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== पारिभाषिकपदानि ॥ Associated Terminology ==

== पारिभाषिकपदानि ॥ Associated Terminology ==

Reference to Dharmasindhu and Smriti granthas has been given from which further information may be sought on the following topics.<blockquote>कूटस्थमारभ्य सप्तमपुरुषपर्यन्ताः सपिण्डाः ॥ ततः सप्तसमानोदकाः ॥ ततः सप्तैकविंशतिपर्यन्ताः सगोत्राः ॥ (Dhar. Sind. Parich. 3)<ref>The Dharmasindhu bu Kasinath Upadhyaya (1986 Reprint Edition) Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications (Page 341)</ref></blockquote>'''कूटस्थः॥ Kutastha:''' The moola purusha is the Kutastha. The fourth older generation person is the Kutastha. Ex: Consider the persons Great-grandfather, Grand-father, Father and Person X (Son) in a lineage.   

Reference to Dharmasindhu and Smriti granthas has been given from which further information may be sought on the following topics.<blockquote>कूटस्थमारभ्य सप्तमपुरुषपर्यन्ताः सपिण्डाः ॥ ततः सप्तसमानोदकाः ॥ ततः सप्तैकविंशतिपर्यन्ताः सगोत्राः ॥ (Dhar. Sind. Parich. 3)<ref name=":3">The Dharmasindhu bu Kasinath Upadhyaya (1986 Reprint Edition) Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications (Page 341 - 343)</ref></blockquote>'''कूटस्थः॥ Kutastha:''' The moola purusha is the Kutastha. The fourth older generation person is the Kutastha. Ex: Consider the persons Great-grandfather, Grand-father, Father and Person X (Son) in a lineage.   

'''सपिण्डः ॥ Sapinda:''' All the sons and children belonging to them, upto seven generations down from the Kutastha are called Sapindas.

'''सपिण्डः ॥ Sapinda:''' All the sons and children belonging to them, upto seven generations down from the Kutastha are called Sapindas.

=== मृताशौचविधिः॥ Mrta-Asoucha Vidhis ===

=== मृताशौचविधिः॥ Mrta-Asoucha Vidhis ===

When Asoucha is due to death of a family member, the removal of Asoucha  depends on few conditions such as varna of the person, the time of abortion or death. Based on the Varna of a person the vidhis are as follows<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>क्षत्रियो द्वादशाहेन वैश्यः पञ्चदशाहकैः । शूद्रः शुध्यति मासेन पराशरवचो यथा ॥ ३.२ ॥</blockquote>According to Parasara's words, a Kshatriya has shuddhi (purity) from asoucha in twelve days (i.e., on 13th day); a Vaisya, when fifteen days have passed (i.e., on the 16th day); a Shudra, after the lapse of a month (i.e., on the 31st day).

When Asoucha is due to death of a family member, the removal of Asoucha  depends on few conditions such as varna of the person, the time of abortion or death. Based on the Varna of a person the vidhis are as follows<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>क्षत्रियो द्वादशाहेन वैश्यः पञ्चदशाहकैः । शूद्रः शुध्यति मासेन पराशरवचो यथा ॥ ३.२ ॥</blockquote>According to Parasara's words, a Kshatriya has shuddhi (purity) from asoucha in twelve days (i.e., on 13th day); a Vaisya, when fifteen days have passed (i.e., on the 16th day); a Shudra, after the lapse of a month (i.e., on the 31st day).

=== Death due to Unnatural Reasons ===

=== Death due to Unnatural Reasons ===

* the generation to which the person belongs to in the lineage

* the generation to which the person belongs to in the lineage

* the ashrama of the person

* the ashrama of the person

* whether the person who died has undergone has undergone any samskara especially the Upanayana samskara

* whether the person who died has undergone has undergone any samskara such as Namakarana, Chudakarma and specifically the Upanayana samskara

* time of hearing the news of death (number of hours or days elapsed since death)

* time of hearing the news of death (number of hours or days elapsed since death)

* place where the death of the person happened (nearby or far off in distant lands)

* place where the death of the person happened (nearby or far off in distant lands)

* natural or unnatural death (snake-bite, drowning etc)

* natural or unnatural death (falling off, snake-bite, drowning etc)

*  

*  

Further Asoucha is of many kinds of which a few are mentioned as follows<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>सद्यश्शौचं तथैकाहस्त्र्यहश्चतुरहस्तथा षड्दशद्वादशाहश्च पक्षो मासस्तथैव च। मरणान्तं तथा चान्यद्दश पक्षास्तु सूतके।  </blockquote>Asoucha is ordained to be one of instant removal (सद्यश्शौचम्) one (एकाहाशौचम्), three (त्र्यहः), four (चतुरहः), six (षडहः), ten (दशाहः) twelve days (द्वादशदिन), fifteen days (पक्षाशौचम् , one month (मासाशौचम्) etc and persists even until the death of a person (मरणान्ताशौचम्).  

