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''yajñadānatapaḥkarma na tyājyaṁ kāryameva tat । yajño dānaṁ tapaścaiva pāvanāni manīṣiṇām ॥18.5॥''</blockquote>It should be noted here that when one gives away something (as dana), one may suffer some loss but that may be considered tyaga, which is considered a kind of tapas. Considering this complex relationship between dana and tapas, Prof Bhawuk in his research proposes that dana and tapas are interrelated constructs and can be visualised as occupying a common semantic space. Similarly, all activities (karma) done for lokasamgraha or for the good of people too may be considered tyaga or tapas.<ref>Dharm P. S. Bhawuk, [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0971333620906758 Sraddha: Construct Definition from the Bhagavad-Gita], SAGE Journals, Volume 32, Issue 1.</ref>
''yajñadānatapaḥkarma na tyājyaṁ kāryameva tat । yajño dānaṁ tapaścaiva pāvanāni manīṣiṇām ॥18.5॥''</blockquote>It should be noted here that when one gives away something (as dana), one may suffer some loss but that may be considered tyaga, which is considered a kind of tapas. Considering this complex relationship between dana and tapas, Prof Bhawuk in his research proposes that dana and tapas are interrelated constructs and can be visualised as occupying a common semantic space. Similarly, all activities (karma) done for lokasamgraha or for the good of people too may be considered tyaga or tapas.<ref>Dharm P. S. Bhawuk, [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0971333620906758 Sraddha: Construct Definition from the Bhagavad-Gita], SAGE Journals, Volume 32, Issue 1.</ref>
Tapas, the word in the text, refers to Self-discipline, prescribed by religion in order to bring body and mind under control.<ref name=":1">Swami Nikhilananda (1944), [https://estudantedavedanta.net/Srimad%20Bhagavad%20Gita%20with%20Commentary%20-%20Swami%20Nikhilananda%20(1944)%20%5BEnglish%5D.pdf The Bhagavad Gita], New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center.</ref>
The three kinds of austerities described in the Bhagavad Gita are classified according to the three gunas:
सत्कारमानपूजार्थं तपो दम्भेन चैव यत् । क्रियते तदिह प्रोक्तं राजसं चलमध्रुवम् ॥१७.१८॥<ref name=":0" />
Penance performed out of pride and for the sake of gaining respect, honor and worship is said to be in the mode of passion. It is neither stable nor permanent.<ref name=":5">A.C.Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (1998), [https://ebooks.iskcondesiretree.com/pdf/00_-_Srila_Prabhupada/Bhagavad_Gita/Bhagavad_Gita_As_It_Is.pdf Bhagavad Gita As It Is], USA: The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International.</ref>
The austerity that is practised in order to gain respect, honour and reverence and for ostentation, is said to be of the nature of rajas. Its result is uncertain and transitory.<ref name=":1" />
मूढग्राहेणात्मनो यत्पीडया क्रियते तपः । परस्योत्सादनार्थं वा तत्तामसमुदाहृतम् ॥१७.१९॥<ref name=":0" />
Penance performed out of foolishness, with Self-torture or to destroy or injure others, is said to be in the mode of ignorance.<ref name=":5" />
The austerity that is practised with a determination based on foolishness, by means of self-torture or for the purpose of ruining another is declared to be of the nature of tamas.<ref name=":1" />
== References ==
== References ==