Changes

In his Tantravartika (1.3.33), Kumarilabhatta summarizes the opinion of Yaska, stressing on the Nama and Akhyata as the agents of expression. He states that there will be confusion in the meanings of Nipata and Upasarga, which are suggestive of the meaning of their qualified rather than being direct agents of expression.<ref name=":4" />

In his Tantravartika (1.3.33), Kumarilabhatta summarizes the opinion of Yaska, stressing on the Nama and Akhyata as the agents of expression. He states that there will be confusion in the meanings of Nipata and Upasarga, which are suggestive of the meaning of their qualified rather than being direct agents of expression.<ref name=":4" />

=== Categorization based on Behaviour ===

=== '''चतुष्टयी शब्दानां प्रवृत्ति:॥ Four-Fold''' Behaviour of Words ===

Pāṇini looked at the gamut of śabdas from four angles of their behavior.<ref name=":4" />

Pāṇini looked at the gamut of śabdas from four angles - causes of their behavior.<ref name=":4" />

'''Jātiśabdaḥ''': The unique, inherent, single and perennial phenomenon that is there in a thing and it is useful in separating a thing from the rest of the things in the universe- gotvam (cowness). A cow is separated by jāti, cowness, from the rest of the things in the universe. Similarly, vṛkṣatvam (treeness), strītvam (womanhood) etc.

==== जाति: ॥ Jāti ====

The unique, inherent, single and perennial phenomenon that is there in a thing and it is useful in separating a thing from the rest of the things in the universe- gotvam (cowness). A cow is separated by jāti, cowness, from the rest of the things in the universe. Similarly, vṛkṣatvam (treeness), strītvam (womanhood) etc.

'''Guṇaśabdaḥ''': The word that denotes a quality- sthūlaḥ (stout), kṛśaḥ (lean) etc.

==== गुण:॥ Guṇa ====

The word that denotes a quality- sthūlaḥ (stout), kṛśaḥ (lean) etc.

'''Kriyāśabdaḥ''': The word that denotes an action- pacati (cooking), paṭhati (reading) etc. It may be noted that kriyā denotes the kāraka and samkhyā (besides tense and mood).

The word that denotes an action- pacati (cooking), paṭhati (reading) etc. It may be noted that kriyā denotes the kāraka and samkhyā (besides tense and mood).

In fact, kriyā is only one- caitramaitraviṣṇumitrāḥ gacchanti (caitra, maitra and viṣṇumitra are going). Here, although the verb gacchanti is in plural it is a single ‘gamanakriyā’ (a single act of going). Rather, the number suggests that the noun or kāraka is in dual/plural. The kāraka and kriyā are bound by mutual expectancy (parasparākāṅkṣā).

In fact, kriyā is only one- caitramaitraviṣṇumitrāḥ gacchanti (caitra, maitra and viṣṇumitra are going). Here, although the verb gacchanti is in plural it is a single ‘gamanakriyā’ (a single act of going). Rather, the number suggests that the noun or kāraka is in dual/plural. The kāraka and kriyā are bound by mutual expectancy (parasparākāṅkṣā).

'''Samjñāśabdaḥ''': Name or designation- caitra, padmā etc. In terms of Translation, although it is possible some times, one should not try to translate the śabdas denoting samjñā- viṣṇu (all-pervading), pārvatī (the daughter of parvata) etc. On the other hand, the samjñas have to be transliterated and the derivative or literary (basic/simple) meaning may be provided in parenthesis or footnotes or endnotes.

Name or designation- caitra, padmā etc. In terms of Translation, although it is possible some times, one should not try to translate the śabdas denoting samjñā- viṣṇu (all-pervading), pārvatī (the daughter of parvata) etc. On the other hand, the samjñas have to be transliterated and the derivative or literary (basic/simple) meaning may be provided in parenthesis or footnotes or endnotes.

=== Two-Fold Categorization ===

=== Two-Fold Categorization ===