Further Asoucha is of many kinds of which a few are mentioned as follows<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>सद्यश्शौचं तथैकाहस्त्र्यहश्चतुरहस्तथा षड्दशद्वादशाहश्च पक्षो मासस्तथैव च। मरणान्तं तथा चान्यद्दश पक्षास्तु सूतके।  </blockquote>Asoucha is ordained to be one of instant removal (सद्यश्शौचम्) one (एकाहाशौचम्), three (त्र्यहः), four (चतुरहः), six (षडहः), ten (दशाहः) twelve days (द्वादशदिन), fifteen days (पक्षाशौचम् , one month (मासाशौचम्) etc and persists even until the death of a person (मरणान्ताशौचम्).  

=== सद्यश्शौचम् ॥ Sadyasoucha ===

=== सद्यश्शौचम् ॥ Sadyasoucha ===

Asoucham removed almost instantly in some situations. Example, in some cases of non-sapinda relatives, on hearing the news of the death of a family member, asoucham is removed on taking a sachela snanam - snana (taking a bath) with the clothes at that instant on hearing the news. Another example is when relatives visit a family in the ten-day bereavement, upon returning home their Asoucha is removed with a bath immediately. <blockquote>भृग्वग्निमरणे चैव देशान्तरमृते तथा । बाले प्रेते च संन्यस्ते सद्यः शौचं विधीयते ॥ ३.12 ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.12)<ref name=":2">The Smriti Sandarbha (1988) ''Collection of the Four Dharmashastric Texts by Maharshies. Vol. 2.'' Delhi: Nag Publishers. (Page 633-)</ref></blockquote>A rshi undertaking penance in forest, due to age or inability to continue the tapas (due to health reasons) may choose death either by jumping off a cliff (भृगुमरणम्) or by entering fire (अग्निमरणम्). In the above two situations (of भृग्वग्निमरण), death in places far off from non-native country, in infant's and sanyasi's death, shuddhi happens on taking a bath instantly on hearing the news.<blockquote>दशरात्रेष्वतीतेषु त्रिरात्राच्छुद्धिरिष्यते । ततः सम्वत्सरादूद्र्ध्वं सचैलं स्नानमाचरेत्॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.13)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>If the news of death arrives anytime after the tenth day has passed (i.e., on the 11th day) but within one year, then asoucha has to be observed for three days. But according to present day aacharas, this rule is not being followed and people are opting for sadyasoucha only instead of observing the three-day asoucha. If news of death is heard after a year of passing of the person then sadyashuddhi is by Sachela snanam. <blockquote>देशान्तरमृतः कश्चित्सगोत्रः श्रूयते यदि । न त्रिरात्रं अहोरात्रं सद्यः स्नात्वा शुचिर्भवेत् ॥ ३.१4 ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.14)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>If information arrives that a person of the same lineage (sagotra) has died in a country other than his native land — then the rule of three days or of one day does not apply, the relatives are purified by bathing themselves on that very day.   

Asoucha is removed almost instantly in some situations. Example, in cases of non-sapinda relatives, on hearing the news of the death of a family member, asoucham is removed on taking a sachela snanam - snana (taking a bath) with the clothes at that instant on hearing the news. Another example is when relatives visit a family in the ten-day bereavement, upon returning home their Asoucha is removed with a bath immediately. <blockquote>भृग्वग्निमरणे चैव देशान्तरमृते तथा । बाले प्रेते च संन्यस्ते सद्यः शौचं विधीयते ॥ ३.12 ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.12)<ref name=":2">The Smriti Sandarbha (1988) ''Collection of the Four Dharmashastric Texts by Maharshies. Vol. 2.'' Delhi: Nag Publishers. (Page 633-)</ref></blockquote>A rshi undertaking penance in forest, due to age or inability to continue the tapas (due to health reasons) may choose death either by jumping off a cliff (भृगुमरणम्) or by entering fire (अग्निमरणम्). In the above two situations (of भृग्वग्निमरण), death in places far off from non-native country, in infant's and sanyasi's death, shuddhi happens on taking a bath instantly on hearing the news.<blockquote>दशरात्रेष्वतीतेषु त्रिरात्राच्छुद्धिरिष्यते । ततः सम्वत्सरादूद्र्ध्वं सचैलं स्नानमाचरेत्॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.13)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>If the news of death arrives anytime after the tenth day has passed (i.e., on the 11th day) but within one year, then asoucha has to be observed for three days. But according to present day aacharas, this rule is not being followed and people are opting for sadyasoucha only instead of observing the three-day asoucha. If news of death is heard after a year of passing of the person then sadyashuddhi is by Sachela snanam. <blockquote>देशान्तरमृतः कश्चित्सगोत्रः श्रूयते यदि । न त्रिरात्रं अहोरात्रं सद्यः स्नात्वा शुचिर्भवेत् ॥ ३.१4 ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.14)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>If information arrives that a person of the same lineage (sagotra) has died in a country other than his native land — then the rule of three days or of one day does not apply, the relatives are purified by bathing themselves on that very day.   

