.

== References ==

== References ==

<references />

<references />

[[Category:Darshanas]]

[[Category:Darshanas]]