=== एकाहाशौचम् ॥ Ekaaha Asoucham ===

=== एकाहाशौचम् ॥ Ekaaha Asoucham ===

Such a situation is extremely rare in the present society as Brahmanas who are studying Vedas and maintaining the Agni at home are extremely few in number. As it is extremely uncommon many in the general society are unaware of such situations.  

Such a situation is extremely rare in the present society as Brahmanas who are studying Vedas and maintaining the Agni at home are extremely few in number. As it is extremely uncommon many in the general society are unaware of such situations.  

=== त्रिरात्राशौचम् चतुरहाशौचम् षण्णिशाशौचम् च॥ Triratra Asoucham ===

=== त्रिरात्राशौचम् चतुरहाशौचम् षण्णिशाशौचम् च॥ Asoucha for three, four and six days ===

Asoucha is for three, four and six days respectively in the following cases.  <blockquote>त्र्यहात्केवलवेदस्तु द्विहीनो दशभिर्दिनैः ॥ ३.५ ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.5)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>He who has the knowledge of the Veda alone will recover purity in three days ; while he who is without either the Veda or the fire, will remain with Asoucha till ten days are over.<blockquote>चतुर्थे दशरात्रं स्यात्षण्णिशाः पुंसि पञ्चमे । षष्ठे चतुरहाच्छुद्धिः सप्तमे तु दिनत्रयात् ॥ ३.10॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.10)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>For the fourth generation person, ten days of sutaka is to be followed. For the '''fifth generation''' person he should observe six nights of Asoucha (i.e., 7th day). For the '''sixth generation''' person, shuddi will be after four days (i.e., on the 5th day). For the '''seventh generation''' person, shuddhi will be after three days (i.e., on the 4th day).

Asoucha is for three, four and six days respectively in the following cases.  <blockquote>त्र्यहात्केवलवेदस्तु द्विहीनो दशभिर्दिनैः ॥ ३.५ ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.5)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>He who has the knowledge of the Veda alone will recover purity in three days ; while he who is without either the Veda or the fire, will remain with Asoucha till ten days are over.<blockquote>चतुर्थे दशरात्रं स्यात्षण्णिशाः पुंसि पञ्चमे । षष्ठे चतुरहाच्छुद्धिः सप्तमे तु दिनत्रयात् ॥ ३.10॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.10)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>For the fourth generation person, ten days of sutaka is to be followed. For the '''fifth generation''' person he should observe six nights of Asoucha (i.e., 7th day). For the '''sixth generation''' person, shuddi will be after four days (i.e., on the 5th day). For the '''seventh generation''' person, shuddhi will be after three days (i.e., on the 4th day).

=== दशदिनाशौचम् ॥ Dasadina Asoucham  ===

=== दशदिनाशौचम् ॥ Dasadina Asoucham  ===

Asoucha for ten days is presently the widely followed system.  <blockquote>एकाहाच्छुध्यते विप्रो योऽग्निवेदसमन्वितः । त्र्यहात्केवलवेदस्तु द्विहीनो दशभिर्दिनैः ॥ ३.5 ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.5)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>A Brahman who has studied the Veda, and likewise keeps the sacred household fire, is restored to purity in a single day ; he who has the knowledge of the Veda alone will recover purity in three days ; while he who is without either the Veda or the fire, will have Asoucha till ten days are over.<blockquote>जन्मकर्मपरिभ्रष्टः संध्योपासनवर्जितः । नामधारकविप्रस्तु दशाहं सूतकी भवेत् ॥ ३.6 ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.6)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>A Brahman who has never received the purificatory rites prescribed from the day of birth, who neglects to perform the threefold daily prayers (sandhya), who is a Brahman in name alone — must observe ten days of Asoucha on account of a birth or death.<blockquote>एकपिण्डास्तु दायादाः पृथग्दारनिकेतनाः । जन्मन्यपि विपत्तौ च तेषां तत्सूतकं भवेत् ॥ ३.7 ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.7)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>Even if the Dayadis (one who are sagotras and sapindas) have separate homes and their families are not living in joint families, they have the same rules of ten days of sutakam.<blockquote>प्राप्नोति सूतकं गोत्रे चतुर्थपुरुषेण तु । दायाद्विच्छेदमाप्नोति पञ्चमो वात्मवंशजः ॥ ३.9 ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.9)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>The aforesaid sutaka applies upto four generations (son, father, grandfather and great-grandfather) and the dayadi relationship ends with the fifth generation person of the same family.<blockquote>पञ्चभिः पुरुषैर्युक्ता अश्राद्धेया सगोत्रिणः । ततःषट्पुरुषाद्यश्च श्राद्धेऽभोज्या सगोत्रिणः ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.11)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>There is no shraddha vidhi, from the fifth generation person onwards even if they are sagotras. A sixth generation person should not partake the prasada of shraddha, even if he is a sagotra.

Asoucha for ten days is presently the widely followed system.  <blockquote>एकाहाच्छुध्यते विप्रो योऽग्निवेदसमन्वितः । त्र्यहात्केवलवेदस्तु द्विहीनो दशभिर्दिनैः ॥ ३.5 ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.5)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>A Brahman who has studied the Veda, and likewise keeps the sacred household fire, is restored to purity in a single day ; he who has the knowledge of the Veda alone will recover purity in three days ; while he who is without either the Veda or the fire, will have Asoucha till ten days are over.<blockquote>जन्मकर्मपरिभ्रष्टः संध्योपासनवर्जितः । नामधारकविप्रस्तु दशाहं सूतकी भवेत् ॥ ३.6 ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.6)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>A Brahman who has never received the purificatory rites prescribed from the day of birth, who neglects to perform the threefold daily prayers (sandhya), who is a Brahman in name alone — must observe ten days of Asoucha on account of a birth or death.<blockquote>एकपिण्डास्तु दायादाः पृथग्दारनिकेतनाः । जन्मन्यपि विपत्तौ च तेषां तत्सूतकं भवेत् ॥ ३.7 ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.7)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>Even if the Dayadis (one who are sagotras and sapindas) have separate homes and their families are not living in joint families, they have the same rules of ten days of sutakam.<blockquote>प्राप्नोति सूतकं गोत्रे चतुर्थपुरुषेण तु । दायाद्विच्छेदमाप्नोति पञ्चमो वात्मवंशजः ॥ ३.9 ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.9)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>The aforesaid sutaka applies upto four generations (son, father, grandfather and great-grandfather) and the dayadi relationship ends with the fifth generation person of the same family.<blockquote>पञ्चभिः पुरुषैर्युक्ता अश्राद्धेया सगोत्रिणः । ततःषट्पुरुषाद्यश्च श्राद्धेऽभोज्या सगोत्रिणः ॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.11)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>There is no shraddha vidhi, from the fifth generation person onwards even if they are sagotras. A sixth generation person should not partake the prasada of shraddha, even if he is a sagotra.

== गर्भनाशजननाद्यशौचम् ॥ Garbhanaasha and Jaatasoucha ==

== गर्भनाशजननाद्यशौचम् ॥ Garbhanaasha and Jaatasoucha ==

* From '''Prasuti''' time, i.e., seven months onward, the complete ‘Janana -ashoucha’ vidhis would be applicable for the mother, father and all the Sapindas, which would be for ten days to Vipras, twelve days of Kshatriyas, fifteen days for Vaishyas and one month for others. Another version is that for all varnas the Jananaasoucha is for ten days only (this vidhi is being followed in the present society). The same is mentioned in Parashara Smrti as follows.

* From '''Prasuti''' time, i.e., seven months onward, the complete ‘Janana -ashoucha’ vidhis would be applicable for the mother, father and all the Sapindas, which would be for ten days to Vipras, twelve days of Kshatriyas, fifteen days for Vaishyas and one month for others. Another version is that for all varnas the Jananaasoucha is for ten days only (this vidhi is being followed in the present society). The same is mentioned in Parashara Smrti as follows.

<blockquote>प्रसूतिकाले संप्रप्ते प्रसवे यदि योषिताम् । जीवापत्ये तु गोत्रस्य मृते मातुश्च सूतके॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.19)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>When the woman approaches Prasuti (7th month onwards) if the new-born is alive then Asoucha (Jaata Asoucha for ten days) is for all the family members having the same surname (sagotra) whereas if the baby is still-born then only the mother has the Asoucha for ten days.

<blockquote>प्रसूतिकाले संप्रप्ते प्रसवे यदि योषिताम् । जीवापत्ये तु गोत्रस्य मृते मातुश्च सूतके॥ (Para. Smrt. 3.19)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>When the woman approaches Prasuti (7th month onwards) if the new-born is alive then Asoucha (Jaata Asoucha for ten days) is for all the family members having the same surname (sagotra) whereas if the baby is still-born then only the mother has the Asoucha for ten days.

=== जननाशौचविधयः ॥ Jananaasoucha Vidhis ===

=== जननाशौचविधयः ॥ Jananaasoucha Vidhis ===

* जननाशौचे गर्भिण्या दशाहमस्पृश्यत्वम्॥ During Jananasoucham, the mother alone has Asprushyata for ten days.

* जननाशौचे गर्भिण्या दशाहमस्पृश्यत्वम्॥ During Jananasoucham, the mother alone has Asprushyata for ten days.<ref name=":3" />

* कर्मानधिकारस्तु कन्योत्पत्तौ मासं पुत्रोत्पत्तौ विंशतिरात्रम्॥ The mother does not have Karma - adhikara or eligibility to perform ‘Karyas’ such as devatarchana, pujas and danas, until forty days of the birth of a female child and thirty days of a male.  

* कर्मानधिकारस्तु कन्योत्पत्तौ मासं पुत्रोत्पत्तौ विंशतिरात्रम्॥ The mother does not have Karma - adhikara or eligibility to perform ‘Karyas’ such as devatarchana, pujas and danas, until forty days (10 days plus 30 days) of the birth of a female child and thirty days (10 days plus 20 days) on the birth of a male child.  

* पितुःसापत्नमातुश्च कन्यायाः पुत्रस्यवोत्पत्तौ सचैलस्नानात्प्रागस्पृश्यत्वं पित्रादिसपिण्डानां  जननाशौचे कर्मानधिकारमात्रम्॥ During Jananasoucham, the father (and co-wives of the lady who delivered) has Asprushyata until Sachela snaana. They along with other Sapindas of the family do not have the karma-adhikara.

* पितुःसापत्नमातुश्च कन्यायाः पुत्रस्यवोत्पत्तौ सचैलस्नानात्प्रागस्पृश्यत्वं पित्रादिसपिण्डानां  जननाशौचे कर्मानधिकारमात्रम्॥ During Jananasoucham, the father (and co-wives of the lady who delivered, though polygamy is not applicable in the present days) has Asprushyata until Sachela snaana. They along with other Sapindas of the family do not have the karma-adhikara during the ten.

* Karmadyatirikta kale --- The family and sapindas do not have Sparshadosha  with each other (here only the new mother has sparshadosha where if outsiders touch her they have to take a shuddhi snana).

* Karmadyatirikta kale --- The family and sapindas do not have Sparshadosha  with each other (here only the new mother has sparshadosha where if outsiders touch her they have to take a shuddhi snana).

* During the time of [[Jatakarma (जातकर्म)|Jatakarmas]] the father is exempted from such Jatasoucha vidhis. In the ten-day Jaatasoucha period, on the fifth, sixth and tenth days, the father has the adhikara to perform special pujas and danas irrespective of the above mentioned vidhis. Vipras can receive danas.  

* During the time of [[Jatakarma (जातकर्म)|Jatakarmas]] the father is exempted from such Jatasoucha vidhis. In the ten-day Jaatasoucha period, on the fifth, sixth and tenth days, the father has the adhikara to perform special pujas and danas irrespective of the above mentioned vidhis. Vipras can receive danas.  

# Those who are in process of a religious observance or vratas i.e. brahmacharis.

# Those who are in process of a religious observance or vratas i.e. brahmacharis.

# Ahitagnis - those who have been initiated and are engaged in the performance of a yajña lasting more than one day.

# Ahitagnis - those who have been initiated and are engaged in the performance of a yajña lasting more than one day.

== References ==

== References ==

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[[Category:Dharmas]]

[[Category:Dharmas]]